Download or read book ULTRASTRUCTURAL NEURONAL MODELING OF CALCIUM DYNAMICS UNDER TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION written by James Rosado and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A paramount question in the study of Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is how this ion regulates a wide spectrum of cellular processes, which include: fertilization, proliferation, learning, memory, and cell death. All of these processes are the result of synaptic strengthening and weakening. Part of the answer lies in the spatial-temporal interactions of Ca2+ at the extracellular and intracellular levels of a neuron. Within these levels of a neuron there is a complex concert of Ca2+ ion exchange and transport mechanisms that are activated (or inactivated) by external stimuli and it remains to be studied the role of these interactions at the ultrastructural scale. One mode of external stimulation is by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS). TMS is a noninvasive brain stimulation method to modulate humanbrain activity by generating a strong magnetic field near the cranium. The magnetic field induces an electric field which depolarizes neurons; therefore, TMS is used in clinical applications to treat neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. However, it is not well known the effect of TMS on intracellular Ca2+ interactions; therefore, I endeavor to determine the types of calcium interactions that occur when a neuron experiences TMS. I also determine how intracellular calcium mechanisms are affected by TMS stimuli. In particular, the cellular regulators of calcium are given by: the internal Ca2+ store ("calcium bank") of a neuron called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with spine apparatus (SA), the voltage dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), and calcium influx at synaptic spines. Ultimately, the ER is responsible for synaptic plasticity and from here I determined under what conditions does TMS cause intracellular calcium to induce synaptic plasticity. For the first part of this dissertation I describe the neurobiology, model equations, and methods that are employed in understanding the role of intracellular calcium. Simulating calcium dynamics at the ultrastructural level is computationally expensive when including the effects of TMS in concert with intracellular calcium transport mechanism. Therefore, I also identify the numerical methodologies that provide the best results in terms of numerical accuracy to the physiology of the intracellullar dynamics and the parameters such as error and time step size that yield sufficient results. I will also describe the framework used in this study (i.e., UG4) and the pipeline for performing my studies, this includes: the process from microscopy to computational domains, generating and preserving mesh features, the choice of numerical methods, and the process of parallelizing the simulations. In the second part, I dive into the electro-dynamic mechanisms that cause voltage propagation through a neuron. This is of particular importance, because many ion membrane transport mechanisms depend on plasma membrane voltage. The simulations coded and executed in MatLab are used to drive calcium dynamics which is discussed in the third part of the dissertation. I will also take the opportunity to explain a case study involving virtual reality with the Hodgkin-Huxley electrical model for voltage propagation. Additionally, I incorporate synaptic communication which is driven by TMS protocols or simulated by voltage clamps, and both provide a mechanism by which intracellular calcium transients occurs. For the third chapter I discuss the calcium dynamic mechanisms that are inside of neurons and I discuss the methodology I take to setup a simulation and perform simulations. This includes the steps taken to process microscopy images to generate computational domains, implementing the model equations, and utilizing appropriate numerical schemes. I also discuss several preliminary examples as proof of concept to my simulation pipeline and I give results involving the regulation of calcium with respect to intracellular mechanisms. The fourth part of this dissertation describes the steps for running TMS simulations using voltage data from electrical simulations to drive calcium signaling events. In particular, I discuss the tool NeMo-TMS which uses voltage and calcium simulations together to draw conclusions with respect to intracellular calcium propagation. I describe the multi-scale paradigm that is used, model equations, and computational domains that are used and provide several examples of results from this modeling pipeline. Of particular importance, I provide discussion on the coupling of data from electrical simulations and biochemical simulations, i.e. I use TMS induced voltage data to drive voltage dependent calcium release and I examine the effects of TMS induced back propagating action potentials.
Download or read book Somatic Ultrastructure May Shape Calcium Dynamics in Purkinje Neurons written by Kaitlyn Robinson and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The spatiotemporal organization of intracellular features is fundamental to understanding the intercommunication of neurons in the brain. Neuronal communication is regulated by receptor activation, which is influenced by signaling messenger availability and internal calcium (Ca2+) concentrations. An excess or deficiency of cytoplasmic Ca2+ can lead to changes in secondary messenger diffusion, synaptic plasticity, gene expression, and even cause cell apoptosis. Existing models of intracellular calcium movement have used image-based recording methods to approximate a uniform distribution within the cytosolic space, but it is still unclear whether or how somatic features shape calcium mobility. A methodic analysis of the relationship between somatic arrangement and the Ca2+ signaling pathway does not currently exist. In this study, we used fine-scale electron tomogram reconstructions of cerebellar Purkinje neurons to create a precise model of the interior of the cell. We established structural motifs of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and noticed a heterogeneous arrangement of organelles within the soma. In addition, we used fluorescent immunohistochemistry to analyze localization patterns of signaling proteins and observed how two receptors that mediate Ca2+ efflux from internal ER stores: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) and ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) have distinct angular and radial domains. Overall, we found that ER serves as a diffusion barrier and can cause nonuniform diffusion of Ca2+. This thesis demonstrates how the localization organelles and calcium modulating proteins significantly contribute to intracellular communication and provides an architectural reference for emerging research on somatic neuronal signaling.
Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1840 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 2068 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Download or read book The NEURON Book written by Nicholas T. Carnevale and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-01-12 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authoritative reference on NEURON, the simulation environment for modeling biological neurons and neural networks that enjoys wide use in the experimental and computational neuroscience communities. This book shows how to use NEURON to construct and apply empirically based models. Written primarily for neuroscience investigators, teachers, and students, it assumes no previous knowledge of computer programming or numerical methods. Readers with a background in the physical sciences or mathematics, who have some knowledge about brain cells and circuits and are interested in computational modeling, will also find it helpful. The NEURON Book covers material that ranges from the inner workings of this program, to practical considerations involved in specifying the anatomical and biophysical properties that are to be represented in models. It uses a problem-solving approach, with many working examples that readers can try for themselves.
Download or read book Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury written by Daniel Laskowitz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme
Download or read book Fundamentals of Brain Network Analysis written by Alex Fornito and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-03-04 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Brain Network Analysis is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to methods for unraveling the extraordinary complexity of neuronal connectivity. From the perspective of graph theory and network science, this book introduces, motivates and explains techniques for modeling brain networks as graphs of nodes connected by edges, and covers a diverse array of measures for quantifying their topological and spatial organization. It builds intuition for key concepts and methods by illustrating how they can be practically applied in diverse areas of neuroscience, ranging from the analysis of synaptic networks in the nematode worm to the characterization of large-scale human brain networks constructed with magnetic resonance imaging. This text is ideally suited to neuroscientists wanting to develop expertise in the rapidly developing field of neural connectomics, and to physical and computational scientists wanting to understand how these quantitative methods can be used to understand brain organization. - Winner of the 2017 PROSE Award in Biomedicine & Neuroscience and the 2017 British Medical Association (BMA) Award in Neurology - Extensively illustrated throughout by graphical representations of key mathematical concepts and their practical applications to analyses of nervous systems - Comprehensively covers graph theoretical analyses of structural and functional brain networks, from microscopic to macroscopic scales, using examples based on a wide variety of experimental methods in neuroscience - Designed to inform and empower scientists at all levels of experience, and from any specialist background, wanting to use modern methods of network science to understand the organization of the brain
Download or read book Inorganic Nanoparticles written by Claudia Altavilla and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 885 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the various nanomaterials, inorganic nanoparticles are extremely important in modern technologies. They can be easily and cheaply synthesized and mass produced, and for this reason, they can also be more readily integrated into applications. Inorganic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Applications, and Perspectives presents an overview of these special materials and explores the myriad ways in which they are used. It addresses a wide range of topics, including: Application of nanoparticles in magnetic storage media Use of metal and oxide nanoparticles to improve performance of oxide thin films as conducting media in commercial gas and vapor sensors Advances in semiconductors for light-emitting devices and other areas related to the energy sector, such as solar energy and energy storage devices (fuel cells, rechargeable batteries, etc.) The expanding role of nanosized particles in the field of catalysis, art conservation, and biomedicine The book’s contributors address the growing global interest in the application of inorganic nanoparticles in various technological sectors. Discussing advances in materials, device fabrication, and large-scale production—all of which are urgently required to reduce global energy demands—they cover innovations in areas such as solid-state lighting, detailing how it still offers higher efficiency but higher costs, compared to conventional lighting. They also address the impact of nanotechnology in the biomedical field, focusing on topics such as quantum dots for bioimaging, nanoparticle-based cancer therapy, drug delivery, antibacterial agents, and more. Fills the informational gap on the wide range of applications for inorganic nanoparticles in areas including biomedicine, electronics, storage media, conservation of cultural heritage, optics, textiles, and cosmetics Assembling work from an array of experts at the top of their respective fields, this book delivers a useful analysis of the vast scope of existing and potential applications for inorganic nanoparticles. Versatile as either a professional research resource or textbook, this effective tool elucidates fundamentals and current advances associated with design, characterization, and application development of this promising and ever-evolving device.
Download or read book Textbook of Stroke Medicine written by Michael Brainin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-09-11 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully revised throughout, the new edition of this concise textbook is aimed at doctors preparing to specialize in stroke care.
Download or read book CSA Neurosciences Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Therapeutic Ultrasound written by Jean-Michel Escoffre and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-20 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights advances and prospects of a highly versatile and dynamic research field: Therapeutic ultrasound. Leading experts in the field describe a wide range of topics related to the development of therapeutic ultrasound (i.e., high intensity focused ultrasound, microbubble-assisted ultrasound drug delivery, low intensity pulsed ultrasound, ultrasound-sensitive nanocarriers), ranging from the biophysical concepts (i.e., tissue ablation, drug and gene delivery, neuromodulation) to therapeutic applications (i.e., chemotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, sonothrombolysis, immunotherapy, lithotripsy, vaccination). This book is an indispensable source of information for students, researchers and clinicians dealing with non-invasive image-guided ultrasound-based therapeutic interventions in the fields of oncology, neurology, cardiology and nephrology.
Download or read book Photoacoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy written by Lihong V. Wang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photoacoustics promises to revolutionize medical imaging and may well make as dramatic a contribution to modern medicine as the discovery of the x-ray itself once did. Combining electromagnetic and ultrasonic waves synergistically, photoacoustics can provide deep speckle-free imaging with high electromagnetic contrast at high ultrasonic resolution and without any health risk. While photoacoustic imaging is probably the fastest growing biomedical imaging technology, this book is the first comprehensive volume in this emerging field covering both the physics and the remarkable noninvasive applications that are changing diagnostic medicine. Bringing together the leading pioneers in this field to write about their own work, Photoacoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy is the first to provide a full account of the latest research and developing applications in the area of biomedical photoacoustics. Photoacoustics can provide functional sensing of physiological parameters such as the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin. It can also provide high-contrast functional imaging of angiogenesis and hypermetabolism in tumors in vivo. Discussing these remarkable noninvasive applications and so much more, this reference is essential reading for all researchers in medical imaging and those clinicians working at the cutting-edge of modern biotechnology to develop diagnostic techniques that can save many lives and just as importantly do no harm.
Download or read book Brain Repair After Stroke written by Steven C. Cramer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-10-28 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing evidence identifies the possibility of restoring function to the damaged brain via exogenous therapies. One major target for these advances is stroke, where most patients can be left with significant disability. Treatments have the potential to improve the victim's quality of life significantly and reduce the time and expense of rehabilitation. Brain Repair After Stroke reviews the biology of spontaneous brain repair after stroke in animal models and in humans. Detailed chapters cover the many forms of therapy being explored to promote brain repair and consider clinical trial issues in this context. This book provides a summary of the neurobiology of innate and treatment-induced repair mechanisms after hypoxia and reviews the state of the art for human therapeutics in relation to promoting behavioral recovery after stroke. Essential reading for stroke physicians, neurologists, rehabilitation physicians and neuropsychologists.
Download or read book Neurogenesis and Neural Plasticity written by Catherine Belzung and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together authors working on a wide range of topics to provide an up to date account of the underlying mechanisms and functions of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the adult brain. With an increasing understanding of the role of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis it is possible to envisage improvements or novel treatments for a number of diseases and the possibility of harnessing these phenomena to reduce the impact of ageing and to provide mechanisms to repair the brain.
Download or read book Practical Guide to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation written by Helena Knotkova and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-23 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview on Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and the clinical applications of this promising technique. Separated into three parts, the book begins with basic principles, mechanisms and approaches of tDCS. This is followed by a step-by-step practicum, methodological considerations and ethics and professional conduct pertaining to this novel technique. Chapters are authored by renowned experts who also direct and plan tDCS educational events worldwide. Bridging the existing gap in instructional materials for tDCS while addressing growing interest in education in this field, professionals within a broad range of medical disciplines will find this text to be an invaluable guide.
Download or read book Brain Neurotrauma written by Firas H. Kobeissy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-02-25 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the contribution from more than one hundred CNS neurotrauma experts, this book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the latest developments in the area of neurotrauma including biomarker studies, experimental models, diagnostic methods, and neurotherapeutic intervention strategies in brain injury research. It discusses neurotrauma mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Also included are medical interventions and recent neurotherapeutics used in the area of brain injury that have been translated to the area of rehabilitation research. In addition, a section is devoted to models of milder CNS injury, including sports injuries.
Download or read book Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience written by Matt Carter and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-03-26 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern neuroscience research is inherently multidisciplinary, with a wide variety of cutting edge new techniques to explore multiple levels of investigation. This Third Edition of Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience provides a comprehensive overview of classical and cutting edge methods including their utility, limitations, and how data are presented in the literature. This book can be used as an introduction to neuroscience techniques for anyone new to the field or as a reference for any neuroscientist while reading papers or attending talks. - Nearly 200 updated full-color illustrations to clearly convey the theory and practice of neuroscience methods - Expands on techniques from previous editions and covers many new techniques including in vivo calcium imaging, fiber photometry, RNA-Seq, brain spheroids, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and more - Clear, straightforward explanations of each technique for anyone new to the field - A broad scope of methods, from noninvasive brain imaging in human subjects, to electrophysiology in animal models, to recombinant DNA technology in test tubes, to transfection of neurons in cell culture - Detailed recommendations on where to find protocols and other resources for specific techniques - "Walk-through" boxes that guide readers through experiments step-by-step
