Download or read book UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF HYDROLOGIC CONNECTIVITY LAND USE AND LITHOLOGY ON WATER QUALITY ACROSS SCALES written by Callum Richard Wayman and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural land use impacts groundwater and surface water quality and many research programs have aimed to understand these impacts. For example, loading of agriculturally derived solutes such as nitrate can create hypoxic conditions in stream estuaries downstream of agricultural and human development. This problem exists in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, a 11,600 km2 watershed which encompasses six states: Delaware, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. The largest contributor of water and nutrients to the Chesapeake Bay is the Susquehanna River Basin. It is important to understand the transport dynamics within smaller tributary watersheds of the Susquehanna River, so that efforts can be made to mitigate the effects of farming on nutrient pollution in the Chesapeake Bay.The Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHCZO) has been established to understand water quality in the context of natural geological background conditions within the critical zone. The SSHCZO is an observatory in the uplands of the Susquehanna River Basin. The SSHCZO spans the Shavers Creek watershed (120 km2), a HUC 10 watershed. This creek is a tributary of the Juniata River, which drains into the Susquehanna River. The SSHCZO contains three instrumented subcatchments: Shale Hills (0.08 km2), Garner Run (1.21 km2), and Cole Farm (0.34 km2). These three sites provide land use and lithology end members that serve as proxies for the rest of Shavers Creek watershed. In addition to using small catchment end-members to understand transport in Shavers Creek, three separate synoptic sampling campaigns were completed at high spatial resolution throughout the watershed. These three campaigns show how changes in hydrologic connectivity, land use, and lithology affect water quality in the watershed. Fall and winter synoptic campaigns highlight discrepancies in water and solute influxes between expected solute loads from tributary inputs to the mainstem and the measured solute loads at mainstem sites. These discrepancies suggest input from groundwater or runoff sources other than sampled tributaries. For example, both nitrate and chloride are both input from sources other than tributaries. Principal component analyses and a mixing analysis performed on the fall synoptic data (during the dry season) are best explained as documenting groundwater inputs to the mainstem of Shavers Creek as local interflow, i.e. shallow groundwater flow. Thus, tributaries and Shavers Creek become locally controlled during the dry period. Principal components for surface water chemistry in Shavers Creek vary in the main stem and in tributaries during this period. The components determined for the upland forested parts of Shavers Creek cluster more closely with the components which describe shallow interflow within the forested landscape as observed in the pristine forested subcatchments of Garner Run and Shale Hills while components determined for the lowland agricultural parts of Shavers Creek trend towards the components which describe shallow interflow in the agricultural catchment Cole Farm. Principal component analyses during the winter snow melt (a wet period) are consistent with a regional homogenization of water chemistry in Shavers Creek caused by the dominance of snow water inputs to interflow, i.e. nonlocal control. Specifially, principal components for surface water chemistry in Shavers Creek during snow melt are all clustered closely to components which reflect forested land use. This clustering highlights the homogenization of surface water chemistry from the wet winter synoptic.Two separate regression models for Shavers Creek, one using lithology and the other using land use as model inputs, show that each of these variables alone predict solute flux well in the fall during the local control exhibited in the dry period. However, the covariance of land use and lithology in the watershed that causes a confounding effect for the regression models, because land use varies with lithology. On the other hand, these same models, show that land use alone does not predict solute flux as well as lithology during the wet winter period of non-local control. Lithology is therefore the best predictor of solute flux spatially in Shavers Creek in both wet and dry periods. Land use is only as good of a predictor as lithology during periods of local control when water tables are low in the watershed. Variations in local versus nonlocal control on solute and water flux contributions to Shavers Creek is related to hydrologic connectivity. Local controls, defined as properties that control water transport at small spatial scales, are more significant during the dry season when water tables are low. In contrast to local controls such as soil properties, nonlocal controls dominate during wet periods in Shavers Creek. The nonlocal controls include larger scale characteristics such as watershed topography.In summary, both principal component analyses and regression modeling show distinct geochemical differences between the dry fall period and the wet winter period in Shavers Creek watershed. The dry fall period shows geochemical heterogeneity throughout the watershed, and solute flux can be predicted by lithology and land use. During this time, the watershed is hydrologically disconnected and surface water chemistry is controlled locally. In contrast, hydrologic connectivity in the watershed increases during the wet winter period and surface water chemistry is controlled largely by nonlocal properties. During this time, geochemical homogeneity is observed throughout the watershed and solute flux is better predicted by lithology than land use. Overall, lithology is the most consistent predictor of the spatial variation of solute flux in Shavers Creek and is therefore essential to understanding solute transport in the watershed. These findings provide a deeper insight into transport dynamics in Shavers Creek and could potentially inform an improved understanding of upland agricultural watersheds within the Susquehanna River Basin.
Download or read book Land Use Effects on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Northeastern United States written by Avril L. de la Cretaz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-06-01 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Filling a long-standing need for a desk reference that synthesizes current research, Land Use Effects on Streamflow and Water Quality in the Northeastern United States reviews and discusses the impact of forest management, agriculture, and urbanization. The book provides a gateway to the diverse scientific literature that is urgently needed
Download or read book Impacts of Landscape Change on Water Resources written by Manoj K. Jha and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-11-13 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in land use and land cover can have many drivers, including population growth, urbanization, agriculture, demand for food, evolution of socio-economic structure, policy regulations, and climate variability. The impacts of these changes on water resources range from changes in water availability (due to changes in losses of water to evapotranspiration and recharge) to degradation of water quality (increased erosion, salinity, chemical loadings, and pathogens). The impacts are manifested through complex hydro-bio-geo-climate characteristics, which underscore the need for integrated scientific approaches to understand the impacts of landscape change on water resources. Several techniques, such as field studies, long-term monitoring, remote sensing technologies, and advanced modeling studies, have contributed to better understanding the modes and mechanisms by which landscape changes impact water resources. Such research studies can help unlock the complex interconnected influences of landscape on water resources in terms of quantity and quality at multiple spatial and temporal scales. In this Special Issue, we published a set of eight peer-reviewed articles elaborating on some of the specific topics of landscape changes and associated impacts on water resources.
Download or read book Land Use and Water Quality written by Brian Kronvang and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-11-18 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of 11 papers introduces broad topics covering various professional disciplines related to the research arena of land use and water quality. The papers exemplify the important links between agriculture and water quality in surface and ground waters as well as the pollution problems around urban areas. Advancement of new technologies for analyzing links between land use and water quality problems as well as insights into new tools for analyzing large monitoring datasets are highlighted in this collection of papers.
Download or read book Hydrologic Connectivity Between Landscapes and Streams written by Kelsey Graham Jencso and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transferring plot and reach scale hydrologic understanding to the catchment scale and elucidating the link between catchment structure and runoff and solute response remains a challenge. To address this challenge, I pursued the following questions as part of this dissertation: How do spatiotemporal distributions of hillslope-riparian-stream (HRS) hydrologic connectivity influence whole catchment hydrologic dynamics and what are the implications of this for stream biogeochemistry? What are the implications of catchment structure for riparian buffering and streamflow source water composition? What are the hierarchical controls on hydrologic connectivity and catchment runoff dynamics across 11 diverse headwater catchments and across flow states? I addressed these questions through detailed hydrometric monitoring and analysis (160 recording wells across 24 HRS transects and stream discharge across 11 catchments), tracer sampling and analysis (groundwater, soil water, and stream water sampling of major ions, specific conductance and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), and newly developed digital landscape and terrain analyses. I installed this unprecedented network of instrumentation to address these questions across 11 adjacent and nested catchments within the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (TCEF), Rocky Mountains, MT. I determined that 1) hillslope topography, specifically upslope accumulated area (UAA), was the first order control on the duration of transient water table connectivity observed across HRS landscape positions; 2) the intersection of HRS connectivity with riparian area extents determined the degree of riparian groundwater turnover, riparian buffering of upslope water, and the magnitude of DOC transport to streams; 3) 11 catchments' stream network hydrologic connectivity duration curves were highly correlated to streamflow duration curves and the variable slopes of these relationships were explained by vegetation, geology, and within catchment distributions flowpath length and gradient ratios. This dissertation consists of five key chapters / manuscripts that address how landscape structure/organization within and across catchments can control the timing and magnitude of water and solutes observed at catchment outlets.
Download or read book Watershed Hydrology written by Vijay P. Singh and published by Allied Publishers. This book was released on 2003 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Water Management and Land Use Practices on the Hydrology and Water Quality in the Albemarle Pamlico Region written by George Maynard Chescheir and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hillslope Hydrology written by M. J. Kirkby and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1978 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete guide to the behavior of water on graded land Hillslope Hydrology provides a comprehensive introduction to the behavior of water on a slope. Describing the fates of precipitation, the mechanics of runoff, and the calculations involved in assessment, this book clarifies the complex interplay of soils, sediment, subsurface flow, overland flow, saturation, erosion, and more. An ideal resource for graduate students of Earth science, environmental science, civil engineering, architecture, landscape management, and related fields, this informative guide provides the essential information needed to work effectively with graded land or predict outcomes of precipitation.
Download or read book Hydrogeophysics written by Yorum Rubin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-05-06 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ground-breaking work is the first to cover the fundamentals of hydrogeophysics from both the hydrogeological and geophysical perspectives. Authored by leading experts and expert groups, the book starts out by explaining the fundamentals of hydrological characterization, with focus on hydrological data acquisition and measurement analysis as well as geostatistical approaches. The fundamentals of geophysical characterization are then at length, including the geophysical techniques that are often used for hydrogeological characterization. Unlike other books, the geophysical methods and petrophysical discussions presented here emphasize the theory, assumptions, approaches, and interpretations that are particularly important for hydrogeological applications. A series of hydrogeophysical case studies illustrate hydrogeophysical approaches for mapping hydrological units, estimation of hydrogeological parameters, and monitoring of hydrogeological processes. Finally, the book concludes with hydrogeophysical frontiers, i.e. on emerging technologies and stochastic hydrogeophysical inversion approaches.
Download or read book Ecohydrologic Impacts of Climate and Land Use Changes on Watershed Systems written by Paul A. Ekness and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintaining flows and quality of water resources is critical to support ecosystem services and consumptive needs. Understanding impacts of changes in climate and land use on ecohydrologic processes in a watershed is vital to sustaining water resources for multiple uses. This study completes a continental and regional scale assessment using statistical and simulation modeling to investigate ecohydrologic impacts within watershed systems. Watersheds across the continental United States have diverse hydrogeomorphic characters, mean temperatures, soil moistures, precipitation and evaporation patterns that influence runoff processes. Changes in climate affect runoff by impacting available soil moisture, evaporation, precipitation and vegetative patterns. A one percent increase in annual soil moisture may cause a five percent increase in runoff in watersheds across the continent. Low soil moisture and high temperatures influence runoff patterns in specific regions. Spring runoff is increased by the influence Spring soil moisture, Winter and Spring evaporation, and Winter and Spring evaporation. Spring runoff is decreased by increases in Winter and Spring temperatures and increases in the vegetation index. Winter runoff is affected by maximum vegetative index, temperature, soil moisture, evaporation and precipitation. Contributing factors to runoff are influenced by geomorphic and seasonal variations requiring strategies that are site-specific and use system-wide information. Regional scale watershed analysis investigates the influence of landscape metrics on temporal streamflow processes in multiple gauged watersheds in Massachusetts, U.S.A. Time of concentration, recession coefficient, base flow index, and peak flow are hydrologic metrics used to relate to landscape metrics derived using FRAGSTAT software. Peak flow increases with increasing perimeter-area fractal dimensions, and Contagion index and decreases as Landscape Shape Index increases. There was an increasing trend in the fractal dimension over time indicative of more complex shape of patches in watershed. Base flow index and recession coefficient fluctuated from low to high decreasing recently. This could be indicative of open space legislation, conservation efforts and reforestation within the state in the last ten years. Coastal systems provide valuable ecosystem services and are vulnerable to impacts of changes in climate and continental land use patterns. Effects of land use and climate change on runoff, suspended sediments, total nitrogen and total phosphorus are simulated for coastal watersheds around the Boston Bay ecosystem. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, a continuous-time, semi distributed, process-based model, is used to simulate the watershed ecohydrologic process affecting coastal bodies. Urbanization in watersheds increased runoff by as much as 80% from the baseline. Land use change poses a major threat to water quality impacts affecting coastal ecosystems. Total nitrogen increased average of 53.8% with conservative changes in climate and land use. Total phosphorus increased an average of 57.3% with conservative changes in land use and climate change. Climate change alone causes up to 40% increase in runoff and when combined with a 3.25% increase in urban development runoff increased an average of 114%. Coastal ecosystems are impacted by nutrient runoff from watersheds. Continued urbanization and changes in climate will increase total nitrogen, total phosphorus and suspended sediments in coastal ecosystems. Continental scale runoff is affected by soil moisture and vegetative cover. Cover crops, low tillage farm practices and natural vegetation contribute to less runoff. Developing policies that encourage protection of soil structure could minimize runoff and aid in maintaining sustainable water resources. Best Management Practices and Low impact development at the national level with continued stormwater legislation directed towards sustainable land use policy will improve water quantity and quality. Fragmentation observed in Massachusetts increases the number of urban parcels and decreases the size of forested areas. Faster runoff patterns are observed but recent land management may be changing this runoff pattern. Municipal and state zoning ordinance to preserve open space and large forest patches will restrict urban growth to specific regions of a watershed. This could improve quantities of water available to ecosystems. Increases in total nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended sediments to coastal ecosystems can be minimized with use of riparian buffers and Best Management Practices within coastal watersheds. Urbanization and climate change threatens coastal ecosystems and national policy to preserve and restrict development of coastal areas will preserve coastal ecosystem services.
Download or read book Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta written by Wayne T. Swank and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coweeta is one of the oldest continuously operating laboratories of its type in the world. For the first time, a complete review and summary of more than 50 years study of the hydrological and ecological responses of baseline and managed Southern Appalachian hardwood forests at Coweeta is now supplied by this volume. The long-term research approach represents a continuum of theory, experimentation and application using watersheds as landscape units of investigation. Thus, the information encompasses a wide range of interpretations and interests. In addition to in-depth analyses of terrestrial and stream processes, the breadth of coverage includes historical perspectives and relevance of ecosystem science to management needs. In a broader sense, the Coweeta research effort is considered from a perspective of national and international forest hydrology and ecology programs.
Download or read book Groundwater surface Water Interaction written by Corinna Abesser and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected papers from a symposium on A new Focus on Integrated Analysis of Groundwater-Surface Water Systems, held during the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics XXIV General Assembly in Perugia, Italy, 11-13 July 2007.
Download or read book Riparian Areas written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-10-10 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that wetlands be protected from degradation because of their important ecological functions including maintenance of high water quality and provision of fish and wildlife habitat. However, this protection generally does not encompass riparian areasâ€"the lands bordering rivers and lakesâ€"even though they often provide the same functions as wetlands. Growing recognition of the similarities in wetland and riparian area functioning and the differences in their legal protection led the NRC in 1999 to undertake a study of riparian areas, which has culminated in Riparian Areas: Functioning and Strategies for Management. The report is intended to heighten awareness of riparian areas commensurate with their ecological and societal values. The primary conclusion is that, because riparian areas perform a disproportionate number of biological and physical functions on a unit area basis, restoration of riparian functions along America's waterbodies should be a national goal.
Download or read book Forest Hydrology written by Devendra Amatya and published by CABI. This book was released on 2016-09-14 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forests cover approximately 26% of the world's land surface area and represent a distinct biotic community. They interact with water and soil in a variety of ways, providing canopy surfaces which trap precipitation and allow evaporation back into the atmosphere, thus regulating how much water reaches the forest floor as through fall, as well as pull water from the soil for transpiration. The discipline "forest hydrology" has been developed throughout the 20th century. During that time human intervention in natural landscapes has increased, and land use and management practices have intensified. The book will be useful for graduate students, professionals, land managers, practitioners, and researchers with a good understanding of the basic principles of hydrology and hydrologic processes.
Download or read book Assessing Ground water Vulnerability to Contamination written by Michael J. Focazio and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Water Quality Assessments written by Deborah V Chapman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1996-08-22 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guidebook, now thoroughly updated and revised in its second edition, gives comprehensive advice on the designing and setting up of monitoring programmes for the purpose of providing valid data for water quality assessments in all types of freshwater bodies. It is clearly and concisely written in order to provide the essential information for all agencies and individuals responsible for the water quality.
Download or read book Method 1631 revision E mercury in water by oxidation purge and trap and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
