Download or read book Electric Utility Steam Generating Unit Hazardous Air Pollutant and Mercury Emission Study written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Study Of Hazardous Air Pollutant and Mercury Emissions From Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Pursuant To Section 112 n Of The Clean Air Act Amendments Of 1990 Interim Report written by United States Environmental Protect Epa and published by . This book was released on 2019-07-03 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Study Of Hazardous Air Pollutant and Mercury Emissions From Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Pursuant To Section 112(n) Of The Clean Air Act Amendments Of 1990 Interim Report
Download or read book Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Interim Final Report written by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-11 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.
Download or read book Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal and Oil fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018 written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-20 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 This action responds to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Michigan v. EPA, 135 S. Ct. 2699 (2015), and explains how the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has taken cost into account in evaluating whether it is appropriate and necessary to regulate coal- and oil-fired electric utility steam generating units (EGUs) under section 112 of the Clean Air Act (CAA). The EPA requested comment on all aspects of its approach to considering cost through a proposed supplemental finding and on a companion Legal Memorandum available in the rulemaking docket. After consideration of public comments, the EPA, in this final supplemental finding, concludes that a consideration of cost does not cause us to change our determination that regulation of hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions from coal- and oil-fired EGUs is appropriate and necessary and that EGUs are, therefore, properly included on the CAA section 112(c) list of sources that must be regulated under CAA section 112(d). This book contains: - The complete text of the Hazardous Air Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Study Of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions From Electric Utility Steam Generator Units Final Report To Congress Volume 2 Appendices U S Environmental Protection Agency Feb 1998 written by and published by . This book was released on 1998* with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book MERCURY STABILITY IN THE ENVIRONMENT written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAAs) require the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine whether the presence of mercury and 188 other trace substances, referred to as air toxics or hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), in the stack emissions from fossil fuel-fired electric utility power plants poses an unacceptable public health risk (1). The EPA's conclusions and recommendations were presented in two reports: Mercury Study Report to Congress and Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units-Final Report to Congress. The first congressional report addressed both human health and the environmental effects of anthropogenic mercury emissions, while the second report addressed the risk to public health posed by emissions of HAPs from steam electricity-generating units. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is also required by the CAAAs to investigate mercury and determine a safe threshold level of exposure. Recently the National Academy of Sciences has also been commissioned by Congress to complete a report, based the available scientific evidence, regarding safe threshold levels of mercury exposure. Although the EPA reports did not state that mercury controls on coal-fired electric power stations should be required given the current state of the art, they did indicate that EPA views mercury as a potential threat to human health. It is likely that major sources of mercury emissions, including fossil-fired combustion systems, will be controlled at some point. In fact, municipal waste combustion units are already regulated. In anticipation of additional control measures, much research has been done (and continues) regarding the development of control technologies for mercury emitted from stationary sources to the atmosphere. Most approaches taken to date involve sorbent injection technologies or improve upon removal of mercury using existing technologies such as flue gas desulfurization scrubbers, fabric filters, and electrostatic precipitators. Depending on the fly ash chemistry and the form of mercury present in the flue gas, some of these existing technologies can be effective at capturing vapor-phase mercury from the flue gas stream. Although much research has been done on enhancing the removal of mercury from flue gas streams, little research has focused on what happens to the mercury when it is captured and converted and/or transferred to a solid or aqueous solution. The stability (or mobility) of mercury in this final process is critical and leads to the questions, What impact will the increased concentration of mercury have on utilization, disposal, and reuse? and Is the mercury removed from the flue gas really removed from the environment or rereleased at a later point? To help answer these questions, the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) as part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Base Cooperative Agreement did a series of experiments using thermal desorption and leaching techniques. This report presents the results from these tests.
Download or read book Advanced Emissions Control Development Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: McDermott Technology, Inc. (a subsidiary of Babcock & Wilcox) is conducting the Advanced Emissions Control Development Project (AECDP) which is aimed at the development of practical, cost-effective strategies for reducing the emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) from coal-fired electric utility plants. The need for such controls may arise as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proceeds with implementation of requirements set forth in the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA's) of 1990. Promulgation of air toxics emissions regulations for electric utility plants could dramatically impact utilities burning coal, their industrial and residential customers, and the coal industry. AECDP project work will supply the information needed by utilities to respond to potential HAPs regulations in a timely, cost-effective, enviromnentally-sound manner which supports the continued use of the Nation's abundant reserves of coal, such as those in the State of Ohio. The development work is being carried out using the 10 MW Clean Environment Development Facility wherein air toxics emissions control strategies can be developed under controlled conditions. The specific objectives of the project are to (1) measure and understand production and partitioning of air toxics species for a variety of coals, (2) optimize the air toxics removal performance of conventional flue gas cleanup systems, (3) develop advanced air toxics emissions control concepts, (4) develop and validate air toxics emissions measurement and monitoring techniques, and (5) establish a comprehensive, self-consistent air toxics data library. This project is supported by the Department of Energy, the Ohio Coal Development Office within the Ohio Department of Development and Babcock & Wilcox. A comprehensive assessment of HAP emissions from coal-fired electric utility boilers sponsored by the Department of Energy and the Electric Power Research Institute concluded that with the exception of selenium and mercury, the majority of trace elements are well controlled due to their association with the particulate phase of flue gas. Reflecting the current focus of the US EPA and state environmental agencies on mercury as a potential candidate for regulation, the project specifically targets the measurement and control of mercury species. This paper discusses the results of testing on the quantity and species distribution of mercury while firing Ohio high-sulfur coal to assess the mercury emissions control potential of conventional SO2 and particulate control systems. Results from recent AECDP tests are presented and two alternative mercury speciation methods are compared. The AECDP results clearly show that higher total mercury control efficiency can be achieved with a wet FGD scrubber than recently reported in the interim final US EPA report on HAP emissions from fossil-fired electric utility steam generating units.
Download or read book Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Standards written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF THE FORMS OF MERCURY FROM COAL FIRED POWER PLANTS written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAAs) required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine whether the presence of mercury in the stack emissions from fossil fuel-fired electric utility power plants poses an unacceptable public health risk. EPA's conclusions and recommendations were presented in the Mercury Study Report to Congress (1) and the Utility Air Toxics Report to Congress (1). The first report addressed both the human health and environmental effects of anthropogenic mercury emissions, while the second addressed the risk to public health posed by the emission of mercury and other hazardous air pollutants from steam-electric generating units. Given the current state of the art, these reports did not state that mercury controls on coal-fired electric power stations would be required. However, they did indicate that EPA views mercury as a potential threat to human health. In fact, in December 2000, the EPA issued an intent to regulate for mercury from coal-fired boilers. However, it is clear that additional research needs to be done in order to develop economical and effective mercury control strategies. To accomplish this objective, it is necessary to understand mercury behavior in coal-fired power plants. The markedly different chemical and physical properties of the different mercury forms generated during coal combustion appear to impact the effectiveness of various mercury control strategies. The original Characterization and Modeling of the Forms of Mercury from Coal-Fired Power Plants project had two tasks. The first was to collect enough data such that mercury speciation could be predicted based on relatively simple inputs such as coal analyses and plant configuration. The second was to field-validate the Ontario Hydro mercury speciation method (at the time, it had only been validated at the pilot-scale level). However, after sampling at two power plants (the Ontario Hydro method was validated at one of them), the EPA issued an information collection request (ICR). The ICR required all coal-fired utilities to submit the mercury concentrations in their coal for one year quarterly, and 80 coal-fired power plants were selected to do mercury flue gas analysis. It was decided by EPRI and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that this project would be suspended until the results of the ICR were known. This report presents the results that were obtained at the two power plants referred to as Sites 111 and E-29. The EERC teamed with Radian International (now URS Corp.) to do the sampling and analysis at these two power plants.
Download or read book Mercury Emissions from Electric Generating Units written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified mercury as the hazardous air pollutant emitted from electric generating units that is of greatest public health concern. As a result, EPA proposed regulations limiting electric generating unit (EGU) mercury emissions. In December 2000, EPA committed to promulgating Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) emissions limits under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. Section 112 sets specific requirements for MACT standards. For new facilities, the MACT standard must be at least as stringent as the degree of emissions control achieved at the best controlled similar source. For existing facilities, the MACT standard must generally achieve limits equal to the average performance of the best 12% of comparable sources. Determination of this performance is complicated by the lack of installed commercial technology specifically for capture of EGU mercury emissions, thereby necessitating data collection on other existing technologies and extensive analysis of potential control levels. To determine the level of allowable mercury emissions, EPA collected data regarding coal composition and mercury emissions from an 80 EGU sample. Analysis of these data led EPA to subcategorize EGUs and propose MACT standards for each subcategory in January 2004. The proposed MACT standards have been criticized by a wide range of stakeholders on several criteria, including EPA methodology to determine the allowable emissions threshold. The EPA methodology incorporates two statistical treatments, the use of, first, a 97.5% upper confidence limit to account for the variability in input coal, and, second, another 97.5% upper confidence interval to account for variance in plant operation. The result is proposed standards that are substantially less stringent than the average emissions rate of the top 12% of the 80 unit sample. While EPA justifies these statistical treatments, others assert they unnecessarily weaken the proposed regulation. Indeed, the proposed MACT standard allows a greater amount of mercury emission than most stakeholders, from all viewpoints, had recommended prior to the EPA proposal.
Download or read book Legal Analysis and Background on the EPA s Proposed Rules for Regulating Mercury Emissions from Electric Utilities written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mercury is a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) that can pose a serious public health threat. In accordance with the authority provided by the Clean Air Act (CAA), the EPA is considering regulation of mercury emissions from electric steam generating units (electric utilities). Recently, the EPA proposed revising an earlier finding that regulation of such emissions was warranted under section 112 of the CAA, because the agency had failed to consider whether regulations promulgated under section 111 of the CAA would adequately address the health concerns associated with these emissions. The EPA now proposes regulation of electric utilities' mercury emissions under section 111 through the adoption of a national "cap-and-trade" program. A potential challenge to the EPA proposal could grow out of the statutory basis for regulating electric utilities' mercury emissions under section 111. If the EPA implements the proposed revision and rule, it may argue that its interpretation should be upheld given (1) the arguably conflicting amendments made to section 111 in 1990 and (2) the deference shown by the courts to agency interpretations. Opponents may argue that the EPA's interpretation is unreasonable because the conflicting amendments do not represent a clear reversal of the previously explicit congressional intent to prohibit an HAP listed under section 112 from being regulated under section 111. The EPA will also need to provide a substantive basis for revising its earlier findings and adopting any proposed rule for mercury regulation, as the agency is prohibited from executing its rulemaking authority in an arbitrary and capricious manner. Accordingly the EPA would need to provide a reasoned analysis for concluding that the public health threat posed by electric utilities' mercury emissions could be adequately addressed using section 111. The fact that the EPA previously concluded that regulation was warranted under section 112 may impose a heightened burden upon the EPA to prove that subsequent revisions do not violate CAA requirements. Further, the agency may have difficulty "de-listing" electric utilities as a source for regulation under section 112, which may require the EPA demonstrate that these utilities are not a public health threat. The EPA may argue that this statutory requirement does not apply because the agency listed electric utilities for regulation only because it had previously failed to consider the possibility of regulating utilities under section 111. Opponents of "de-listing" may argue that reinterpretation of relevant CAA provisions should not be grounds to summarily rescind previous designations. One potential obstacle to EPA regulation under section 111 may be a 1998 settlement agreement requiring the EPA to take "final action" on a proposed rule to regulate such emissions under section 112. Because this settlement decree was apparently not incorporated into a judicial order, however, it does not appear that the agreement could be used to restrict the EPA's rulemaking discretion.
Download or read book Legal Analysis and Background on the EPA s Proposed Rules for Regulating Mercury Emissions from Electric Utilities written by Michael John Garcia and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-09-27 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mercury is widespread in our environment. Methylmercury, one organic form of mercury, can accumulate up the aquatic food chain and lead to high concentrations in predatory fish. When consumed by humans, contaminated fish represent a public health risk. Combustion processes, especially coal-fired power plants, are major sources of mercury contamination in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is considering regulating mercury emissions from those plants. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury reviews the health effects of methylmercury and discusses the estimation of mercury exposure from measured biomarkers, how differences between individuals affect mercury toxicity, and appropriate statistical methods for analysis of the data and thoroughly compares the epidemiological studies available on methylmercury. Included are discussions of current mercury levels on public health and a delineation of the scientific aspects and policy decisions involved in the regulation of mercury. This report is a valuable resource for individuals interested in the public health effects and regulation of mercury. The report also provides an excellent example of the implications of decisions in the risk assessment process for a larger audience.
Download or read book EPA 200 B written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Control of mercury emissions from coalfired electric utility boilers interim report including errata dated 32102 written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants written by Winston Chow and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-01-29 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants presents a detailed examination of the state-of-the-art in the management of air pollutants ("air toxics"). This important new volume focuses on the latest research, regulatory perspectives, modeling, environmental and human risk assessments, new control strategies, monitoring programs, risk communication, and risk management. Key chapters in the book are devoted to these timely subjects:
