Download or read book Soil Microbial Community Responses to Fire written by Sam Fox and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fires, both wild and prescribed, have lasting impacts on the landscape and environment. Factors such as fire return interval, timing, and fire intensity and severity all play a role in the direct and indirect impacts fires have on the soil microbial communities (bacteria and fungi). Soil microbes play vital roles in soil stability, nutrient exchange, and many other ecosystem functions. Understanding how fires impact these communities is important for future land management decisions, especially in areas predicted to have more frequent and severe fires. In my dissertation, I first provide a synthetic review of what is currently known about the subject of fire impacts on fungi. This includes ecological frameworks, fungal fire traits, key fire-responsive fungal species, and community dynamics and trajectories. While this review is detailed and explores many facets of fungal responses to fire, I also address areas that still need to be explored, such as functional gene analysis following a fire, and having more controlled fire experiments. Second, I explored how fire frequency impacts the microbial communities residing in different soil horizons- A (topmost), E, and B (bottommost) as well as abiotic attributes that may be indirect drivers of community dynamics such as; Total N, Total C, SOM, inorganic N, P, and pH. For this project, we utilized an experimental infrastructure that had sixty years of continuously maintained, controlled fire regimes. This experiment included replicated experimental units that had been burned annually, every two years, and every four years, as well as a fire exclusion treatment that had not been burned in over sixty years. We observed that fire frequency impacts the microbial communities, but does so mainly in the topmost soil profile. The fire exclusion treatment differed from others when we compared the topmost soil horizons (where most microbial activity occurs). In almost all of our community and abiotic parameters, the fire interval manipulation treatments differed in the topmost A horizon, whereas the two deeper horizons E and B, had only a few parameters that differed between the fire interval treatments. Lastly, I investigate effects of low and high severity fires in a mid- to long-term experiment. This experiment manipulated fire severity and compared high and low severity fires to determine how the microbial communities change over a six-year time span. We also collected samples before the fire samples to enable comparisons to samples after fire to assess community recovery. My results suggested that the high-severity fires had a greater impact on the microbial communities compared to the low severity fires for both bacteria and fungi. Within the high severity fire sites, the communities remained distinct six years post-fire. In the low severity treatments, the communities started to resemble those before the fire, especially richness and diversity of the bacterial communities. This project allowed us to gain valuable understanding in microbial community trajectories following fire, and could aid in planning future restoration projects. Taken together, my dissertation research has allowed us to answer whether and how fire severity and frequency impact the soil microbial community. Indicator taxon analyses that I employed in both studies, identified taxa that seem to drive the community distinctions amongst the treatments, such as fungal taxa, Anthrocobia, Morchella, Pholiolata, and Pyronema which are described as pyrophilous taxa in my synthetic review. My dissertation research strongly indicates that microbial communities change with fire events and that these responses depend on fire interval and severity contexts. Whilst my studies provide considerable insight into the microbial responses to fire, the underlying reasons why they respond still remain complex and poorly understood. In all, fire changes soil chemistry, plant physiology and community composition, soil fauna, and many other system attributes that interact with microbial communities in soil. Exploring which of the many potential drivers are most important for microbial community fire responses and recovery remain a lingering area of research that needs to be explored.
Download or read book Microbial Communities in Soil written by V. Jensen and published by Springer. This book was released on 1986-04-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Soil Biological Communities and Ecosystem Resilience written by Martin Lukac and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-06 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores current knowledge and methods used to study soil organisms and to attribute their activity to wider ecosystem functions. Biodiversity not only responds to environmental change, but has also been shown to be one of the key drivers of ecosystem function and service delivery. Soil biodiversity in tree-dominated ecosystems is also governed by these principles, the structure of soil biological communities is clearly determined by environmental, as well as spatial, temporal and hierarchical factors. Global environmental change, together with land-use change and ecosystem management by humans, impacts the aboveground structure and composition of tree ecosystems. Due to existing knowledge of the close links between the above- and belowground parts of terrestrial ecosystems, we know that soil biodiversity is also impacted. However, very little is known about the nature of these impacts; effects on the overall level of biodiversity, the magnitude and diversity of functions soil biodiversity generates, but also on the present and future stability of tree ecosystems and soils. Even though much remains to be learned about the relationships between soil biodiversity and tree ecosystem functionality, it is clear that better effort needs to be made to describe and understand key processes which take place in soils and are driven by soil biota.
Download or read book Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate written by Sterling Robertson Olsen and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fire Effects on Soils and Restoration Strategies written by A Cerda and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-01-05 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been published a decade after Fires Effects on Ecosystems by DeBano, Neary, and Folliott (1998), and builds on their foundation to update knowledge on natural post-fire processes and describe the use and effectiveness of various restoration strategies that may be applied when human intervention is warranted. The chapters in this book,
Download or read book Forest and Rangeland Soils of the United States Under Changing Conditions written by Richard V. Pouyat and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-02 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book synthesizes leading-edge science and management information about forest and rangeland soils of the United States. It offers ways to better understand changing conditions and their impacts on soils, and explores directions that positively affect the future of forest and rangeland soil health. This book outlines soil processes and identifies the research needed to manage forest and rangeland soils in the United States. Chapters give an overview of the state of forest and rangeland soils research in the Nation, including multi-decadal programs (chapter 1), then summarizes various human-caused and natural impacts and their effects on soil carbon, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biological diversity (chapters 2–5). Other chapters look at the effects of changing conditions on forest soils in wetland and urban settings (chapters 6–7). Impacts include: climate change, severe wildfires, invasive species, pests and diseases, pollution, and land use change. Chapter 8 considers approaches to maintaining or regaining forest and rangeland soil health in the face of these varied impacts. Mapping, monitoring, and data sharing are discussed in chapter 9 as ways to leverage scientific and human resources to address soil health at scales from the landscape to the individual parcel (monitoring networks, data sharing Web sites, and educational soils-centered programs are tabulated in appendix B). Chapter 10 highlights opportunities for deepening our understanding of soils and for sustaining long-term ecosystem health and appendix C summarizes research needs. Nine regional summaries (appendix A) offer a more detailed look at forest and rangeland soils in the United States and its Affiliates.
Download or read book Fire and Biological Processes written by Louis Trabaud and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fire Effects on Soil Properties written by Paulo Pereira and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2019-02-01 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wildland fires are occurring more frequently and affecting more of Earth's surface than ever before. These fires affect the properties of soils and the processes by which they form, but the nature of these impacts has not been well understood. Given that healthy soil is necessary to sustain biodiversity, ecosystems and agriculture, the impact of fire on soil is a vital field of research. Fire Effects on Soil Properties brings together current research on the effects of fire on the physical, biological and chemical properties of soil. Written by over 60 international experts in the field, it includes examples from fire-prone areas across the world, dealing with ash, meso and macrofauna, smouldering fires, recurrent fires and management of fire-affected soils. It also describes current best practice methodologies for research and monitoring of fire effects and new methodologies for future research. This is the first time information on this topic has been presented in a single volume and the book will be an important reference for students, practitioners, managers and academics interested in the effects of fire on ecosystems, including soil scientists, geologists, forestry researchers and environmentalists.
Download or read book Microbial Communities written by Heribert Insam and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on decomposer communities of terrestrial ecosystems for a long time has focussed on microbial biomass and gross turnover parameters. Recently, more and more attempts are made to look beyond the biomass, and more specifically determine functions and populations on a smaller scale-in time and space. A multitude of techniques is being improved and developed. Garland and Mills (1991) triggered a series of publications on substrate utilization tests in the field of microbial ecology. Despite several promising results for different applications in different laboratories, many problems concerning the assay and the interpretation of results became evident. After individual discussions on the approach with colleagues from various laboratories we started to plan a workshop on the matter. The response on our first circular was extraordinary, and instead of a small workshop it became a meeting with almost 150 participants. The meeting was named 'Substrate use for characterization of microbial communities in terrestrial ecosystems' (SUBMECO) and was held in Innsbruck, Austria, from Oct. 16-18, 1996. The very focussed scope attracted enthusiastic advocates of the approach, and also serious critics. Some of the topics concerned improvements of current inoculation and incubation techniques, ranging from sample pre-treatment, inoculum density and incubation temperature to statistical data handling. New methods for calculating microbial diversity were proposed, as well as bootstrap methods that allow statistics with many variables on a relatively low number of replicates.
Download or read book Soil Microbial Responses to Disturbance Events and Consequences for Carbon Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems written by Sandra Robin Holden and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the response of soil microbial communities and decomposition to global environmental changes is central to our ability to accurately forecast future terrestrial carbon (C) storage and atmospheric CO2 levels. Increases in the frequency and severity of disturbance events are one element of global change in terrestrial ecosystems. The goal of this dissertation was to measure the response of soil microbial communities and decomposition to disturbance events and to examine the mechanisms underlying post-disturbance changes in decomposition. In the first part of my dissertation work I explored these questions within the context of wildfires in boreal forests. Chapter 1 characterized soil microbial communities and the rate of decomposition across a fire chronosequence in interior Alaska. I found that boreal forest fires reduced soil microbial abundance, altered fungal community composition, and suppressed litter decomposition. Chapter 2 investigated whether soil microbial responses to boreal forest fires differ as a function of fire severity. I demonstrated that higher severity fires elicited greater reductions in soil microbial biomass and larger shifts in fungal community composition than lower severity fires. Chapter 3 tested the mechanisms through which boreal forest fires alter decomposition processes. I discovered that decomposition rates were slower in recently burned forests because of post-fire reductions in soil moisture and C substrate quality. In the second part of my dissertation I expanded my findings to other types of disturbance events using meta-analysis. Chapter 4 reviewed the response of soil microbial biomass to fires. I found that soil microbial biomass was significantly lower in recently burned ecosystems, but the response of microbial biomass to fire differed by fire type and biome. Chapter 5 examined soil microbial responses to abiotic (fire, harvesting, storms) and biotic (insect infestation, pathogen outbreaks) disturbances in forests. I observed that abiotic disturbances significantly reduced soil microbial biomass, while changes in microbial biomass were non-significant following biotic disturbance events. Collectively, these findings suggest that reductions in soil microbial biomass and decomposition rates following abiotic disturbances are likely to slow the transfer of C from soils to the atmosphere and provide a negative feedback to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global change.
Download or read book Soil Biological Fertility written by Lynette K. Abbott and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-23 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is becoming more relevant to explore soil biological processes in terms of their contribution to soil fertility. This book presents a comprehensive scientific overview of the components and processes that underpin the biological characteristics of soil fertility. It highlights the enormous diversity of life in soil and the resulting effects that management of land can have on the contribution of this diverse community to soil fertility in an agricultural context.
Download or read book Flammable Australia written by Ross Andrew Bradstock and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2012 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading researchers give an overview of the field of fire ecology in Australia.
Download or read book Disturbance Ecology of Soil Microbial Communities in Response to the Centralia Pa Coal Fire written by Jackson Winther Sorensen and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial communities are ubiquitous in our world and play important roles in biogeochemical and ecosystems processes on Earth. The ability of these microbial communities to provide these different processes is frequently tied to their community structure, which can be thought of both in terms of membership (i.e. who is there) and the relative abundance of these members. Changes in environmental conditions often lead to changes in microbial community structure as well. Microbial communities are formed through the process of assembly, which in turn is driven by the four processes of 1) Selection 2) Dispersal 3) Drift and 4) Diversification. Understanding the relative importance of each of these processes in different systems is important for predicting how microbial communities will change in response to disturbances. This dissertation presents work that uses the coal fire in Centralia, PA as a model press disturbance for understanding soil microbial community responses to and recovery from disturbance. The experiments herein aim to shed light the relative roles of Selection, Dispersal, and Drift in governing these responses in soil microbial communities experience a temperature disturbance. An observation study of a chronosequence of fire disturbance in Centralia, PA is used to generate hypotheses as to the relative roles of Selection, Dispersal, and Drift in the assembly of soil microbial communities experiencing a temperature disturbance. Further, an in depth look at some of these communities using shotgun metagenomics is used to observe specific microbial traits and characteristics selected for by the temperature disturbance. Finally, a laboratory soil mesocosm warming experiment investigates the relative influence of Dispersal and dormancy in governing responses to and recovery from disturbance.
Download or read book Rangeland Systems written by David D. Briske and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-12 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY-NC 2.5 license. This book provides an unprecedented synthesis of the current status of scientific and management knowledge regarding global rangelands and the major challenges that confront them. It has been organized around three major themes. The first summarizes the conceptual advances that have occurred in the rangeland profession. The second addresses the implications of these conceptual advances to management and policy. The third assesses several major challenges confronting global rangelands in the 21st century. This book will compliment applied range management textbooks by describing the conceptual foundation on which the rangeland profession is based. It has been written to be accessible to a broad audience, including ecosystem managers, educators, students and policy makers. The content is founded on the collective experience, knowledge and commitment of 80 authors who have worked in rangelands throughout the world. Their collective contributions indicate that a more comprehensive framework is necessary to address the complex challenges confronting global rangelands. Rangelands represent adaptive social-ecological systems, in which societal values, organizations and capacities are of equal importance to, and interact with, those of ecological processes. A more comprehensive framework for rangeland systems may enable management agencies, and educational, research and policy making organizations to more effectively assess complex problems and develop appropriate solutions.
Download or read book Amazonian Dark Earths Explorations in Space and Time written by Bruno Glaser and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-14 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Savannas Barrens and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America written by Roger C. Anderson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-07-28 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A coherent, readable summary of the technical information available on savannas, barrens and rock outcrop plant communities.
Download or read book Soil Microbiology and Sustainable Crop Production written by Geoffrey R. Dixon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-08 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soils into which crop plants root and from which they obtain essential minerals and water contain huge arrays of microbes. Many have highly beneficial effects on crop growth and productivity, others are pathogens causing diseases and losses to yield and quality, a few microbes offer protection from these pathogenic forms and others have little or no effect. These intimate and often complex inter-relationships are being explored with increasing success providing exciting opportunities for increasing crop yields and quality in sustainable harmony with the populations of beneficial soil microbes and to the detriment of pathogens. This book explores current knowledge for each of these aspects of soil microbiology and indicates where future progress is most likely to aid in increasing crop productivity by means which are environmentally benign and beneficial.
