Download or read book Wholesale Price Discrimination Parallel Imports written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Wholesale Price Discrimination and Parallel Imports written by Mattias Ganslandt and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Vertical Price Control and Parallel Imports written by Keith Eugene Maskus and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2000 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel imports are genuine products brought into a country without the authorization of the copyright, patent, or trademark owner. Countries vary considerably in their legal treatment of parallel imports, as determined by their choice of exhaustion doctrine. A new model analyzes parallel imports a a response to vertical pricing arrangements between a rights holder ("manufacturer") and a foreign distributor.
Download or read book Parallel Imports and Price Controls written by Gene M. Grossman and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Price controls create opportunities for international arbitrage. Many have argued that such arbitrage, if tolerated, will undermine intellectual property rights and dull the incentives for investment in research-intensive industries such as pharmaceuticals. We challenge this orthodox view and show, to the contrary, that the pace of innovation often is faster in a world with international exhaustion of intellectual property rights than in one with national exhaustion. The key to our conclusion is to recognize that governments will make different choices of price controls when parallel imports are allowed by their trade partners than they will when they are not.
Download or read book Parallel Imports Demand Dispersion and International Price Discrimination written by David Arthur Malueg and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Wholesale Price Discrimination written by Sofia Berto Villas-Boas and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we make inferences about wholesale price discrimination and uniform wholesale pricing policy. This is an important question when there is a policy goal to enforce uniform wholesale price legislation in a variety of markets and we address this question by simulating the effects of such uniform wholesale price legislation in a local urban grocery retail market of the United States. Given a demand and supply model of multiple retailers' and manufacturers' oligopoly-pricing behavior we consider: (i) wholesale price discrimination and (ii) no wholesale price discrimination (via uniform price regulation). We demonstrate how wholesale price legislation simulations may be performed given observed data on retail and input prices and retail quantities sold and not available data on wholesale prices. We focus our approach using data on yogurt produced by multiple manufacturers and sold in several stores, and estimate there to be positive welfare effects from preventing wholesale price discrimination, originating from positive effects on consumer surplus although negligible effects on joint vertical producer surplus, resulting from counter balancing negative effects on manufacturer and positive effects on retailer surplus.
Download or read book Trade Marks and Free Trade written by Lazaros G. Grigoriadis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-06 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first study to examine the issue of the legality of parallel imports of trademarked goods under the most important legal systems on an international level, namely under GATT/WTO law, EU law and the laws of the ten major trading partners of the European Union. Part I consists of a general approach to the phenomenon of parallel importation and of a presentation of the theories that have been suggested to resolve the above-mentioned issue. The rule of exhaustion of rights, of which there are three types (rule of national, regional and international exhaustion of rights), is proposed as the most effective instrument to deal with the issue in question. Part II examines the question of exhaustion of trademark rights in light of the provisions of GATT/WTO Law. Part III analyzes the elements of the EU provisions on exhaustion of trademark rights (Articles 7 of Directive 2008/95/EC and 13 of Regulation (EC) 207/2009) and some specific issues relating to the application of these provisions. Part IV presents the regimes of exhaustion of trademark rights recognized in the European Union’s current ten most significant trading partners. The book is the first legal study to welcome, in light of economic analysis, the approach adopted by GATT/WTO law and EU law to the question of the geographical scope of the exhaustion of the trademark rights rule. It includes all the case law developed on an international level on the issue of the legality of parallel imports of trademarked goods and a comprehensive overview of the scientific literature concerning the phenomenon of parallel imports in general and the legality of parallel imports of trademarked goods. All the views expressed in the book are based on the European Court of Justice’s most recent case law and that of the courts of the most important trading partners of the European Union.
Download or read book Vertical Price Control and Parallel Imports written by Keith E. Maskus and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper analyzes parallel imports, or goods traded without the authorization of a trademark owner. Parallel imports have multiple causes, including vertical price control, which the authors model. A manufacturer selling its product through an independent agent sets the wholesale price sufficiently low to induce a desired retail price abroad. This permits the agent to sell the product profitably in the originating market. Combined social surplus decreases and then increases in the cost of parallel trade. Restricting parallel imports benefits the manufacturer, but could raise or reduce global surplus. The econometric analysis indicates that the vertical-control explanation of parallel imports is important.
Download or read book Non homothetic Preferences Parallel Imports and the Extensive Margin of International Trade written by Reto Foellmi and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Equilibrium Parallel Import Policies and International Market Structure written by Santanu Roy and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a North-South vertically differentiated duopoly, the analysis in this paper derives equilibrium government policies towards parallel imports. By incorporating strategic interaction at the policy-setting stage and the product market, the model sheds new light on (i) the effects of parallel import policies on pricing behavior of firms and (ii) the interdependence of national parallel import policies. If demand asymmetry across countries is sufficiently large, the North forbids parallel imports to ensure its firm sells in the South thereby generating international price discrimination -- the South's most preferred market outcome -- as the equilibrium. When demand structures are relatively similar across countries, the North permits parallel imports and uniform pricing -- its most preferred market outcome -- obtains.
Download or read book Wholesale Price Discrimination in Global Sourcing written by Ruomeng Cui and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous research has found price discrimination in business-to-consumer (B2C) markets, where buyers are end customers. There is limited research on suppliers' price-quoting behaviors and price discrimination in business-to-business (B2B) markets. It is unclear whether certain characteristics of B2B buyers, who are often representatives of firms and not end customers, would influence suppliers' pricing decisions. In this research, we study wholesale price discrimination by collaborating with a global trading company that runs a field experiment on a global sourcing marketplace. We find that there is no significant difference in the wholesale prices quoted to buyers selling in US and South African markets. We also find that suppliers quote significantly higher wholesale prices to White buyers than to Asian and Black buyers, regardless of country. However, price discrimination disappears when buyers present market information to suppliers, providing the lowest wholesale price offered by other suppliers in the market, whereas price discrimination remains when buyers present social information to suppliers, thereby indicating the buyer is referred by a previous customer. In addition, we show that market information can help buyers obtain a lower wholesale price because it signals a lower willingness to pay. Social information, however, can reduce price quotes for only Black and White buyers, but not for Asian (particularly Chinese) buyers.
Download or read book Gray Market Imports written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on International Trade and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Private Rights and Public Problems written by Keith Eugene Maskus and published by Peterson Institute. This book was released on 2012 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consumers constantly confront intellectual property rights (IPRs) every day, from their morning cup of Starbucks coffee to the Intel chip on their computer at work. Intellectual property rights help protect creative inventions in the form of trademarks, copyrights, and patents. Despite legal protection, many goods--including music and video files--are easily copied or shared, which affects industries, innovators, and customers. In his follow-up to one of the most popular PIIE titles of all time, Keith Maskus looks at the expansion of private legal rights into international trade markets, not only for technological items but also for international public goods like vaccines and prescription drugs. Private Rights and Public Problems assesses IPR issues for users, producers, and innovators and the difficulty of establishing an international policy regime that governs IPRs in all markets. Post-industrial countries have preferential terms for licensing and selling products, in part because they develop more global brands and products. Maskus observes that in these countries the primacy of private property raises contentious international debate between innovation owners in rich countries and followers and users in emerging and poor countries. Maskus explores if increased privacy regulations limit innovation and pose artificial and real barriers, such as decreased information accessibility and increased cost. This book addresses a fundamental issue: should basic scientific and technological knowledge be commoditized? In this guide to the current global impact of IPRs, the author analyzes the economic contribution of IPRs underlying features: innovation and access to international technologies.
Download or read book Intellectual Property and Development written by Keith E. Maskus and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International policies toward protecting intellectual property rights have seen profound changes over the past two decades. Rules on how to protect patents, copyright, trademarks and other forms of intellectual property have become a standard component of international trade agreements. Most significantly, during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1986-94), members of what is today the World Trade Organization (WTO) concluded the Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which sets out minimum standards of protection that most of the world's economies have to respect. How will developing countries fare in this new international environment? Intellectual Property and Development brings together empirical research that assesses the effects of changing intellectual property regimes on various measures of economic and social performance - ranging from international trade, foreign investment and competition, to innovation and access to new technologies. The studies presented point to an important development dimension to the protection of intellectual property. But a one-size fits all approach to intellectual property is unlikely to work. There is need to adjust intellectual property norms to domestic needs, taking into account developing countries' capacity to innovate, technological needs, and institutional capabilities. In addition, governments need to consider a range of complementary policies to maximize the benefits and reduce the costs of reformed intellectual property regulations. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of international law, particularly in the area of intellectual property rights, international trade, and public policy.
Download or read book Parallel Imports and the Japan Fair Trade Commission written by David Flath and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book First Report Final to the Committee on International Trade Law of the International Law Association on the Subject of Parallel Importation written by Frederick M. Abbott and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The First Report on Parallel Imports approaches the exhaustion/parallel imports question in broad economic terms, asking whether there may be an economic and social welfare benefit to permitting IPRs holders to block parallel imports that outweighs the potential harm to liberal trade. The Report addresses each major form of IPR (patent, trademark and copyright) separately. It concludes with respect to each form that the evidence of benefits that might flow from allowing parallel imports to be blocked is insufficient to justify the potential inhibition of trade. The Report observes that most objectives which IPRs holders seek to achieve by the allocation of geographic markets can be attained through less trade restrictive means, namely through the vertical allocation of distribution territories by contract. The interests of the developing countries are a focus of the Report. Some economists have suggested that allowing rules on parallel information to enforce price discrimination in favor of developing countries may increase global economic welfare. The Report concludes that developing and developed countries are better served by open markets and the operation of comparative advantage. The Report recommends that the WTO adopt a rule precluding governments from blocking parallel imports save in certain exceptional cases, and it also suggests that further study of this issue would be desirable.
Download or read book Equilibrium Parallel Import Policies and International Market Structure written by Santanu Roy and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
