Download or read book Yearbook Commercial Arbitration Volume Xxxv 2010 Crc Rev written by Jan Albert Van den Berg and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2010-11-01 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Volume XXXV (2010) of the Yearbook marks a profound change in the waymaterials are presented to the reader. As of this Volume, the Yearbook'sselection of arbitral awards and court decisions - made accessible by translations, indices and categorized lists - is available to the reader in a combination of printedition and online publishing which takes into account the needs of anincreasingly mobile work environment.

Download or read book Yearbook Commercial Arbitration Volume XXXV 2010 written by Albert Jan Van Den Berg and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2010-12-08 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yearbook is edited by the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), the world’s leading organization representing practitioners and academics in the field, with the assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. It is an essential tool for lawyers, business people and scholars involved in the practice and study of international arbitration.

Download or read book Guida alla risoluzione delle controversie in materia Bancaria e Finanziaria written by Fabio Sacco and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conciliatore Bancario Finanziario, Consob, Arbitrato Bancario Finanziario... Indubbiamente gli strumenti di risoluzione alternativa delle controversie in materia bancaria e finanziaria esistono, ciò che ancora oggi forse non esiste è la chiarezza e l'informazione su tali strumenti, e così anche quando si può fare uso della giustizia e non dell'avvocato, il cittadino si trova costretto ad avvalersi di un legale. Per questo lo scopo del libro è quello di cercare di fare chiarezza e mettere a disposizione del lettore tutte le informazioni più utili per riuscire a muoversi rapidamente e in modo informato nella risoluzione alternativa delle controversie nel ramo bancario e finanziario

Download or read book Stockholm Arbitration Yearbook 2020 written by Axel Calissendorff and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2020-11-27 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year, Stockholm is the arbitration seat of choice for numerous parties endeavouring to resolve international disputes. It is the second most used venue for investment disputes, and it is often the venue for disputes arising from the Energy Charter Treaty. This annual publication, launched under the auspices of the Stockholm Centre for Commercial Law, is designed to meet the information needs of arbitration practitioners and parties from all over the world. The present edition provides authoritative chapters, some of them with a Swedish angle, that address current matters of global concern in arbitration, including the following: dispute resolution in the financial sector; emergency arbitration; recent Swedish case law related to arbitration and in particular one seminal case; arbitrator liability; the right to a public hearing in arbitration; and squeeze-out arbitration. The Yearbook provides both perspective and detailed analyses that will be welcomed by arbitration practitioners, counsel, and judges deciding arbitration cases. It will also provide valuable insights for arbitration academics, in-house counsel at multinational companies, and arbitral institutions worldwide.

Download or read book Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes written by Yvon Dandurand and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present handbook offers, in a quick reference format, an overview of key considerations in the implementation of participatory responses to crime based on a restorative justice approach. Its focus is on a range of measures and programmes, inspired by restorative justice values, that are flexible in their adaptation to criminal justice systems and that complement them while taking into account varying legal, social and cultural circumstances. It was prepared for the use of criminal justice officials, non-governmental organizations and community groups who are working together to improve current responses to crime and conflict in their community

Download or read book Labour Law and Welfare Systems in an Era of Demographic Technological and Environmental Changes written by Anthony Forsyth and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2019-06-19 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book discusses how labour law and welfare systems will be affected by the ongoing transformation of work. The first section considers demography from two different perspectives. On the one hand, it focuses on chronic diseases and their impact on work, emphasising the role and the regulation of welfare systems. On the other, attention is given to youth unemployment and to those forms of employment which might have an impact on young people. Section II touches upon the relationship between the environment and industrial relations, while the third part broaches the topic of the impact of technology in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, also known as Industry 4.0. As such, this volume provides an exhaustive picture of the changes currently underway, considering all the aspects which will affect work now and in the future.

Download or read book Judicial Independence written by Shimon Shetreet and published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. This book was released on 1985-01-01 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study discusses the many different aspects of judicial independence in Israel. It begins with an historical analysis of the concept of judicial independence in a comparative perspective, emphasizing the conceptual roots of the judiciary in Jewish law. Recent decades have witnessed a marked increase in the role played by the judiciary in society. This general trend is apparent in Israel, where the highly significant social role played by the judiciary has been on the increase for some years. The constitutional role of the judiciary in society is more pronounced in countries where the courts are empowered to review the constitutionality of legislative acts. In Israel the power of judicial review, in decisions of the Supreme Court, has been applied in a number of cases in which legislation of the Israeli Parliament, the Knesset, has been set aside. The increasingly prominent role of the judiciary in Israel is further manifested by the frequent recourse to judicial commissions of inquiry, chaired by judges who are often called upon to examine some of the major public controversies.

Download or read book The Medieval Woman written by Edith Ennen and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 1989-01 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Printbegrænsninger: Der kan printes 1 side ad gangen.

Download or read book The Book Trade in the Italian Renaissance written by Angela Nuovo and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work offers the first English-language survey of the book industry in Renaissance Italy. Whereas traditional accounts of the book in the Renaissance celebrate authors and literary achievement, this study examines the nuts and bolts of a rapidly expanding trade that built on existing economic practices while developing new mechanisms in response to political and religious realities. Approaching the book trade from the perspective of its publishers and booksellers, this archive-based account ranges across family ambitions and warehouse fires to publishers' petitions and convivial bookshop conversation. In the process it constructs a nuanced picture of trading networks, production, and the distribution and sale of printed books, a profitable but capricious commodity. Originally published in Italian as Il commercio librario nell’Italia del Rinascimento (Milan: Franco Angeli, 1998; second, revised ed., 2003), this present English translation has not only been updated but has also been deeply revised and augmented.

Download or read book The Panama Convention and Its Implementation Under the Federal written by John Bowman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2002-10-09 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the only complete and systematic treatment on the subject, this book offers the first comprehensive analysis of the Panama Convention, its implementing legislation in the United States, and United States court decisions construing its provisions. By comparing the Panama and New York Conventions, it identifies important differences, such as the Panama Convention's mandatory application of the Rules of Procedure of the IACAC to ad hoc arbitrations and differences in the Conventions' provisions concerning the grounds for recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. By comparing Chapter 3 of the Federal Arbitration Act with the other provisions of the federal act, this book exposes problems in the implementing law as well as ways in which Chapter 3 improves on the federal law implementing the New York Convention. Through a critical review of Convention jurisprudence in the United States, it highlights at least three areas in which the courts need to do a much better job: the Convention's field of application application of the IACAC Rules differentiation between the New York and Panama Conventions

Download or read book Judicial Independence in Context written by Adam Dodek and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Judicial Independence in Context is a collection of essays by leading scholars, lawyers, and judges that examines both the theory and practice of judicial independence in Canada and around the world. Contributors assess the legacy of the Supreme Court of Canada's controversial landmark decision in the Provincial Judges Reference while other essays address the need for institutional reform in Canada outside the salary remuneration setting in the areas of court administration and judicial appointments. The book also examines linkages between judicial independence and other issues such as diversity, social context education for judges, public criticism of judges, public policy, and technology. Other contributions examine issues of judicial independence in the United Kingdom, the United States, South Africa, Israel, and Pakistan.

Download or read book Islam Secularism and Liberal Democracy written by Nader Hashemi and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-04-08 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Islam's relationship to liberal-democratic politics has emerged as one of the most pressing and contentious issues in international affairs. In Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy, Nader Hashemi challenges the widely held belief among social scientists that religious politics and liberal-democratic development are structurally incompatible. This book argues for a rethinking of democratic theory so that it incorporates the variable of religion in the development of liberal democracy. In the process, it proves that an indigenous theory of Muslim secularism is not only possible, but is a necessary requirement for the advancement of liberal democracy in Muslim societies.

Download or read book The International Judge written by Daniel Terris and published by UPNE. This book was released on 2007 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An interdisciplinary introduction to international judges and their work

Download or read book Gli istituti alternativi alla giurisdizione ordinaria written by Stefano Cera and published by LED Edizioni Universitarie. This book was released on 2012-05-22T00:00:00+02:00 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PREMESSA — PARTE I - LA CONCILIAZIONE COME STRUMENTO ALTERNATIVO DI RISOLUZIONE DELLE CONTROVERSIE - PRESENTAZIONE E RINGRAZIAMENTI - PREMESSA - 1. I PRINCIPI DELLA CULTURA NEGOZIALE: 1.1. Il conflitto - 1.1.1. Il conflitto economico - 1.2. I metodi di risoluzione del conflitto - 1.2.1. I metodi negoziali - 1.2.2. I metodi in cui la decisione è affidata a terzi - 1.2.3. I metodi di tipo extra-legale - 1.3. La negoziazione - 1.3.1. Definizione di negoziazione - 1.3.2. Le differenze con la transazione - 1.3.3. Il contributo della negoziazione e della conciliazione nella trasformazione dei conflitti - 1.3.4. La negoziazione "non scientifica". – 2. LA CONCILIAZIONE: 2.1. Premessa - 2.2. Le procedure di Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) - 2.2.1. La nascita delle ADR - 2.2.2. I vantaggi delle ADR - 2.2.3. La classificazione secondo il grado di intrusività - 2.2.4. Alcune forme di ADR nell'esperienza straniera - 2.3. Il ruolo della conciliazione all'interno delle ADR - 2.4. Definizioni - 2.4.1. La conciliazione come arte? - 2.5. Differenze tra arbitrato e conciliazione - 2.5.1. Procedura MED-ARB - 2.6. Mediazione e conciliazione - 2.6.1. La valutazione del conciliatore. – 3. GLI ELEMENTI ESSENZIALI DELLA CONCILIAZIONE: 3.1. Quando usare la conciliazione - 3.1.1. Quando non usarla - 3.2. Le caratteristiche della conciliazione - 3.2.1. E' una procedura volontaria - 3.2.2. E' una procedura nella quale si realizza la cooperazione nel conflitto - 3.2.3. E' una procedura riservata - 3.3. I vantaggi della conciliazione - 3.3.1. I vantaggi per le aziende - 3.4. La presenza dei legali. – 4. LA FIGURA DEL CONCILIATORE - 4.1. La formazione del conciliatore - 4.1.1. Il conciliatore deve essere esperto della materia? - 4.2. Le caratteristiche del conciliatore - 4.2.1. Facilitatore o valutatore? - 4.2.2. Le attitudini personali del conciliatore - 4.3. I requisiti del conciliatore - 4.4. Le attività del conciliatore - 4.4.1. Gestore del conflitto esistente tra le parti - 4.4.2. Facilitatore della negoziazione tra le parti - 4.4.3. Gestore della comunicazione tra le parti. – 5. LA PROCEDURA DI CONCILIAZIONE: 5.1. Generalità - 5.2. Le fasi della procedura - 5.2.1. La fase della preparazione della riunione - 5.2.2. La fase dell'avvio della procedura - 5.2.3. La fase del chiarimento e dibattito - 5.2.4. La fase della negoziazione assistita - 5.2.5. La fase conclusiva - 5.3. La presenza dei legali nella procedura di conciliazione - 5.3.1. La scelta della procedura di conciliazione quale strumento efficace di gestione e risoluzione della controversia - 5.3.2. Nella preparazione della conciliazione (la strategia da seguire, le tattiche per arrivare all'accordo, ecc.) - 5.3.3. Durante la procedura, attraverso il concreto supporto al proprio cliente - 5.3.4. Nella fase di stesura dell'accordo - 5.4. La conciliazione on-line. – 6. IL PANORAMA NORMATIVO ITALIANO: 6.1. La scarsa conoscenza delle ADR - 6.1.1. L'esperienza dei paesi europei - 6.1.2. Il "ritardo" italiano - 6.2. La conciliazione nelle leggi italiane - 6.2.1. Conciliazione giudiziale - 6.2.2. Conciliazione stragiudiziale - 6. 3. I progetti di Legge della XIV Legislatura (2001. - 2006) - 6.4. I lavori della Commissione Vaccarella - 6.5. Valutazione di sintesi. – 7. LA CONCILIAZIONE NELLA RIFORMA DEL DIRITTO SOCIETARIO: 7.1. Premessa - 7.2. La conciliazione giudiziale - 7.3. La conciliazione stragiudiziale - 7.3.1. Gli organismi di conciliazione - 7.3.2. La riservatezza - 7.3.3. Incentivi all'utilizzo della conciliazione - 7.3.4. Approccio valutativo vs. approccio facilitativo - 7.3.5. Mancata comparizione della parte. – 8. CONCLUSIONI. — PARTE II - TRANSAZIONE E ARBITRATO - 9. LA TRANSAZIONE: 9.1. Definizione, caratteri e struttura - 9.1.1. La forma della transazione - 9.2. La transazione quale di atto di ordinaria o straordinaria amministrazione - 9.3. La transazione e il relativo rapporto sottostante - 9.4. La struttura della transazione - 9.5. La transazione e gli elementi accidentali del contratto: onere - 9.5.1. Condizione - 9.5.2. Termine - 9.6. La transazione stipulata prima della pubblicazione della sentenza - 9.7. La natura della transazione: la tesi della natura dichiarativa della transazione - 9.7.1. La tesi della natura dispositiva della transazione - 9.8. La transazione novativa - 9.9. Transazione nelle obbligazioni solidali - 9.9.1. La transazione soggettivamente parziale - 9.9.2. La transazione oggettivamente parziale (o pro quota) - 9.9.3. Gli effetti sostanziali della dichiarazione di volerne profittare - 9.10. La transazione solidale pro quota - 9.10.1. Frazionabilità dell'obbligazione - 9.11. La transazione generale e transazione speciale - 9.12. Deducibilità in oggetto - 9.12.1. Transazione su credito alimentare - 9.12.2. Transazione fatta su sentenza passata in giudicato. Transigibilità dell'azione di rescissione - 9.12.3. Capacità a transigere. La transazione su beni altrui - 9.13. La transazione e le obbligazioni naturali - 9.14. Transigibilità e filiazione naturale - 9.15. La transazione complessa - 9.15.1. La transazione complessa come contratto a causa mista - 9.15.2. La transazione quale contratto con oggetto complesso - 9.15.3. La transazione complessa quale collegamento negoziale - 9.16. Transazione divisoria e divisione transattiva - 9.16.1. Il criterio discretivo - 9.16.2. Le conseguenze della distinzione - 9.17. La prova scritta dell'avvenuta transazione - 9.18. Omologazione della transazione - 9.19. L'efficacia verso i terzi e il contratto a favore di terzo - 9.19.1. La transazione e il contratto a favore di terzi - 9.20. Transazione e diritto del lavoro (cenni). – 10. IL NEGOZIO DI ACCERTAMENTO: 10.1. Definizione e struttura - 10.2. Oggetto, causa, forma e trascrizione - 10.3. Distinzione con la transazione - 10.4. Negozio di accertamento e usucapione - 10.5. La perizia contrattuale. – 11. L'ARBITRATO: 11.1. Definizione; arbitrato rituale e irritale - 11.2. Capacità - 11.3. Compromesso e clausola compromissoria - 11.3.1. Il compromesso - 11.3.2. La clausola compromissoria. Natura, struttura e forma - 11.3.3. Capacità delle parti e limiti alla deducibilità - 11.4. Applicazioni particolari: cessione del contratto - 11.4.1. Contratto illegale - 11.4.2. Patti aggiunti o integrativi del contratto principale - 11.5. L'arbitrato irrituale quale arbitrato-transattivo e arbitrato-giudizio - 11.5.1. Il diverso regime delle cause di invalidità - 11.6. La clausola arbitrale c.d. binaria: struttura e problematiche - 11.7. La decisione secondo equità - 11.8. Nomina degli arbitri - 11.8.1. Responsabilità degli arbitri - 11.8.2. Nullità della nomina - 11.9. Sostituzione e ricusazione - 11.10. Procedimento e impugnazioni; ricorribilità degli arbitri alla Corte Costituzionale - 11.10.1. Questioni pregiudiziali di merito - 11.10.2. Efficacia del lodo - 11.10.3. Impugnazione del lodo. Questioni di legittimità costituzionale - 11.11. Le vicende processuali della sentenza arbitrale (lodo): impugnazione per motivi di diritto - 11.11.1. Erronea omologazione del tribunale - 11.11.2. Regolamento di competenza in caso di invalidità della clausola arbitrale - 11.11.3. Ipotesi di connessione tra giudizio arbitrale e giudizio ordinario - 11.12. La rilevanza della motivazione in sede di impugnazione del lodo - 11.13. La rilevanza del luogo dell'arbitrato - 11.14. Arbitrato e provvedimenti cautelari - 11.14.1. L'intervento della Corte Costituzionale - 11.15. Clausola compromissoria e esecuzione del contratto in forma specifica - 11.15.1. L'efficacia costitutiva del lodo - 11.15.2. L'inadempimento della parte compromettente - 11.16. Arbitrato e volontà testamentaria - 11.16.1. I diritti dei legittimari - 11.16.2. La natura della clausola arbitrale testamentaria - 11.16.3. Il rafforzamento della volontà del testatore. – 12. L'ARBITRATO NEL NUOVO DIRITTO SOCIETARIO: 12.1. Premessa generale - 12.2. I limiti di applicabilità - 12.2.1. Clausola arbitrale societaria e compromesso; nomina degli arbitri - 12.2.2. Introduzione e soppressione della clausola - 12.3. Oggetto della clausola compromissoria - 12.4. La disciplina inderogabile - 12.4.1. Questioni pregiudiziali non compromettibili - 12.5. Il lodo: vincolatività degli effetti - 12.6. Arbitrato e provvedimenti cautelari - 12.7. I soggetti - 12.8. Arbitrato societario cumulativo o sostitutivo - 12.8.1. L'arbitrato nelle società che fanno ricorso al mercato del capitale di rischio - 12.9. La decisione secondo equità - 12.10. L'arbitrato economico - 12.11. Rapporti tra l'arbitrato e la conciliazione. — PARTE III - LA CONCILIAZIONE E L'ARBITRATO NELLE CAMERE DI COMMERCIO - 13. LA CONCILIAZIONE: 13.1. Premessa - 13.2. La legislazione italiana - 13.3. La legislazione europea - 13.4. (segue) La conciliazione on-line: l'esempio della Camera di Commercio di Ancona - 13.5. L'esperienza della Camera di Commercio di Ancona in materia di risoluzione alternativa delle controversie transfrontaliere: la Corte Internazionale dell'Adriatico - 13.6. La Conciliazione gestita dalle Camere di Commercio: aspetti organizzativi e vantaggi - 13.7. (segue) Il Regolamento unico di Conciliazione. – 14. ARBITRATO: 14.1. La legge n. 580/93. (art. 2, co. 6): portata innovativa (L'Arbitrato Amministrato dalle Camere di Commercio) - 14.2. Struttura giuridica delle Camere Arbitrali presso le Camere di Commercio. Linee direttive dell'Unioncamere per la loro costituzione - 14.3. L'Arbitrato Amministrato dalle Camere di Commercio - 14.3.1. Tipologie arbitrali - 14.4. Le garanzie dell'arbitrato amministrato - 14.5. I vantaggi più significativi dell'arbitrato amministrato dalla Camera arbitrale delle Camere di Commercio - 14.6. Procedimento arbitrale - 14.6.1. L'avvio della procedura: la domanda di arbitrato - 14.6.2. L'instaurazione del contraddittorio. La risposta delle parte convenuta - 14.6.3. La fase preliminare - 14.6.4. L'inizio del giudizio arbitrale. La trasmissione degli atti all'arbitro. La fissazione della prima udienza - 14.6.5. Gli atti della fase istruttoria. La conclusione del processo - 14.6.6. Il lodo - 14.7. Il Decreto legislativo 2. febbraio 2006, n. 40: le novità introdotte - 14.7.1. Profili critici della nuova disciplina dell'arbitrato introdotta dal D. Lgs. 2. febbraio 2006, n. 40. - 14.8. Arbitrato e Conciliazione a confronto - 14.8.1. Profili organizzativi concernenti: le costituende commissioni arbitrali e conciliative - 14.8.2. Profili organizzativi concernenti: la distinzione degli arbitrati per controversie tra imprese da quelli per controversie tra imprese e consumatori. – BIBLIOGRAFIA - SITOGRAFIA

Download or read book Restorative Justice Dialogue written by Mark Umbreit, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Although Restorative Justice Dialogue is not a long text, it is an impressive achievement. Each chapter is rich in content, as Umbreit and Armour blend theory, practice, empirical research, and case studies to discuss a range of topics from specific models of restorative justice to the role of facilitators in restorative justice dialogue." --PsycCRITIQUES "Restorative Justice Dialogue presents a thorough and comprehensive explanation and assessment of the current state of restorative justice in the world." --Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics "[A]n evidence-based description of the history, practices, and future of restorative dialogue that is informed by the values and principles of law, social work, and spirituality. This is an impressive achievement." --Daniel W. Van NessPrison Fellowship International, Washington, DC "I know of no other book that provides such a complete review of the various and emerging restorative practices and the phenomenal growth of this movement worldwide." --David Karp, PhDSkidmore College "The combination of two outstanding and widely recognized restorative justice researchers, practitioners, and authors has produced a text that is destined to be a major resource." --Katherine Van Wormer, PhDUniversity of Northern Iowa This book provides a comprehensive foundation for understanding restorative justice and its application worldwide to numerous social issues. Backed by reviews of empirical research and case examples, the authors describe the core restorative justice practices, including victim-offender mediation, family group conferencing, and peacemaking circles, as well as cultural considerations, emerging variations in a wide variety of settings, and the crucial role of the facilitator. Together, authors Umbreit and Armour bring the latest empirical research and clinical wisdom to those invested in the research and practice of restorative justice. Key topics: Spiritual components of restorative justice Victim-offender mediation Family group conferencing Peacemaking circles Victim-offender dialogue in crimes of severe violence Dimensions of culture in restorative justice Humanistic mediation Application to domestic violence, higher education, and incarceration

Download or read book Mosaics as History written by G. W. Bowersock and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2006-11-15 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past century, exploration and serendipity have uncovered mosaic after mosaic in the Near East—maps, historical images and religious scenes constituting a treasure of new testimony from antiquity. In them, Bowersock finds historical evidence, illustrations of literary and mythological tradition, religious icons, and monuments to civic pride.

Download or read book Comparative Law in a Global Context written by Werner F. Menski and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-03-30 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its second edition, this textbook presents a critical rethinking of the study of comparative law and legal theory in a globalising world, and proposes an alternative model. It highlights the inadequacies of current Western theoretical approaches in comparative law, international law, legal theory and jurisprudence, especially for studying Asian and African laws, arguing that they are too parochial and eurocentric to meet global challenges. Menski argues for combining modern natural law theories with positivist and socio-legal traditions, building an interactive, triangular concept of legal pluralism. Advocated as the fourth major approach to legal theory, this model is applied in analysing the historical and conceptual development of Hindu law, Muslim law, African laws and Chinese law.