Download or read book Operational Guidelines on Plague Surveillance Diagnosis Prevention and Control written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Handbook on Surveillance Prevention and Control of Plague Including Rodent and Flea Control written by Shyamal Biswas and published by Walnut Publication. This book was released on 2021-05-08 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plague, most ancient, dreadful and formidable pestilential rodent borne disease was a major public health problem in India till the mid twentieth century A.D. Plague is one of the three epidemic prone diseases still subject to the International Health Regulations and notifiable to the World Health Organization (WHO). In India mortality due to plague reached zero level during 1967. However, sporadic cases of suspected human plague were reported from Himachal Pradesh during 1966 and 1983-1984 and Karnataka during 1984 and at times localized sylvatic plague incidence encountered in the last decade from the trijunction of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in peninsular India. During 1994 a bubonic plague outbreak at Beed district, Maharashtra and pneumonic plague outbreak in Surat, Gujarat were recorded. After 8 long years of quiescence a localized outbreak of pneumonic plague occurred in Himachal Pradesh in 2002. In 2004, a bubonic plague outbreak occurred in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand. Scientists were in general opinion about the role of rodents and fleas in global transmission of plague, and the main means of dissemination carried by infected rats through the international trade routes. Rodents are the carriers of viral, rickettsial, nematode and bacterial diseases and are responsible for the transmission of more than 35 communicable diseases including Hanta viruses. In indirect transmission of diseases, rodents may serve as intermediate hosts for parasites that ultimately infect man and may serve as reservoirs of disease agents which may be picked up by arthropod vectors like fleas, ticks or mites and transmitted to humans through bites. In direct transmission, rodents may transmit the viruses by inhalation of aerosolized excreta, ingestion of excreta or by direct contact with the rodent itself and may directly transmit a pathogen to man through bite. Plague continues to exist as a major public health problem in many countries of the world. In several countries plague has remained quiescent for years together before reappearing all of a sudden. The enzootic foci of plague in India is believed to be present in four groups of foci in northern, central, western and southern India. From 1989 to 1994 active zoonotic foci of plague were detected from the trijunction of Tamil Nadu (Krishnagiri district), Andhra Pradesh (Chittoor district) and Karnataka (Kolar and Bangalore rural district). As the sylvatic rodents live in wild and peri-domestic situations and maintain the natural transmission in enzootic foci for centuries together, eradication of the disease is highly impossible. Natural decline in plague incidence would not justify the conclusion that plague has disappeared from the area. Plague is a re-emerging zoonotic disease. The number of human plague cases reported to W.H.O. by different countries was always lower than the actual number of cases. Under reporting may be attributed to lack of diagnostic facilities for the confirmation of the cases and cessation of plague surveillance work by number of erstwhile plague endemic countries. The worldwide decline in plague incidence since the 1950s resulted in decreased financial support, lesser interest, and ultimately the deterioration of laboratory-based surveillance systems in many endemic countries in the world. The lack of continuous baseline data on plague surveillance may result in an undetected sudden increase of bubonic/pneumonic cases in an enzootic/endemic foci of the world, or re-emerging of the disease. Since the beginning of the 1990s, the number of plague cases shows rising trend worldwide, and outbreaks are reappearing in various countries of the world after decades of quiescence. Plague can re-emerge, vaccination is useless and mass killing of rodents is not the solution for the eradication of the disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), global incidence of human plague was the lowest reported in 30 years, and the actual incidence was probably little different. However, we should be extremely vigilant as it is not uncommon to observe the long years of quiescence in natural plague foci, and the sudden appearance of human cases is always destabilizing for national or even international authorities. A plague outbreak may also cause widespread panic, as occurred in India in 1994 when a relatively small outbreak, with 54 deaths, was reported in the city of Surat. This led to a nationwide collapse in tourism and trade, with an estimated cost of US$600 million. Despite major advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, it has not been possible to eradicate plague. Due to the high public health significance and the risk of its re-emergence after long years of quiescence, plague should not be relegated to the sidelines. It remains a poorly understood threat that we cannot afford to ignore. Potential new foci should be confirmed and investigated, with special attention to harbours with international trade.
Download or read book Manual for plague surveillance diagnosis prevention and control written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2024-09-03 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual aims to: - provide up-to-date guidance about the diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, case management, prevention, and control of the different forms of plague, both for sporadic cases and during outbreaks; and - to serve as the basis for developing national guidelines, considering the available resources and other determinants in each country. It was developed for clinicians and public health professionals who may be tasked with ensuring preparedness or response. It is also intended to inform the policy- and decision-makers responsible for developing national policies and guideline documents, and making purchasing arrangements, and implementing training programmes.
Download or read book Plague Manual written by David T. Dennis and published by . This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete practical guide to the diagnosis and treatment of human plague and to preventive measures aimed at controlling rodent reservoirs and flea vectors. Written by leading experts on this disease, the manual draws on extensive WHO experience in vector control and in the surveillance of plague as a notifiable disease under the International Health Regulations. Details range from advice on the exact procedures to follow during outbreaks of human disease, through a list of reasons why flea indices must be reduced before control of rodent reservoirs is undertaken, to instructions for the rapid and cheap construction of bait boxes. Over 300 references to the literature are included. The manual has seven chapters. The epidemiology and distribution of plague are covered in the first, which summarizes current knowledge about Yersinia pestis and its modes of transmission, assesses country-specific trends in morbidity and mortality over the past four decades, and analyzes the characteristics of active plague foci in different geographical areas. Chapter two covers the clinical manifestations of different forms of plague and offers guidelines for diagnosis on the basis of signs and symptoms, differential diagnosis, and laboratory diagnosis. Chapter three, on treatment, gives precise instructions for immediate antimicrobial therapy with first-choice drugs. Guidelines are also provided for supportive management of complications, prophylactic therapy, and hospital precautions. Chapter four describes the species of rodents and flea vectors found in each geographical region or country known to have endemic foci. The fifth and most extensive chapter provides guidelines for the control of plague transmission, emphasizing the different measures needed for flea control on commensal and wild rodents. The chapter gives especially detailed advice on the characteristics of a large number of first- and second-generation anticoagulants and acute rodenticides classified as extremely hazardous, moderately hazardous, or minimally hazardous to humans and non-target animals. Compounds not recommended by WHO are clearly indicated. Noting that plague continues to pose a threat to human health in the many areas where natural foci persist, chapter six explains how to set up a surveillance system that collects, analyzes, and interprets clinical, epidemiological, and epizootiological data. Recommended techniques for the surveillance of rodent and vector populations are covered in detail. The final chapter summarizes a four-phased system of plague prevention and control, recommended by WHO, that can be adapted to the requirements and resources of different countries.
Download or read book Plague Manual written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book API Textbook of Medicine Ninth Edition Two Volume Set written by Y P Munjal and published by JP Medical Ltd. This book was released on 2012-05-18 with total page 2230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The API (Association of Physicians of India) Textbook of Medicine consists of 28 sections across two comprehensive volumes covering a wide range of medical disorders. Fully revised and with 1588 images, illustrations and tables, this new edition has many new chapters on topics including nanotechnology and nano-medicine, and clinical approach to key manifestations. Each section is dedicated to a different medical phenomenon, including clinical pharmacology, endocrinology, dermatology, infectious diseases and nutrition. Also included is online access to teaching modules for teachers and students, questions and answers, an atlas/image bank, echocardiography and video EEG and common medical procedures with voice over.
Download or read book API Textbook of Medicine written by Yash Pal Munjal and published by JP Medical Ltd. This book was released on 2012 with total page 1537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2005 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This field manual is intended to help health professionals and public health coordinators working in emergency situations prevent, detect and control the major communicable diseases encountered by affected populations. The manual is the result of collaboration among a number of WHO departments and several external partner agencies in reviewing existing guidelines on communicable disease control and adapting them to emergency situations. The manual deals with the fundamental principles of communicable disease control in emergencies, which are: Rapid assessment to identify the communicable disease threats faced by the emergency-affected population, including those with epidemic potential, and define the health status of the population by conducting a rapid assessment; Prevention to prevent communicable disease by maintaining a healthy physical environment and good general living conditions; Surveillance to set up or strengthen disease surveillance system with an early warning mechanism to ensure the early reporting of cases to monitor disease trends, and to facilitate prompt detection and response to outbreaks; outbreak control to ensure outbreaks are rapidly detected and controlled through adequate preparedness (i.e. stockpiles, standard treatment protocols and staff training) and rapid response (i.e.confirmation, investigation and implementation of control measures); and disease management to diagnose and treat cases promptly with trained staff using effective treatment and standard protocols at all health facilities.
Download or read book Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-11-11 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early detection is essential to the control of emerging, reemerging, and novel infectious diseases, whether naturally occurring or intentionally introduced. Containing the spread of such diseases in a profoundly interconnected world requires active vigilance for signs of an outbreak, rapid recognition of its presence, and diagnosis of its microbial cause, in addition to strategies and resources for an appropriate and efficient response. Although these actions are often viewed in terms of human public health, they also challenge the plant and animal health communities. Surveillance, defined as "the continual scrutiny of all aspects of occurrence and spread of a disease that are pertinent to effective control", involves the "systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data." Disease detection and diagnosis is the act of discovering a novel, emerging, or reemerging disease or disease event and identifying its cause. Diagnosis is "the cornerstone of effective disease control and prevention efforts, including surveillance." Disease surveillance and detection relies heavily on the astute individual: the clinician, veterinarian, plant pathologist, farmer, livestock manager, or agricultural extension agent who notices something unusual, atypical, or suspicious and brings this discovery in a timely way to the attention of an appropriate representative of human public health, veterinary medicine, or agriculture. Most developed countries have the ability to detect and diagnose human, animal, and plant diseases. Global Infectious Disease Surveillance and Detection: Assessing the Challenges-Finding Solutions, Workshop Summary is part of a 10 book series and summarizes the recommendations and presentations of the workshop.
Download or read book BSL3 and BSL4 Agents written by Mandy Elschner and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-16 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In one handy book, this reference gathers all the necessary information on 14 of the most commonly used dangerous groups of pathogens in biosafety level 3 and 4 laboratories. All the chapters are uniformly structured, with a brief overview of the microbiology, pathology, epidemiology and detection methods for each group. In addition, a whole chapter is devoted to the special biosafety requirements, disinfection, decontamination protocols, accident literature and accident procedures, as well as treatment options for all the organisms. This chapter is clearly marked and easy to find when opening the book. Essential literature for the increasing number of BSL3 or BSL4 labs worldwide and for medical facilities intervening in the case of an incident.
Download or read book Mandell Douglas and Bennett s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases written by John E. Bennett, MD, MACP and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-08-28 with total page 5094 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After thirty five years, Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 8th Edition is still the reference of choice for comprehensive, global guidance on diagnosing and treating the most challenging infectious diseases. Drs. John E. Bennett and Raphael Dolin along with new editorial team member Dr. Martin Blaser have meticulously updated this latest edition to save you time and to ensure you have the latest clinical and scientific knowledge at your fingertips. With new chapters, expanded and updated coverage, increased worldwide perspectives, and many new contributors, Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 8th Edition helps you identify and treat whatever infectious disease you see. Get the answers to questions you have with more in-depth coverage of epidemiology, etiology, pathology, microbiology, immunology, and treatment of infectious agents than you'll find in any other infectious disease resource. Find the latest diagnoses and treatments for currently recognized and newly emerging infectious diseases, such as those caused by avian and swine influenza viruses. Put the latest knowledge to work in your practice with new or completely revised chapters on influenza (new pandemic strains); new Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) virus; probiotics; antibiotics for resistant bacteria; antifungal drugs; new antivirals for hepatitis B and C; Clostridium difficile treatment; sepsis; advances in HIV prevention and treatment; viral gastroenteritis; Lyme disease; Helicobacter pylori; malaria; infections in immunocompromised hosts; immunization (new vaccines and new recommendations); and microbiome. Benefit from fresh perspectives and global insights from an expanded team of international contributors. Find and grasp the information you need easily and rapidly with newly added chapter summaries. These bulleted templates include diagnosis, therapy, and prevention and are designed as a quick summary of the chapter and to enhance relevancy in search and retrieval on Expert Consult. Stay current on Expert Consult with a thorough and regularly scheduled update program that ensures access to new developments in the field, advances in therapy, and timely information. Access the information you need easily and rapidly with new succinct chapter summaries that include diagnosis, therapy, and prevention. Experience clinical scenarios with vivid clarity through a richly illustrated, full-color format that includes 1500 photographs for enhanced visual guidance.
Download or read book Mandell Douglas and Bennett s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E Book written by John E. Bennett and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-09-02 with total page 5094 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After thirty five years, Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 8th Edition is still the reference of choice for comprehensive, global guidance on diagnosing and treating the most challenging infectious diseases. Drs. John E. Bennett and Raphael Dolin along with new editorial team member Dr. Martin Blaser have meticulously updated this latest edition to save you time and to ensure you have the latest clinical and scientific knowledge at your fingertips. With new chapters, expanded and updated coverage, increased worldwide perspectives, and many new contributors, Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 8th Edition helps you identify and treat whatever infectious disease you see. Get the answers to any questions you have with more in-depth coverage of epidemiology, etiology, pathology, microbiology, immunology, and treatment of infectious agents than you’ll find in any other ID resource. Apply the latest knowledge with updated diagnoses and treatments for currently recognized and newly emerging infectious diseases, such as those caused by avian and swine influenza viruses. Put the latest knowledge to work in your practice with new or completely revised chapters on Influenza (new pandemic strains); New Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Virus; Probiotics; Antibiotics for resistant bacteria; Antifungal drugs; New Antivirals for hepatitis B and C; Clostridium difficile treatment; Sepsis; Advances in HIV prevention and treatment; Viral gastroenteritis; Lyme Disease; Helicobacter pylori; Malaria; Infections in immunocompromised hosts; Immunization (new vaccines and new recommendations); and Microbiome. Benefit from fresh perspectives and expanded global insights from an expanded team of American and International contributors. Martin Blaser, MD, a leading expert and Muriel G. and George W. Singer Professional of Translational Medicine at New York University School of Medicine, joins veteran PPID editors John E. Bennett, MD, and Raphael Dolin, MD to continue a legacy of excellence. Find and grasp the information you need easily and rapidly with newly added chapter summaries.
Download or read book Principles and Practice of Public Health Surveillance written by Steven M. Teutsch and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2000 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This text presents an organized approach to planning, developing, and implementing public health surveillance systems. It has a broad scope, discussing legal and ethical issues as well as technical problems"--Jacket cover.
Download or read book Viral Infections of Humans written by Alfred S. Evans and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: also occurs. New outbreaks of yellow fever have occurred in Colombia and Trinidad and new outbreaks of rift valley fever have occurred in Egypt. Chapter 6, Arenaviruses: The biochemical and physical properties have now been clar ified, and they show a remarkable uniformity in the various viruses constituting the group. The possibility that prenatal infection with LCM may result in hydrocephalus and chorioretinitis has been raised. Serologic surveys have suggested the existence of Lassa virus infection in Guinea, Central African Empire, Mali, Senegal, Cameroon, and Benin, in addition to earlier identification in Nigeria, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Chapter 7, Coronaviruses: New studies have confirmed the important role of these viruses in common respiratory illnesses of children and adults. The viruses are now known to contain a single positive strand of RNA. About 50% of corona virus infections result in clinical illness. About 5% of common colds are caused by strain DC 43 in winter. Chapter 8, Cytomegalovirus: Sections on pathogenesis of CMV in relation to organ transplantation and mononucleosis, as well as sections on the risk and features of con genital infection and disease, have been expanded. There are encouraging preliminary results with a live CMV vaccine, but the questions of viral persistence and oncogenicity require further evaluation.
Download or read book Concepts and Methods in Infectious Disease Surveillance written by Nkuchia M. M'ikanatha and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-08-20 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious disease surveillance has evolved at an extraordinary pace during the past several decades, and continues to do so. It is increasingly used to inform public health practice in addition to its use as a tool for early detection of epidemics. It is therefore crucial that students of public health and epidemiology have a sound understanding of the concepts and principles that underpin modern surveillance of infectious disease. Written by leaders in the field, who have vast hands-on experience in conducting surveillance and teaching applied public health, Concepts and Methods in Infectious Disease Surveillance is comprised of four sections. The first section provides an overview, a description of systems used by public health jurisdictions in the United States and legal considerations for surveillance. The second section presents chapters on major program-area or disease-specific surveillance systems, including those that monitor bacterial infections, foodborne diseases, healthcare-associated infections, and HIV/AIDS. The following section is devoted to methods for conducting surveillance and also approaches for data analysis. A concluding section summarizes communication of surveillance findings, including the use of traditional and social media, in addition to showcasing lessons learned from the New York City Department of Health’s experience in surveillance and epidemiology training. This comprehensive new book covers major topics at an introductory to intermediate level, and will be an excellent resource for instructors. Suitable for use in graduate level courses in public health, human and veterinary medicine, and in undergraduate programs in public-health-oriented disciplines, Concepts and Methods in Infectious Disease Surveillance is also a useful primer for frontline public health practitioners, hospital epidemiologists, infection control practitioners, laboratorians in public health settings, infectious disease researchers, and medical and public health informaticians interested in a concise overview of infectious disease surveillance.
Download or read book IAPSM s Textbook of Community Medicine written by AM Kadri and published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. This book was released on 2019-06-30 with total page 1255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Infectious Disease Surveillance written by Nkuchia M. M'ikanatha and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-11 with total page 1139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fully updated edition of Infectious Disease Surveillance is for frontline public health practitioners, epidemiologists, and clinical microbiologists who are engaged in communicable disease control. It is also a foundational text for trainees in public health, applied epidemiology, postgraduate medicine and nursing programs. The second edition portrays both the conceptual framework and practical aspects of infectious disease surveillance. It is a comprehensive resource designed to improve the tracking of infectious diseases and to serve as a starting point in the development of new surveillance systems. Infectious Disease Surveillance includes over 45 chapters from over 100 contributors, and topics organized into six sections based on major themes. Section One highlights the critical role surveillance plays in public health and it provides an overview of the current International Health Regulations (2005) in addition to successes and challenges in infectious disease eradication. Section Two describes surveillance systems based on logical program areas such as foodborne illnesses, vector-borne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, viral hepatitis healthcare and transplantation associated infections. Attention is devoted to programs for monitoring unexplained deaths, agents of bioterrorism, mass gatherings, and disease associated with international travel. Sections Three and Four explore the uses of the Internet and wireless technologies to advance infectious disease surveillance in various settings with emphasis on best practices based on deployed systems. They also address molecular laboratory methods, and statistical and geospatial analysis, and evaluation of systems for early epidemic detection. Sections Five and Six discuss legal and ethical considerations, communication strategies and applied epidemiology-training programs. The rest of the chapters offer public-private partnerships, as well lessons from the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic and future directions for infectious disease surveillance.
