Download or read book Values Objectivity and Explanation in Historiography written by Tor Egil Førland and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-01-20 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing sophisticated philosophy to bear on real-life historiography, Values, Objectivity, and Explanation in Historiography rekindles and invigorates the debate on two perennials in the theory and methodology of history. One is the tension between historians' values and the ideal—or illusion—of objective historiography. The other is historical explanation. The point of departure for the treatment of values and objectivity is an exceptionally heated debate on Cold War historiography in Denmark, involving not only historians but also the political parties, the national newspapers, and the courts. The in-depth analysis that follows concludes that historians can produce accounts that deserve the label "objective," even though their descriptions are tinged by ineluctable epistemic instability. A separate chapter dissects the postmodern notion of situated truths. The second part of the book proffers a new take on historical explanation. It is based on the notion of the ideal explanatory text, which allows for not only causal—including intentional—but also nomological, structural, and functional explanations. The approach, which can accommodate narrative explanations driven by causal plots, is ecumenical but not all-encompassing. Emergent social properties and supernatural entities are excluded from the ideal explanatory text, making scientific historiography methodologically individualistic—albeit with room for explanations at higher levels when pragmatically justified—and atheist. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative License.
Download or read book Targeting Text written by Katrina Wood and published by Blake Education. This book was released on 2000 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scientific Explanation written by Philip Kitcher and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 1962-05-25 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific Explanation was first published in 1962. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions. Is a new consensus emerging in the philosophy of science? The nine distinguished contributors to this volume apply that question to the realm of scientific explanation and, although their conclusions vary, they agree in one respect: there definitely was an old consensus. Co-editor Wesley Salmon's opening essay, "Four Decades of Scientific Explanation," grounds the entire discussion. His point of departure is the founding document of the old consensus: a 1948 paper by Carl G. Hempel and Paul Oppenheim, "Studies in the Logic of Explanation," that set forth, with remarkable clarity, a mode of argument that came to be known as the deductive-nomological model. This approach, holding that explanation dies not move beyond the sphere of empirical knowledge, remained dominant during the hegemony of logical empiricism from 1950 to 1975. Salmon traces in detail the rise and breakup of the old consensus, and examines the degree to which there is, if not a new consensus, at least a kind of reconciliation on this issue among contemporary philosophers of science and clear agreement that science can indeed tell us why. The other contributors, in the order of their presentations, are: Peter Railton, Matti Sintonen, Paul W. Humphreys, David Papineau, Nancy Cartwright, James Woodward, Merrilee H. Salmon, and Philip Kitcher.
Download or read book Rethinking Explanation written by Johannes Persson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-16 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nature of scientific explanation has been an important topic in philosophy of science for many years. This book highlights some of the conceptual problems that still need to be solved and points out a number of fresh philosophical ideas to explore.
Download or read book Understanding Scientific Understanding written by Henk W. de Regt and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-07-24 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is widely acknowledged that a central aim of science is to achieve understanding of the world around us, and that possessing such understanding is highly important in our present-day society. But what does it mean to achieve this understanding? What precisely is scientific understanding? These are philosophical questions that have not yet received satisfactory answers. While there has been an ongoing debate about the nature of scientific explanation since Carl Hempel advanced his covering-law model in 1948, the related notion of understanding has been largely neglected, because most philosophers regarded understanding as merely a subjective by-product of objective explanations. By contrast, this book puts scientific understanding center stage. It is primarily a philosophical study, but also contains detailed historical case studies of scientific practice. In contrast to most existing studies in this area, it takes into account scientists' views and analyzes their role in scientific debate and development. The aim of Understanding Scientific Understanding is to develop and defend a philosophical theory of scientific understanding that can describe and explain the historical variation of criteria for understanding actually employed by scientists. The theory does justice to the insights of such famous physicists as Werner Heisenberg and Richard Feynman, while bringing much-needed conceptual rigor to their intuitions. The scope of the proposed account of understanding is the natural sciences: while the detailed case studies derive from physics, examples from other sciences are presented to illustrate its wider validity.
Download or read book Shape Understanding System written by Zbigniew Les and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-02-06 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the third book presenting selected results of research on the further development of the shape understanding system (SUS) carried out by authors in the newly founded Queen Jadwiga Research Institute of Understanding. In this book the new term Machine Understanding is introduced referring to a new area of research aiming to investigate the possibility of building machines with the ability to understand. It is presented that SUS needs to some extent mimic human understanding and for this reason machines are evaluated according to the rules applied for the evaluation of human understanding. The book shows how to formulate problems and how it can be tested if the machine is able to solve these problems.
Download or read book Causality and Explanation written by Wesley C. Salmon and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1998-01-22 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For over two decades Wesley Salmon has helped to shape the course of debate in philosophy of science. He is a major contributor to the philosophical discussion of problems associated with causality and the author of two influential books on scientific explanation. This long-awaited volume collects twenty- six of Salmon's essays, including seven that have never before been published and others difficult to find. Part I comprises five introductory essays that presuppose no formal training in philosophy of science and form a background for subsequent essays. Parts II and III contain Salmon's seminal work on scientific explanation and causality. Part IV offers survey articles that feature advanced material but remain accessible to those outside philosophy of science. Essays in Part V address specific issues in particular scientific disciplines, namely, archaeology and anthropology, astrophysics and cosmology, and physics. Clear, compelling, and essential, this volume offers a superb introduction to philosophy of science for nonspecialists and belongs on the bookshelf of all who carry out work in this exciting field. Wesley Salmon is renowned for his seminal contributions to the philosophy of science. He has powerfully and permanently shaped discussion of such issues as lawlike and probabilistic explanation and the interrelation of explanatory notions to causal notions. This unique volume brings together twenty-six of his essays on subjects related to causality and explanation, written over the period 1971-1995. Six of the essays have never been published before and many others have only appeared in obscure venues. The volume includes a section of accessible introductory pieces, as well as more advanced and technical pieces, and will make essential work in the philosophy of science readily available to both scholars and students.
Download or read book Four Decades of Scientific Explanation written by Wesley C. Salmon and published by University of Pittsburgh Press. This book was released on 2006-06-15 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As Aristotle stated, scientific explanation is based on deductive argument-yet, Wesley C. Salmon points out, not all deductive arguments are qualified explanations. The validity of the explanation must itself be examined. Four Decades of Scientific Explanation provides a comprehensive account of the developments in scientific explanation that transpired in the last four decades of the twentieth century. It continues to stand as the most comprehensive treatment of the writings on the subject during these years.Building on the historic 1948 essay by Carl G. Hempel and Paul Oppenheim, "Studies in the Logic of Explanation," which introduced the deductive-nomological (D-N) model on which most work on scientific explanation was based for the following four decades, Salmon goes beyond this model's inherent basis of describing empirical knowledge to tells us "not only what, but also why." Salmon examines the predominant models in chronological order and describes their development, refinement, and criticism or rejection.Four Decades of Scientific Explanation underscores the need for a consensus of approach and ongoing evaluations of methodology in scientific explanation, with the goal of providing a better understanding of natural phenomena.
Download or read book Textual Practices of Literary Training in Medieval China written by Christopher M.B. Nugent and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-10-20 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through close examination of a set of educational works discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts, this book presents new insights into the literary training undertaken by the elite of medieval China. In their contents and structures, these works tell us what parts of the literary and cultural inheritance the elite were expected to learn and how they learned them. The material aspects of these manuscripts—including handwriting, copying errors, and paratextual additions—show how students in Dunhuang used and reproduced them. What emerges is a picture of a literary education that is more diverse in its sources, and also more haphazard, than previously imagined.
Download or read book Explore Your English Without Limits for Senior High School Students Year XI written by Budiyono; Muhajir Muslih; Siti Ika Wahyu RN and published by Penerbit Duta. This book was released on with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developed with scientific approach, EXPLORE YOUR ENGLISH WITHOUT LIMITS for Senior High School Students Year XI will be favored by students. This book provides the following features. Lessons and activities in this book are arranged with 5M concept (Mengamati/Observing-Menanya/Questioning-Mencoba/Experimenting-Menalar/Associating-Mengomunikasi/Networking) which allow the students to be actively involved in learning activities. The group works and activities in this book will encourage two-way communication between students, students-teachers, students-parents and students-people around them. Accordingly, they will be able to raise concerns of their surroundings and apply their knowledge and skills in daily life (character building). This book helps students to be creative by allowing the students to explore knowledge without limits. Students will also be able to see and discover alternative solutions to solve various problems, so that they can be good problem solvers.
Download or read book ISET 2019 written by Farid Ahmadi and published by European Alliance for Innovation. This book was released on 2019-06-29 with total page 1096 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proceedings of International Conference on Science, Education, and Technology 2019 are the compilation of articles in the internationally refereed conference dedicated to promote acceleration of scientific and technological innovation and the utilization of technology in assisting pedagogical process.
Download or read book Non Fiction written by Wendy Wren and published by Nelson Thornes. This book was released on 2000 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intended as a resource for the Literacy Hour, the National Curriculum for English and the Scottish Curriculum for English language 5-14, this book covers the key requirements for text level work (comprehension and composition) for non-fiction. It provides sections of structured lesson plans on all the main non-fiction genres, 61 linked copymasters, on-going and end-of-section assessments and special National Literacy Strategy and Scotland 5-14 planners.
Download or read book Explanation in the Special Sciences written by Marie I. Kaiser and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-29 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biology and history are often viewed as closely related disciplines, with biology informed by history, especially in its task of charting our evolutionary past. Maximizing the opportunities for cross-fertilization in these two fields requires an accurate reckoning of their commonalities and differences—precisely what this volume sets out to achieve. Specially commissioned essays by a team of recognized international researchers cover the full panoply of topics in these fields and include notable contributions on the correlativity of evolutionary and historical explanations, applying to history the latest causal-mechanical approach in the philosophy of biology, and the question of generalized laws that might pertain across the two subjects. The collection opens with a vital interrogation of general issues on explanation that apart from potentially fruitful areas of interaction (could the etiology of the causal-mechanical perspective in biology account for the historical trajectory of the Roman Empire?) this volume also seeks to chart relative certainties distinguishing explanations in biology and history. It also assesses techniques such as the use of probabilities in biological reconstruction, deployed to overcome the inevitable gaps in physical evidence on early evolution. Methodologies such as causal graphs and semantic explanation receive in-depth analysis. Contributions from a host of prominent and widely read philosophers ensure that this new volume has the stature of a major addition to the literature.
Download or read book Images of Development written by Cor van der Weele and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1999-01-07 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Images of Development questions the dominant biological approach of explaining animal development as entirely genetic by exploring the explanatory value of investigating environmental influences. Van der Weele discusses assumptions, explanatory patterns, and conceptual tools in developmental and evolutionary biology and reviews many concrete examples of environmental influence in animal development. She provides perspectives from biology, philosophy of science, and ethics in an integrative way.
Download or read book The Geography of Urban Rural Interaction in Developing Countries written by Robert Potter and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-30 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1989, The Geography of Urban-Rural Interaction in Developing Countries addresses the nature and importance of the interaction between ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ areas within Third World national territories, providing much-needed comparative, cross-cultural, and cross-national material. The book discusses the various theories of urban-rural interaction, and summarises the topic in the form of the movement of people, goods, money, capital, new technology, energy, information and ideas. Case studies are drawn from different areas of the Third World – including Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Caribbean and illustrate in detail the nature of urban-rural interaction.
Download or read book Handy Pocket Guide to Tropical Coral Reef Fishes written by Gerald Allen and published by Tuttle Publishing. This book was released on 2014-11-04 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn the essentials of tropical fish with this useful and portable reference book. The tremendous abundance of fish seen during a single scuba dive or snorkeling session in the tropics is just staggering. Indeed in some areas, there are dozens of species inhabiting only one or two hectares of reef. But whether you get underwater, view marine life from the comfort of a glass-bottomed boat or just visit an aquarium, Handy Pocket Guide to Tropical Coral Reef Fishes provides an excellent introduction to 68 of the most commonly encountered tropical reef fishes. Written by Dr. Gerald Allen, international authority on reef fishes, it features stunning color shots by some of the world's best underwater photographers. Periplus Handy Pocket Guides are practical field guides, useful for identifying various natural objects ranging from plants and animals to gemstones and seashells. Each page of each title throughout the series is filled with clear, precise photographs and informative text. Scientific and local language names are given.
Download or read book Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership AISTEEL 2022 20 September 2022 Medan North Sumatera Province Indonesia written by Bornok Sinaga and published by European Alliance for Innovation. This book was released on 2022-12-06 with total page 1481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the 7th Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2022) contains several papers that have presented at the seminar with theme “Technology and Innovation in Educational Transformation”. This seminar was held on 20 September 2022 and organized by Postgraduate School, Univesitas Negeri Medan and become a routine agenda annually. The 7th AISTEEL was realized this year with various presenters, lecturers, researchers and students from universities both in and out of Indonesia. The 7th AISTEEL presents 4 distinguished keynote speakers from Universitas Negeri Medan - Indonesia, Murdoch University-Australia, Curtin University Perth-Australia, University Malaya – Malaysia, Monash University - Australia, and Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Finland. In addition, presenters of parallel sessions come from various Government and Private Universities, Institutions, Academy, and Schools. Some of them are those who have sat and will sit in the oral defence examination. The plenary speakers have been present topics covering multi disciplines. They have contributed many inspiring inputs on current trending educational research topics all over the world. The expectation is that all potential lecturers and students have shared their research findings for improving their teaching process and quality, and leadership. There are 162 papers passed through rigorous reviews process and accepted by the committee. All of papers reflect the conference scopes by follow: Teachers Education Model in Future; Education and Research Global Issue; Transformative Learning and Educational Leadership; Mathematics,Science and Nursing Education; Social, Language and Cultural Education; Vocational Education and Educational Technology; Economics, Business and Management Education; Curriculum, Research and Development; Innovative Educational Practices and Effective Technology in the Classroom; Educational Policy and Administration Education.
