Download or read book Physicochemical Transformations of Manure to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions Improve Nutrient Use and Minimize Environmental Impacts of Dairy Operations written by Rylie Jo Ellison and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Storage and agricultural applications of manure often result in significant loss of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the environment through volatilization and leaching. In California, manure management is estimated to be the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, mainly as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), with dairy operations being a key contributor. One of the main challenges with using animal wastes as nutrient sources is the unpredictable nitrogen mineralization rate for crop uptake. Many dairies limit application of manure organic nitrogen to prevent groundwater contamination. With a large range of dairy sizes and types of manure management systems in California, there is also a need for a variety of manure treatment technologies to address these problems. Treatments examined in this dissertation are two physicochemical techniques: chemical solid-liquid separation (coagulation) and hydrodynamic cavitation with chemical stabilization. Physically and chemically transforming animal wastes to exhibit a predictable nitrogen mineralization response is an important research and development priority. Generating a stabilized and easily transportable fertilizer from manure can help reduce environmental concerns related to on-farm nutrient management and enhance the economic feasibility for dairies. Enhancing solid-liquid separation with chemical coagulants traditionally used in wastewater treatment can isolate dissolved and particulate organic matter and phosphorus from manure into stabilized solids (flocs) while leaving the plant-available ammonium-N in the liquid fraction (effluent). In this research, a range of coagulants, including metal salts and organic polymers were tested with multiple dairy process wastewaters. The effects of chemical coagulation on the composition of the separated manure fractions, and the resulting impact on greenhouse gases and nutrient cycling are extensively explored through a series of laboratory incubations of manure effluents and manure-amended soils. Anaerobic incubations of the effluent fractions were performed to determine how both removing coagulated solids from manure process wastewater or leaving coagulated manure flocs in anaerobic storage affects greenhouse gases, CH4 in particular. This simulates how greenhouse gases from anaerobic storage ponds, or lagoons, on dairies would be affected by this treatment practice. In each incubation, regardless of coagulant type or separation of solids, CH4, and/or CO2 and N2O were significantly reduced. Several aerobic soil incubations simulated how adding coagulated manure flocs or effluents would impact the nutrient cycling of chemically separated manures applied to agricultural soils. Coagulation generally tended to stabilize organic matter, and slow C, N, and P mineralization of the solid floc fraction, depending on the type of coagulant used. This could potentially increase C sequestration and reduce nutrient runoff on dairies; however, farmers would need to manage for less nutrient availability. Lastly, the potential for hydrodynamic cavitation to be employed in a dairy manure treatment system was explored. The effects of hydrodynamic cavitation on manure were to break down organic matter and increase nitrogen availability, which could help in regulating the rate of nitrogen mineralization from manure. Hydrodynamic cavitation is also used for sterilization, which could be another benefit for manure applications. However, further work is needed to determine the efficacy of hydrodynamic cavitation for treating manure at a larger scale.
Download or read book Exploring the Potential of Manure Management for Increasing Nutrient Circularity of Intensive Dairy Farming Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dairy farming systems have been rapidly intensified over the past several decades in many world regions. One of the primary challenges in these intensive dairy farming systems is managing manure in a way that benefits agricultural production while minimizing environmental impacts. To increase the understanding of losses of manure constituents during manure management, we first zoomed in on gaseous emissions (mainly NH3, CH4 and N2O) from different manure management facilities. By conducting systematic literature reviews, we found large variation in reported nutrient losses across publications, especially for NH3 and CH4 emissions. Manure characteristics and temperature were identified as the main factors influencing these gaseous emissions. Based on the database compiled from systematic literature reviews, we proposed a modular approach and developed a flexible modular manure management (FarmM3) model. With contrasting manure management scenarios, the FarmM3 model allowed to quantify the degradation and losses of different manure constituents (e.g., OM, C, N, P and K) from manure management chains with different complexity, and to identify the most important parameters determining these losses. For highly intensive confinement dairy farms, improving manure management alone may not be enough to reduce nutrient losses due to high nutrient surpluses within farms. Thus, we zoomed out from nutrient losses from manure management chains and further investigated the impacts of various manure management chains and integration of crop and dairy production on nutrient use efficiency and circularity at whole farm level, including different farm components, such as dairy, manure, soil and crop. To simulate this, a whole farm model (FarmDESIGN) extended with a manure management module (FarmM3) was used to an intensive mixed crop-dairy farm in China. We found that manure management chains could be designed effectively to reduce nitrogen volatilization and soil N losses while improving soil OM balance. However, individual manure management technologies were insufficient to reduce N losses due to compensatory losses. Instead, combinations of slurry solid-liquid separation, covered storage of solid and liquid fractions during storage, and improved manure application could remarkably reduce N losses at manure management. Overall, we concluded that, to move towards sustainable intensification of dairy production, increasing nutrient circularity by improving manure management with multiple mitigation measures and integrating crop and dairy production within farm or between farms are essential. Policy support and improved communication of manure treatment technologies can facilitate adoption of improved manure management practices. Additionally, recoupling crop and dairy production beyond the farm scale is necessary for intensive dairy farms with limited land availability, and participatory approaches can help design effective scenarios for crop-livestock integration at the local or regional level.
Download or read book Manure Use for Fertilizer and for Energy written by James M. MacDonald and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: About 5% of all U.S. cropland is currently fertilized with livestock manure. Expanded environmental regulation through nutrient management plans will likely lead to wider use of manure on cropland, at higher production costs, but with only modest impacts on commodity demand, or farm structure. While current use is limited, expanded gov¿t. support could lead to a substantial increase in manure use as a feedstock. However, current energy processes are unlikely to compete with fertilizer uses of manure, because they leave fertilizer nutrients as residues, in more marketable form, and because manure-to-energy projects will be most profitable in regions where raw manure is in excess supply, with the least value as fertilizer. Charts and tables.
Download or read book Innovative Animal Manure Management for Environmental Protection Improved Soil Fertility and Crop Production written by Kyoung S. Ro and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-01-03 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditionally, livestock manure has been used to provide nutrients for plant growth and to improve soil conditions. However, the increase in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) results in high levels of plant nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, in the proximal crop and pasturelands as a result of applying more manure than what is required to meet the local plant nutrient demand. Soil runoff and leaching of land-applied manure can enrich the surface and ground water with nitrogen and phosphorus, leading to eutrophication and hypoxia. In addition, overapplication of animal manure contributes to pathogen spread, the release of hormones and other pharmaceutically active compounds, and the emission of ammonia, greenhouse gases, and odorous compounds. In this Special Issue, we present 11 interesting articles covering the production of renewable energy and fuels, extraction of ammonia from animal manure, the agricultural and environmental benefits of using animal manure or its derived materials such as biochar or ashes, and the difference in microbial communities and pathogen survival after anaerobic lagoon treatment.
Download or read book Characterize Physical and Chemical Properties of Manure in California Dairy Systems to Improve Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates written by Deanne Morse Meyer and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Manure Treatment Technologies Anaerobic Digesters written by Deanne Meyer and published by University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. This book was released on 2011 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased awareness and regulation of dairy waste products have spawned a variety of technical innovations, including anaerobic digesters, which use bacteria to make a useful biogas fuel from animal waste products.
Download or read book Abatement of Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions from Storage and Land Application of Dairy Manure written by Michael Anthony Holly and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Manure management contributes 8.4% of anthropogenic methane emissions (USEPA, 2015). It is extremely likely that greenhouse gas emissions including methane are correlated to an increase in global temperatures and sea level over the past century. Additionally, livestock contributes and estimated 71% of ammonia emissions and ammonia is a precursor to particulate matter which can decrease visibility and affect human health (Roe, Spivey, Lindquist, Thesing, & Strait, 2004). Therefore, to reduce future long term environmental and health complications it crucial that gaseous emissions from the production dairy are reduced. Experiments were conducted to evaluate potential mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from dairy manure. Results from the first experiment on the impacts of manure processing on GHG and NH3 from the storage and land application of dairy manure revealed that anaerobic digestion (AD) and solid liquid separation (SLS) significantly reduce GHG emissions. AD and SLS reduced GHG from untreated manure slurries by 34% and 22%, respectively; however, AD increases NH3 emissions by 81%. A second experiment quantified the impacts of manure additives, including More Than ManureTM (MTMTM), Pro-Act, and biochar, on manure solids, gaseous nitrogen losses, and GHG emissions. No treatments were able to reduce manure solids or gaseous nitrogen losses. Biochar was the only manure treatment to impact any manure characteristics, where the total ammonical nitrogen (TAN) was significantly greater than the control at day 14 (p=0.012). In a third experiment, raw wood (white birch, Betula papyrifera), steam treated wood, wood biochar, and corn cob biochar were investigated for their potential to reduce NH3 emissions from digested manure storages. In order to guide application strategies and better understand the mechanisms for mitigation, treatments were incorporated in the manure or applied as a cover and the TAN sorption was measured using extraction techniques. All biomass treatments reduced emissions of NH3 from the control by 40% to 96%. The highest NH3 emissions reductions were achieved with the wood biochar cover due to its ability to effectively cover the manure. Sorption results indicate that only a very small portion of the biomass mitigation potential was due to sorption and the main mechanism for NH3 reduction was the ability to act as a physical barrier. Future research should assess the GHG and NH3 reduction potential of coupling AD, SLS, and a biochar cover in a long term field trial.
Download or read book Abatement of Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions from Storage and Land Application of Dairy Manure written by Michael Anthony Holly and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Manure management contributes 8.4% of anthropogenic methane emissions (USEPA, 2015). It is extremely likely that greenhouse gas emissions including methane are correlated to an increase in global temperatures and sea level over the past century. Additionally, livestock contributes and estimated 71% of ammonia emissions and ammonia is a precursor to particulate matter which can decrease visibility and affect human health (Roe, Spivey, Lindquist, Thesing, & Strait, 2004). Therefore, to reduce future long term environmental and health complications it crucial that gaseous emissions from the production dairy are reduced. Experiments were conducted to evaluate potential mitigation strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from dairy manure. Results from the first experiment on the impacts of manure processing on GHG and NH3 from the storage and land application of dairy manure revealed that anaerobic digestion (AD) and solid liquid separation (SLS) significantly reduce GHG emissions. AD and SLS reduced GHG from untreated manure slurries by 34% and 22%, respectively; however, AD increases NH3 emissions by 81%. A second experiment quantified the impacts of manure additives, including More Than Manure"!(MTM"!, Pro-Act, and biochar, on manure solids, gaseous nitrogen losses, and GHG emissions. No treatments were able to reduce manure solids or gaseous nitrogen losses. Biochar was the only manure treatment to impact any manure characteristics, where the total ammonical nitrogen (TAN) was significantly greater than the control at day 14 (p=0.012). In a third experiment, raw wood (white birch, Betula papyrifera), steam treated wood, wood biochar, and corn cob biochar were investigated for their potential to reduce NH3 emissions from digested manure storages. In order to guide application strategies and better understand the mechanisms for mitigation, treatments were incorporated in the manure or applied as a cover and the TAN sorption was measured using extraction techniques. All biomass treatments reduced emissions of NH3 from the control by 40% to 96%. The highest NH3 emissions reductions were achieved with the wood biochar cover due to its ability to effectively cover the manure. Sorption results indicate that only a very small portion of the biomass mitigation potential was due to sorption and the main mechanism for NH3 reduction was the ability to act as a physical barrier. Future research should assess the GHG and NH3 reduction potential of coupling AD, SLS, and a biochar cover in a long term field trial
Download or read book Monitoring of Stored Dairy Manure written by Gudmundur H. Johannesson and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although animal manures are traditionally viewed as a valuable resource material, there is also a risk for adverse environmental effect from manure generation and utilization. Research was conducted into impacts of common liquid dairy manure storage practices in Canada on methane emissions as well as nutrient composition changes during storage. Further investigation evaluated liquid dairy manure as feedstock for biogas production along with off-farm organic waste. During 17-month continuous on-farm monitoring of stored liquid dairy manure CH4 fluxes varied diurnally, monthly and seasonally, the variability largely regulated by measured internal manure temperatures, particularly at 2 m depth. Peak fluxes occurred in summer and fall seasons, increasing from July to September, falling in October and November, and remained constantly minimal from December to June. From September 2010 to August 2011, 85% of CH4 emissions occurred in summer and fall while 15% took place during winter and spring. Estimated emissions using IPCC methodology varied between months by 357% below to 88% above measured emissions, but on an annual basis the measured emission were 3.8% higher than the IPCC estimate. Monitoring of changes in manure composition during 12-month manure storage showed temporal changes and high variability in volatile solids (VS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents. These changes reflect biological activity levels that were a function of location within the tank and depended on meteorological factors such as temperature and precipitation. Nitrogen losses amounted to 0.32%-0.35% TKN per day or about 10% per month. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay of liquid Dairy manure (LDM) in co-digestion with poultry manure (SPM) and dissolved air flotation waste (DAF) showed maximum specific CH4 yield (SMY) of 0.40 L g-1 VS from a mixture with about 10% DAF along with 40% VS of LDM and 50% SPM. Observed reduced biogas production at higher levels of DAF and SPM was likely due to high ammonia (NH3) or VFA content. Study results underline that manure storage condition and duration affect emissions of greenhouse gases as well as losses of nutrients from stored manure. Improved manure storage conditions therefore have the potential to enhance value of the manure resource and limit environmental impacts from its management and use.
Download or read book Applied Manure and Nutrient Chemistry for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment written by Zhongqi He and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-07 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the rapid increase in world population and improving living standards, the global agriculture sector is confronting with challenges for the sustainability of agricultural production and of the environment. Intensive high-yield agriculture is typically dependent on addition of fertilizers (synthetic chemicals, animal manure, etc.). However, non-point nutrient losses from agricultural fields due to fertilization could adversely impact the environment. Increased knowledge on plant nutrient chemistry is required for improving utilization efficiency and minimizing loses from both inorganic and organic nutrient sources. For this purpose, the book is composed of 19 chapters that highlight recent research activities in applied nutrient chemistry geared toward sustainable agriculture and environment. Topics of interest include, but are not limited, to speciation, quantification, and interactions of various plant nutrients and relevant contributories in manure, soil, and plants. This book outlooks emerging researchable issues on alternative utilization and environmental monitoring of manure and other agricultural by products that may stimulate new research ideas and direction in the relevant fields.
Download or read book Animal Manure written by Heidi M. Waldrip and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-05-05 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of meat, milk, and eggs consumed in the United States are produced in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO). With concentrated animal operations, in turn comes concentrated manure accumulation, which can pose a threat of contamination of air, soil, and water if improperly managed. Animal Manure: Production, Characteristics, Environmental Concerns, and Management navigates these important environmental concerns while detailing opportunities for environmentally and economically beneficial utilization.
Download or read book Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Livestock Production written by Pierre J. Gerber and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2013 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential of nutritional, manure and animal husbandry practices for mitigating methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) - i.e. non-carbon dioxide (CO2) - GHG emissions from livestock production. These practices were categorized into enteric CH4, manure management and animal husbandry mitigation practices. Emphasis was placed on enteric CH4 mitigation practices for ruminant animals (only in vivo studies were considered) and manure mitigation practices for both ruminant and monogastric species. Over 900 references were reviewed; simulation and life cycle assessment analyses were generally excluded
Download or read book Manure written by Carmen S. Dellaguardia and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Manure is organic matter used as organic fertiliser in agriculture. Manure contributes to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and nutrients, such as nitrogen that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. As the interest in organic farming and renewable energy production continues to grow, manure is playing an important role in the production of bioenergy, food, and other agricultural products. This book discusses varied topics on the management, uses and environmental impacts of manure, such as: the bioremediational technique of adding nitrite-oxidising bacteria for reducing N2O emission during swine manure composting; improving performance and manure management in the French pig sector; manure management in Africa; phosphorous forms in animal manure and the impact on soil P status; and others.
Download or read book Animal Manure Recycling written by Sven G. Sommer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-07-15 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rapidly changing and expanding livestock and poultry production sector is causing a range of environmental problems on local, regional and global scales. Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents an accessible overview of environmentally friendly technologies for managing animal manure more efficiently and in a sustainable manner. The book describes the physical and chemical characteristics of animal manure and microbial processes, featuring detailed examples and case studies showing how this knowledge can be used in practice. Readers are introduced to the sustainable use of animal manure for crop fertilisation and soil amelioration. Environmentally friendly technologies for reducing emissions of ammonia, odour and the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane are presented, and reduction of plant nutrient losses using separation technologies is introduced. Finally and most importantly, the book describes methods to commercialise and transfer knowledge about innovations to end-users. Topics covered include: Regulation of animal manure management Manure organic matter: characteristics and microbial transformations Greenhouse gas emissions from animal manures and technologies for their reduction Technologies and logistics for handling, transport and distribution of animal manures Bioenergy production Animal manure residue upgrading and nutrient recovery in bio-fertilisers Life cycle assessment of manure management systems Innovation in animal manure management and recycling Animal Manure Recycling: Treatment and Management presents state-of-the-art coverage of the entire animal manure chain, providing practical information for engineers, environmental consultants, academics and advanced students involved in scientific, technical and regulatory issues related to animal manure management.
Download or read book Livestock s Long Shadow written by Henning Steinfeld and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2006 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The assessment builds on the work of the Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative"--Pref.
Download or read book Summary of Results from Green Plan Projects on Manure written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A number of projects undertaken with funding from the research program of the Canada-Ontario Agriculture Green Plan addressed issues related to manure and manure/nutrient management. This report summarizes the major observations and conclusions of eight Green Plan research reports, along with supplementary information from one project funded through the Land Management Assistance Program and four projects of the Rural Conservation Clubs Program. Topics covered by the projects include: a review of the state of the art of manure/nutrient management; control and treatment of contaminated water from agricultural operations; contamination of groundwater from manure; generation of greenhouse gases in barns, storage, or processing, and after application; effects of livestock species and ration on manure nutrient content; carbon and nitrogen transformations; nutrients other than nitrogen; effects of manure application on crops, soils, weeds, plant pathogens, and soil biota; practices to minimize environmental impact of manure application; and on-farm costs and benefits.
Download or read book The Production of Manure written by George Catchpole Watson and published by . This book was released on 1893 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
