Download or read book Using NWP Analysis in Satellite Rainfall Estimation of Heavy Precipitation Events Over Complex Terrain written by Xinxuan Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Satellite Rainfall Applications for Surface Hydrology written by Mekonnen Gebremichael and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-02 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions from a panel of researchers from a wide range of fields, the chapters of this book focus on evaluating the potential, utility and application of high resolution satellite precipitation products in relation to surface hydrology.
Download or read book NOAA s Role in Space Based Global Precipitation Estimation and Application written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-03-13 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) uses precipitation data in many applications including hurricane forecasting. Currently, NOAA uses data collected from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite that was launched in 1997 by NASA in cooperation with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. NASA is now making plans to launch the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission in 2013 to succeed TRMM, which was originally intended as a 3 to 5 year mission but has enough fuel to orbit until 2012. The GPM mission consists of a "core" research satellite flying with other "constellation" satellites to provide global precipitation data products at three-hour intervals. This book is the second in a 2-part series from the National Research Council on the future of rainfall measuring missions. The book recommends that NOAA begin its GPM mission preparations as soon as possible and that NOAA develop a strategic plan for the mission using TRMM experience as a guide. The first book in the series, Assessment of the Benefits of Extending the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (December 2004), recommended that the TRMM mission be extended as long as possible because of the quality, uniqueness, and many uses of its data. NASA has officially extended the TRMM mission until 2009.
Download or read book Characterization and Modeling of Satellite Based Precipitation Uncertainty Over Complex Terrain written by Yagmur Derin and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The availability and quality of precipitation estimates is essential to the accuracy and reliability of hydrological modeling studies. Difficulties in the representation of high rainfall variability over mountainous areas using ground-based sensors make satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs) attractive for hydrological studies over such regions, since these products are quasi-global and available at high spatial resolution. Evaluation of several SPPs using rain gauge networks over ten mountainous regions across the globe has shown their performance is highly dependent on advancing the quality of primary data sources, one of which is passive microwave (PMW) retrievals. The evaluation of PMW retrievals is challenging, since it requires reference datasets with high temporal and spatial resolution. This difficulty can be overcome through the use of experimental ground radar (GR) X-band polarimetric radar observations. The Self-Consistent Optimal Parameterization-Microphysics Estimation (SCOP-ME), an algorithm that uses best-fitted functions of specific attenuation coefficients and backscattering differential phase shifts is used to retrieve rainfall rates and microphysical characteristics from GR. GR deployments over mountainous regions are used to evaluate the error characteristics of SCOP-ME retrieval and provide high-resolution estimates of the 4D rainfall variability. These estimates represented the benchmark precipitation dataset, which are then used in the error characterization and modeling of the PMW retrievals. To understand the source of uncertainties, a sampling volume-matching methodology is implemented between PMW and GR. The PMW retrievals showed weaker covariation than GR, with magnitude-dependent systematic error going from overestimation of light precipitation to, mainly, underestimation of heavier precipitation. Overall, these investigations indicated that PMW retrievals have uncertainties that necessitate the use of error characterization and correction procedures, especially over complex terrain. This called for error modeling of the PMW retrievals, which is conducted with quantile regression forests (QRF), a nonparametric tree-based model. The ensembles generated through the QRF model are validated by independent matchups of PMW and GR data from four complex terrains. Validation of the error model is conducted in two ways, the k-fold and leave-one region out cross validation techniques. The study showed that the error model significantly reduces both mean relative error and the random component of the error compared to the original PMW products. Moreover, it demonstrated transferability of this error model among complex terrain regions around the globe, which will allow algorithm developers to integrate it to produce Level 3 products.
Download or read book Mountain Meteorology written by C. David Whiteman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000-06-01 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications offers first an introduction to the basic principles and concepts of mountain meteorology, then goes on to discuss their application in natural resources management. It includes over two hundred beautiful, full-color photographs, figures, and diagrams, as well as observable indicators of atmospheric processes--such as winds, temperature, and clouds--to facilitate the recognition of weather systems and events for a variety of readers. It is ideal for those who spend time in or near mountains and whose daily activities are affected by weather. As a comprehensive work filled with diverse examples and colorful illustrations, it is essential for professionals, scholars, and students of meteorology.
Download or read book Assimilation of Remote Sensing Data into Earth System Models written by Jean-Christophe Calvet and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-11-20 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the Earth sciences, a transition is currently occurring in multiple fields towards an integrated Earth system approach, with applications including numerical weather prediction, hydrological forecasting, climate impact studies, ocean dynamics estimation and monitoring, and carbon cycle monitoring. These approaches rely on coupled modeling techniques using Earth system models that account for an increased level of complexity of the processes and interactions between atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and terrestrial surfaces. A crucial component of Earth system approaches is the development of coupled data assimilation of satellite observations to ensure consistent initialization at the interface between the different subsystems. Going towards strongly coupled data assimilation involving all Earth system components is a subject of active research. A lot of progress is being made in the ocean–atmosphere domain, but also over land. As atmospheric models now tend to address subkilometric scales, assimilating high spatial resolution satellite data in the land surface models used in atmospheric models is critical. This evolution is also challenging for hydrological modeling. This book gathers papers reporting research on various aspects of coupled data assimilation in Earth system models. It includes contributions presenting recent progress in ocean–atmosphere, land–atmosphere, and soil–vegetation data assimilation.
Download or read book Precipitation Advances in Measurement Estimation and Prediction written by Silas C. Michaelides and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-27 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the outcome of contributions from 51 scientists who were invited to expose their latest findings on precipitation research and in particular, on the measurement, estimation and prediction of precipitation. The reader is presented with a blend of theoretical, mathematical and technical treatise of precipitation science but also with authentic applications, ranging from local field experiments and country-scale campaigns to multinational space endeavors.
Download or read book Satellite Precipitation Measurement written by Vincenzo Levizzani and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-14 with total page 797 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a complete overview of the measurement of precipitation from space, which has made considerable advancements during the last two decades. This is mainly due to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, CloudSat and a carefully maintained constellation of satellites hosting passive microwave sensors. The book revisits a previous book, Measuring Precipitation from Space, edited by V. Levizzani, P. Bauer and F. J. Turk, published with Springer in 2007. The current content has been completely renewed to incorporate the advancements of science and technology in the field since then. This book provides unique contributions from field experts and from the International Precipitation Working Group (IPWG). The book will be of interest to meteorologists, hydrologists, climatologists, water management authorities, students at various levels and many other parties interested in making use of satellite precipitation data sets.
Download or read book Evaluation of State of the art Precipitation Estimates written by Shekhar Raj Mote and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Availability of precipitation data is very important in every aspect related to hydrology. Readings from the ground stations are reliable and are used in hydrological models to do various analysis. However, the predictions are always associated with uncertainties due to the limited number of ground stations, which requires interpolation of the data. Meanwhile, groundbreaking approach in capturing precipitation events from vantage point through satellites in space has created a platform to not only merge ground data with satellite estimates to produce more accurate result, but also to find the data where ground stations are not available or scarcely available. Nevertheless, the data obtained through these satellite missions needs to be verified on its temporal and spatial resolution as well as the uncertainties associated before we make any decisions on its basis. This study focuses on finding and evaluating data obtained from two multi-satellite precipitation measurements missions: i) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) ii) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. GPM is the latest mission launched on Feb 28, 2014 after the successful completion of TRMM mission which collected valuable data for 17 years since its launch in November 1997. Both near real time and final version precipitation products for TMPA and GPM are considered for this study. Two study areas representing eastern and western parts of the United States of America (USA) are considered: i) Charlotte (CLT) in North Carolina ii) San Francisco (SF) in California. Evaluation is carried out for daily accumulated rainfall estimates and single rainfall events. Statistical analysis and error categorization of daily accumulated rainfall estimates were analyzed in two parts: i) Ten yeas data available for TMPA products were considered for historical analysis ii) Both TMPA and GPM data available for a ten-month common period was considered for GPM Era analysis. To study how well the satellite estimates with their finest temporal and spatial resolution capture single rainfall event and to explore their engineering application potential, an existing model of SF watershed prepared in Infoworks Integrated Catchment Model (ICM) was considered for hydrological simulation. Infoworks ICM is developed and maintained by Wallingford Software in the UK and SF watershed model is owned by San Francisco Public Works (SFPW). The historical analysis of TMPA products suggested overestimation of rainfall in CLT region while underestimation in SF region. This underestimation was largely associated with missed-rainfall events and negative hit events in SF. This inconsistency in estimation was evident in GPM products as well. However, in the study of single rainfall events with higher magnitude of rainfall depth in SF, the total rainfall volume and runoff volume generated in the watershed were over-estimated. Hence, satellite estimates in general tends to miss rainfall events of lower magnitude and over-estimate rainfall events of higher magnitude. From statistical analysis of GPM Era data, it was evident that GPM has been able to correct this inconsistency to some extent where it minimized overestimation in CLT region and minimized negative error due to underestimation in SF. GPM products fairly captured the hydrograph shape of outflow in SF watershed in comparison to TMPA. From this study, it can be concluded that even though GPM precipitation estimates could not quiet completely replace ground rain gage measurements as of now, with the perpetual updating of algorithms to correct its associated error, it holds realistic engineering application potential in the near future.
Download or read book Remote Sensing of Precipitation written by Silas Michaelides and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-07-23 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Precipitation is a well-recognized pillar in global water and energy balances. An accurate and timely understanding of its characteristics at the global, regional, and local scales is indispensable for a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying the Earth’s atmosphere–ocean complex system. Precipitation is one of the elements that is documented to be greatly affected by climate change. In its various forms, precipitation comprises a primary source of freshwater, which is vital for the sustainability of almost all human activities. Its socio-economic significance is fundamental in managing this natural resource effectively, in applications ranging from irrigation to industrial and household usage. Remote sensing of precipitation is pursued through a broad spectrum of continuously enriched and upgraded instrumentation, embracing sensors which can be ground-based (e.g., weather radars), satellite-borne (e.g., passive or active space-borne sensors), underwater (e.g., hydrophones), aerial, or ship-borne.
Download or read book Detection and Estimation of Rainfall Through Data Analysis of Geostationary Ku band Satellite Signals written by Cihan Arslan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Ku-band receiver system is congured in State College, Pennsylvania to evaluate the potential of a rainfall estimation technique using satellite-link wave attenuation measurements. The proposed method can provide continuous real-time rainfall intensity R and rainfall accumulation estimates throughout a day by monitoring commercial satellite signals at the receiver antenna. The method can be used for a precipitation measurement technique as an alternative or complementary to existing methods such as rain gauge and radar in complex environments, such as over hilly terrains and urban areas as well as parts of the oceans that lie within the footprint of the satellite. Power law relationships between specic attenuation A (dB/km) and rainfall intensity R (mm/h) are used to estimate R and the rainfall accumulation along the link path. Polarimetric radar measurements obtained from the National Weather Service WSR-88D system located 18.5 km away from the receiver ground station are utilized to provide a comparison of rainfall accumulation estimates. Two tipping-bucket rain gauges, co-located with the satellite receiver, are also used for comparison. The eective rain height (ERH) used in converting total attenuation along the link path to attenuation rate is estimated from polarimetric radar observations. A method based on bit error ratio (BER) measurements for the commercial satellite link is used to identify periods of rain during which rainfall rate is estimated from signal attenuation measurements. Logistic regression analysis that is based on WSR-88D measurements and statistics of BER data during the years 2013 and 2014 is used to develop a rain detection algorithm. The rain detection algorithm is applied and rainfall estimates are presented for the selected days during the years 2015 and 2016. Satellite-based precipitation estimates show good comparisons with radar-based estimates (within 19%) for accumulations greater than 6 mm and not so good (within 43%) for accumulations below 3 mm as Ku-band link becomes less sensitive to light rain events, i.e. R
Download or read book Performance Assessment of Satellite Rainfall Products for Hydrologic Modeling written by Hojjat Seyyedi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As climate has warmed over recent years, a new pattern of more frequent and more intense weather events has unfolded across the globe. Climate models simulate such changes in extreme events, and some of the reasons for the changes are well understood. Warming increases the likelihood of extremely hot days and nights, favors increased atmospheric moisture that may result in more frequent heavy rainfall and snowfall, and leads to evaporation that can exacerbate droughts. Even with evidence of these broad trends, scientists cautioned in the past that individual weather events couldn't be attributed to climate change. Now, with advances in understanding the climate science behind extreme events and the science of extreme event attribution, such blanket statements may not be accurate. The relatively young science of extreme event attribution seeks to tease out the influence of human-cause climate change from other factors, such as natural sources of variability like El Niño, as contributors to individual extreme events. Event attribution can answer questions about how much climate change influenced the probability or intensity of a specific type of weather event. As event attribution capabilities improve, they could help inform choices about assessing and managing risk, and in guiding climate adaptation strategies. This report examines the current state of science of extreme weather attribution, and identifies ways to move the science forward to improve attribution capabilities.
Download or read book Samplying and Analysis of Rain written by S.A. Campbell and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1981 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Improving Very Short Range Precipitation Forecasting in New Zealand written by Sijin Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Very) short range quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) plays an important role in both meteorological and hydrological risk management. Since New Zealand is an island country, which is surrounded by the Tasman Sea and South Pacific Ocean, most high impact weather systems, especially heavy rainfall systems, usually initiate and develop in the regions where there are no direct high resolution observations. Using satellite rainfall and cloudiness estimates to couple with the observations from the National Radar Network becomes crucial. This thesis makes use of satellite data coupled with observations from the National Radar Network for the initialization of a mesoscale forecast model for the region. To achieve this we employed a technique called “RainSat” to delineate precipitation maps in the regions beyond radar range. The errors associated with the “RainSat” technique include the accuracy of the statistical technique itself, sampling errors, height assignment, and the estimates of rain rates. These errors and the impacts on the forecast model have been investigated in Chapter 2 and 3 of the thesis. It has been found that, in spite of these significant errors, the “RainSat” technique is able to provide relatively useful estimates of precipitation out to a range of 200 km beyond radar maximum range. Besides the capability of extending the availability of the precipitation observations to the Tasman Sea, the “RainSat” technique has been used as additional data with the observed radar reflectivity for improving nowcasting in New Zealand (Chapter 4). The results showed that the combination of radar reflectivity and satellite retrieved rain rates can significantly reduce the uncertainties in the extrapolation based techniques that are caused by the incomplete echoes observed by radar alone in areas near the edge of the radar coverage area. According to our experiments, the improvements led by using the additional “RainSat” analysis became more obvious as the lead time increased. However, the skill was still very limited after 2-3 hours. Data assimilation experiments with radar and satellite data in New Zealand are introduced in Chapters 5-8. In order to incorporate radar (satellite) observed rainfall information with modest computing facilities, a new nudging based scheme has been introduced in Chapter 5. The new scheme uses the reverse Kessler warm rain processes and the associated saturation adjustment. The statistical scores showed that, by assimilating radar reflectivity data in the model using the new scheme, precipitation forecasts could be improved up to 7-9 hours ahead on average compared to the dynamic downscaling experiments. Since the assimilation operator developed in this thesis only uses a simplistic liquid phase microphysics scheme, the skill of the operator with more complicated model microphysics in the model were presented (Chapter 6). The results showed that different cloud physics schemes adopted within the time window have significant effects on the precipitation forecasting whilst showing minimal effects on wind corrections. According to our experiments, the use of the WRF Lin et al. scheme coupled with the RK-nudging approach might give the highest skill score on average during the nudging time window. . For New Zealand, high impact weather systems usually initiate and develop in regions that are beyond radar range, which means that some sort of satellite technique is particularly important for these events. In addition, the model background usually presents inaccurate estimates over the oceanic areas. Therefore, the incorporation of satellite retrieved moisture fields over the Tasman Sea is expected to be beneficial to the (very) short range precipitation forecasting in New Zealand. The assimilation experiments of the “RainSat” analysis are presented in Chapter 7. The newly developed scheme and the Water Vapour Correction (WVC) scheme have been employed and the verifications were carried out against to both radar and TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis using different objective scoring schemes. The results indicated that by using the satellite rainfall and cloudiness estimates to adjust the moisture fields out of the radar range, the precipitation forecasts could be further improved. In Chapter 8, the extrapolated rain rates generated from both radar and satellite data were used to adjust the corresponding model background. The results showed that the assimilation of radar and satellite based nowcasting data could effectively prolong the effects of the initial conditions in the NWP model and thus improve the precipitation forecasts even further. A brief conclusion is given in Chapter 9.
Download or read book Urban Meteorology written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-06-13 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the United Nations, three out of five people will be living in cities worldwide by the year 2030. The United States continues to experience urbanization with its vast urban corridors on the east and west coasts. Although urban weather is driven by large synoptic and meso-scale features, weather events unique to the urban environment arise from the characteristics of the typical urban setting, such as large areas covered by buildings of a variety of heights; paved streets and parking areas; means to supply electricity, natural gas, water, and raw materials; and generation of waste heat and materials. Urban Meteorology: Forecasting, Monitoring, and Meeting Users' Needs is based largely on the information provided at a Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate community workshop. This book describes the needs for end user communities, focusing in particular on needs that are not being met by current urban-level forecasting and monitoring. Urban Meteorology also describes current and emerging meteorological forecasting and monitoring capabilities that have had and will likely have the most impact on urban areas, some of which are not being utilized by the relevant end user communities. Urban Meteorology explains that users of urban meteorological information need high-quality information available in a wide variety of formats that foster its use and within time constraints set by users' decision processes. By advancing the science and technology related to urban meteorology with input from key end user communities, urban meteorologists can better meet the needs of diverse end users. To continue the advancement within the field of urban meteorology, there are both short-term needs-which might be addressed with small investments but promise large, quick returns-as well as future challenges that could require significant efforts and investments.
Download or read book Uncertainty of Global Precipitation Datasets and Its Propagation in Hydrological Simulations written by Md Abul Ehsan Bhuiyan and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accurate estimates of precipitation at the global scale are vital for a variety of hydrometeorological applications. Quantification of the error sources along with characterization of the error propagation in hydrological simulations are required for promoting use of satellite and reanalysis precipitation estimates in hydrological applications.In this study we address the remotely-sensed precipitation products uncertainty characterization based ona machine learning tree-based model, Quantile Regression Forests (QRF). We first apply the model to satellitepassive microwave estimates from the TRMM satellite. Reference precipitation was based on high-resolution (5 min/1 km) rainfall fields derived from the NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory multi-radar multi-sensor system. The model was evaluated using a K-fold validation experiment using systematic and random error statistics of the model-adjusted TRMM passive microwave rainfall point estimates, and ensemble verification statistics of the corresponding prediction intervals. Then, this framework was utilized to combine dynamic and static land surface variables together with multiple global precipitation sources to stochastically generate improved precipitation ensembles (combined product) over complex terrain. Input to the model included multiple global satellite precipitation products; an atmospheric reanalysis precipitation product; and other auxiliary variables including a daily soil moisture dataset, specific humidity and a terrain elevation dataset. The model performance was demonstrated over three mountainous study areas (Peruvian and Colombian Andes and the Blue Nile in East Africa) based on 13 years (2000-2012) ofreference rainfall data derived from in situ rain gauge networks. Results showed that the proposed blending framework could significantly reduce the error andadequately characterize the uncertainty of the combined product. In the last section of this study we investigate the impact of the combined product in hydrological simulations. The Iberian Peninsula was chosen as the study area, which has precipitation and climate variability due to complex orography influenced by both Atlantic and Mediterranean climates.Comparisons of the precipitation product-driven hydrological simulations by a distributed hydrological model against reference-driven streamflow simulations by the same model showed that the magnitude of systematic and random errors for the combined product was significantly lower than those for the individual precipitation products. Moreover, this blending framework rendered a detailed investigation of the precipitation error propagation into multi-hydrologic model simulations, which was accomplished using four global-scale land surface models (JULES, ORCHIDEE, HTESSEL and SURFEX) and one global hydrologic model (WaterGAP3). Through this analysis we investigated the error characteristics of different precipitation forcing datasets (satellite, reanalysis, and combined product) and their error propagation in different hydrologic variables (surface/subsurface runoff, evapotranspiration).
