Download or read book Three Essays on Rural Economic Development and Housing written by Tyler John Morin and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Chapter 1, I explore the economics of rural place-based programs. Despite substantial funding going to regional economic development programs, little is known about the benefits of some of the smaller, place-based programs. I extend the literature on regional commissions by analyzing the economic gains to the Delta Regional Authority (DRA). The DRA was founded in 2000 to provide enhanced development aid to 252 lower Mississippi Valley counties. Using data from 1997 to 2016, the authors assess the DRA’s impact on employment, income, migration, and poverty. One-to-one propensity score matching is used to generate counterfactual counties. Due to the endogenous nature of the treatment, the authors instrument for counties being included in the DRA using a dummy for whether the county is within the lower Mississippi watershed. The ensuing results reflect an estimation of the intent-to-treat benefits of the DRA. I find that the DRA is associated with income gains and decreases in unemployment; however, it has no impact on poverty or migration. Chapter 2 explore the national state of rural housing affordability and quality. Rural areas have long lagged behind urban areas for at least a century. From declining rural populations, lower wages and poor economic outcomes, the slowing of economic growth has had multiple effects on these populations.

Download or read book Three Essays in Rural Development written by Jeremy Weber and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays on Rural Economic Growth written by Georgeanne Michael Artz and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is a collection of three papers, each analyzing a particular issue related to economic growth in rural America. The first paper explores the problem of defining rural and the implications for measuring rural growth. It discusses the sample selection problem inherent in using classification methods based on population that change over time. Fast growing rural areas grow out of their rural status, so using the most recent definition of rural in an analysis of growth excludes the most successful places. The findings demonstrate that average economic performance of the areas remaining rural significantly understates the true performance of rural places and that conclusions about which factors affect growth are sensitive to how rural is defined. The second paper examines the economic consequences of industrial recruitment, focusing on the meat packing and processing industry. Growth in this industry has generated a significant amount of controversy regarding the costs and benefits of this type of economic development. The effects of the industry on social and economic outcomes in non-metropolitan counties of twelve Midwestern states are analyzed using a difference-in-differences approach. Results suggest that as the meat packing industry's share of a county's total employment and wage bill rises, total employment growth increases. However, employment growth in other sectors slows, as does local wage growth. We find no effect on the growth rates for crime or government spending. The final paper analyzes brain drain, the out-migration of young, college-educated workers, which is a serious concern for many rural areas. Existing research on this topic focuses predominately on young adults and does not capture individuals' long-term preferences for locations. This paper employs a mixed logic model to examine the role of college education and location specific capital in rural and urban residence choices of individuals over time. It extends current research in this area by including observations on individuals over time and by recognizing that preferences for rural areas vary in the population. Findings imply that higher levels of education do reduce the probability of choosing a rural residence; however, they suggest preferences for rural locations vary significantly in the population.

Download or read book The Development of Rural America written by and published by University Press of Kansas. This book was released on 2021-10-08 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade, rural development emerged as one of the prominent challenges facing the United States. Strong support for rural development is now found in both major political parties and at federal, state, and local levels. There is little doubt that the development of rural America will become even more important in the future. Despite unprecedented growth, both urban and rural areas in the United States are greatly deficient in many aspects of quality living conditions. The nation’s cities are slowly strangling themselves, jamming together people and industry while spawning pollution, transportation paralysis, housing blight, lack of privacy, and a crime-infested society. Rural areas simultaneously suffer from the other extreme: lack of sufficient employment opportunities, outmigration and depopulation, and too few people to support services and institutions. The migration from rural areas contributes to the problems of both the city and countryside depopulating rural places at the expense of overcrowded cities. This book focuses on rural development processes, problems, and solutions. Seven prominent specialists in the field, including agricultural and regional economists, demographers, and administrators, discuss the development of the open country, small towns, and smaller cities (up t fifty thousand population). They present an integrated approach to rural development problems, not a mere collection of readings. Valuable guidelines for policies to benefit both rural and urban areas are provided. Since rural development involves interdisciplinary scholarship, this book will be of interest to a wide range of social scientists working in rural areas both here and abroad. Economists, sociologists, and political scientists, as well as community leaders and planners, legislators, government officials and interested laymen, will find this volume useful in understanding the rural development effort. Chapters on the following topics are included: the Philosophy and Process of Community Development; The Emergence of Area Development; Demographic Trends of the U.S. Rural Population; The Conditions and Problems of Nonmetropolitan America; Systems Planning for rural Development; Use of Natural Resources in Community Development; and Rural Poverty and Urban Growth, An Economic Critique of Alternative Spatial Growth Patterns

Download or read book Rural Housing Exurbanization and Amenity Driven Development written by Mark Lapping and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-15 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rural America is progressing through a dramatic and sustained post-industrial economic transition. For many, traditional means of household sustenance gained through agriculture, mining and rustic tourism are giving way to large scale corporate agriculture, footloose and globally competitive manufacturing firms, and mass tourism on an unprecedented scale. These changes have brought about an increased presence of affluent amenity migrants and returnees, as well as growing reliance on low-wage, seasonal jobs to sustain rural household incomes. This book argues that the character of rural housing reflects this transition and examines this using contemporary concepts of exurbanization, rural amenity-based development, and comparative distributional descriptions of the "haves" and the "have nots". Despite rapid in-migration and dramatic changes in land use, there remains a strong tendency for communities in rural America to maintain the idyllic small-town myth of large-lot, single-family home-ownership. This neglects to take into account the growing need for affordable housing (both owner-occupied and rental properties) for local residents and seasonal workers. This book suggests that greater emphasis be placed in rural housing policies that account for this rapid social and economic change and the need for affordable rural housing alternatives.

Download or read book Three Essays on Non metropolitan Economic Development written by Andrew J. Van Leuven and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Place-focused economic development scholarship tends to emphasize metropolitan programs and policies. As such, small-town policymakers must rely on a smaller, sometimes nonexistent body of evidence to guide their decision making as they pursue the goal of lasting economic vitality. I address shortcomings within the literatures of both economic development and planning by examining downtown revitalization efforts and long-term business dynamics of non-metropolitan regional economies. I introduce the dissertation in Chapter 1, laying out its research questions, describing the research setting, and explaining the “connective tissue” that runs across all essays. The first two essays (Chapters 2 and 3) study the efficacy of downtown revitalization efforts by examining the “Main Street Program,” which is a smaller-scale economic development strategy used to revitalize historic town centers across the rural United States. In Chapter 2, I use a difference-in-differences design using longitudinal business establishment data to estimate the program’s causal impact on job growth in downtown retail districts. Using a pooled sample of four Midwest states, I find no significant effect of Main Street Program adoption on downtown jobs or establishments. However, when I focus on each state individually, a substantial degree of structural heterogeneity across states exists. Specifically, while the other three states demonstrate inconsistent effects in response to program adoption, Iowa emerges as a state where the Main Street Program appears to yield its hypothesized economic benefits to the downtown business districts of participating communities. In Chapter 3, I use a series of hedonic price models to evaluate the Main Street Program in terms of its influence on the local housing market. I find that home sale prices are higher for residential properties sold in program-participating communities, and I observe an additional sale price premium for homes located in closer proximity to downtown districts with an active Main Street Program. The final essay, Chapter 4, represents a departure from the focus on downtown revitalization and the Main Street Program, focusing instead on the long-term resilience or “survival” of non-metropolitan business establishments. In it, I examine the role of fixed capital assets as determinants of establishments’ ability to survive an economic downturn. I use a proportional hazards model which estimates the likelihood of survival associated with a business establishment’s proximity to various features of the built environment. I find that two specific locational assets—proximity to a central business district and proximity to a limited access highway—are closely associated with a reduced likelihood of failure (going out of business) in the years following the Great Recession. In Chapter 5, I summarize this dissertation’s contributions to both the academic discipline and profession of economic development. I conclude with a consideration of how the dissertation’s contributions can be improved or added upon by future research.

Download or read book The Rural written by Richard Munton and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 933 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rural has long been regarded as an important site of geographical inquiry even if our understanding of it has not always been treated as conceptually different from the urban. That said, rural research has pursued a number of distinct empirical agendas ranging from the operation and impacts of agribusiness, to local resistance to global food supply chains, to differing representations of the rural. In doing so, rural geographers have critically examined the relevance and significance of ideas drawn from numerous traditions including political economy, ecological modernization and cultural theory, amending them as appropriate, in their search to understand the nature and trajectory of rural areas. Up until the 1980s, attention remained largely focused upon agriculture as the primary land-use but increasingly new forms of rural consumption - housing, recreation, nature conservation - have taken centre stage as the primacy of local agricultures has been undermined by reduced state protection and 'new' rural populations which have migrated out from the city. More recently, research has been dominated by the 'cultural turn' with particular emphases upon society-nature relations, interpretations of landscape, marginalised others, and analyses of the relations between representation and practice. In the last decade, a more holistic view of the rural, bringing together different aspects of the two previous themes, has emerged through more politically-oriented studies of rural governance concerned with the functioning of interest groups, participation, protest and the allocation and management of resources. The volume is thus structured into three sections concerned with agriculture and food, the rural, and rural governance. The great majority of the selected papers combine both empirical material - often highly informative case studies - and important conceptual arguments about change in the rural condition that can be linked to ideas being employed elsewhere in Geography and the Social Sciences more generally. These critical reflections have been drawn very largely from research conducted in advanced economies which at least provide some commonality of experience allowing the transfer of ideas between what otherwise might be seen as very differing geographical contexts.

Download or read book Development and the Rural Urban Divide written by John Harriss and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1984. It is widely acknowledged that rural-urban differences and interrelationships play an important role in the development process. Some theorists believe they are a primary cause of continuing poverty in poor nations. This volume of essays summarises and appraises theories of rural-urban relations and economic development and explores, mainly on the basis of country case studies, the conceptual and theoretical problems to which they give rise, and the extent to which they correspond to recent experiences in the Third World.

Download or read book Older Rural Americans written by E. Grant Youmans and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2014-07-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most social studies of older people in the United States have focused upon problems and conditions encountered in urban centers. In Older Rural Americans sixteen social scientists representing various regions examine in depth the circumstances of older people in rural America. The authors first consider older people in the contexts of work, the family, and the community, discussing their social outlook, their place in these contexts, and the profound changes they face as they move away from an active part in these areas of life. Later chapters analyze the distribution of the rural aged population and their economic, housing, and health status. Of particular interest are essays treating the place and condition of older rural people in three major subcultures of the United States -- the American Indian, the Spanish-speaking people of the Southwest, and African Americans. Finally, the authors trace the development of local, state, and federal programs designed to assist the aged. The authors argue that an understanding of rural life some sixty years ago is of the utmost importance, for it is the values of that time that have largely formed the attitudes and outlooks of today's rural aged.

Download or read book Essays in Development Economics written by Diana Kim Lee and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poverty and health are two topics in the field of development economics that are of critical importance to both researchers and policy-makers. Despite advances in poverty alleviation and gains in health outcomes in many developing countries, many challenges remain. Two of these challenges include accurately measuring poverty and improving the quality of health care delivery systems. In this dissertation, I present three essays with theoretical, empirical, and policy-relevant insights into these two challenges. The first essay addresses the issue of accurate poverty measurement by developing a new asset index that captures long run household economic well-being. The accurate measurement of household well-being is necessary for measuring poverty levels and targeting poverty programs. However, since standard expenditure aggregates are costly to collect, relative well-being in developing countries is often measured using asset indices based on durable goods ownership. Although various methods exist to generate proxies for economic well-being (e.g., principal component analysis), the underlying theories associated with these methods have not been formalized. This makes it difficult to interpret the economic meaning of the resulting indices and can lead to inaccurate targeting and evaluation. In this paper, I develop a new asset index, the utility index, by modeling and structurally estimating household preferences over discrete assets. By drawing from economic theory, the utility index can be more directly interpreted as capturing long run household well-being. In contrast to existing asset indices, the utility index incorporates additional information on prices, demographics, and spatial and temporal variation and can therefore be used for policy simulations that are not otherwise possible. After developing the theoretical model, I describe a strategy to construct the utility index by structurally estimating the marginal utility associated with each asset. I then demonstrate how the utility index can be used by measuring changes in poverty in Nicaragua using data from the Living Standards Measurement Surveys. I also use the model to project changes in poverty under a constant income distribution but changing prices and find that about a third of the poverty decrease measured from 1998 to 2005 can be attributed to decreasing asset prices. In addition, I show through the empirical analysis that traditional asset indices are only moderate approximations for household well-being. Finally, I discuss and demonstrate the distinctions between asset and consumption measures, which point to the complementary nature of the two strands of measurement. The second essay presents an alternate approach for improving accurate poverty measurement in developing countries. Although the utility index developed in the first essay presents a method for measuring long run economic well-being, complementary measures of short run welfare are necessary for identifying households which are vulnerable to falling into transitory poverty. Again, given the expenses associated with collecting full consumption data, researchers have developed methods to construct wealth indices based on dichotomous asset and consumption indicators. This work provides guidance on generating such indices by comparing across various methods of construction and variable choices. Specifically, we assess the performance of alternate indices using data from the Living Standards Measurement Surveys in five countries in Sub-Saharan Africa--Ghana, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania, and Malawi. We compare indices against a benchmark of household per capita expenditure according to three criteria: rank correlation coefficients, sensitivity to identifying poor households, and accuracy of classifying households as poor or non-poor. Comparing across construction methods, we find that indices generated using principal components analysis correspond most closely with expenditure, though variation across construction methods is small. Comparing across variable inclusion groups, we find that indices generated using a combination of indicators drawn from the categories of staple food consumption, other food consumption, housing quality, semi-durables expenditure, and durables ownership tend to outperform indices generated using variables from only one or two categories. We also assess the various indices in urban and rural subsamples and in analyses of repeated cross-sections and find that index performance is similar to what we find in national, single wave analyses. The third essay turns to the challenge of improving the quality of health care delivery systems by looking at provider investment decisions. Pay-for-performance (P4P) programs, which aim to increase health service provision and quality using financial incentives, have been recently introduced in a number of developing countries. P4P programs contract directly on outputs without specifying the mechanisms for improvements, allowing providers to innovate and modify different aspects of health care delivery as needed. Characterizing these provider responses can help to identify successful mechanisms for quality improvement and enhance our understanding of the links between P4P and overall health systems strengthening. In this paper, we examine provider input responses to the Rwandan P4P program using facility-level data from the 2007 Demographic and Health Survey Service Provision Assessment (SPA) collected after the randomized program rollout to a subset of districts. We focus on facility-level incentives for institutional deliveries, which, as documented in earlier research, resulted in higher institutional delivery rates. Using the SPA facility data, we find that the program's effect on institutional delivery rates is comparable to results in previous studies that used household surveys. Comparing system inputs, we find positive treatment effects for a general management indicator and the daily presence of staff per capita providing maternity-related services. There are no differences in other delivery-specific and general health care delivery inputs. Additionally, we perform a mediation analysis to assess the link between inputs and outcomes and find that management and staffing differences explain a relatively small fraction of the P4P effect on institutional delivery rates. The small mediation effects indicate the potential importance of unobserved factors, such as recruitment effort, in the provider production function. Furthermore, the null results for the other analyzed inputs suggest a weaker link between P4P and overall health system strengthening.

Download or read book Regional Development written by Rameshwar Prasad Misra and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monographic collection of essays on regional development and regional planning in Asia - covers development theory, national level experiences, economic growth, labour markets and urbanization, housing, environmental protection, local governments, trends in integrated approach to rural development, information policies and UN Centre for Regional Development training, etc., and proposes worldwide comparison of regional policies. ILO mentioned. Flow chart, maps, organigrams and references.

Download or read book The Urban Transformation of the Developing World written by Josef Gugler and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1996 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection brings together essays from leading experts on urbanization who come from diverse disciplines. Divergences as well as convergences are explored in the introductory essay while the second essay presents the urban history of Asia, which is unparalleled in its time span, geographical spread, and cultural riches. The next three essays consider China, India, and Indonesia as regions in their own right, providing units of analysis that can usefully be compared with regions such as the Arab states, Africa South of the Sahara, and Latin America, which are discussed in the final three essays.

Download or read book China s Economic Modernisation And Structural Changes Essays In Honour Of John Wong written by Zheng Yong-nian and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-03-05 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a timely update on the ongoing transformation of the Chinese economy. As the world's second largest economy, China marked the 40th anniversary of economic reform and opening-up in 2018. In this book, top scholars on Chinese economic studies review China's remarkable economic achievement in the past four decades and analyse the challenges facing economic development in the country.The book focusses on structural changes of China's economy, which are essential to steer the country towards sustainable development. It studies the long-term factors affecting the Chinese economy such as education and innovation, and emerging sources of economic growth, such as e-commerce. Other important aspects of the Chinese economy explored in this book include the economic role of the Chinese government, fiscal reforms, capital account liberalisation, housing policies, competition policy and anti-monopoly law, China's export, trends of regional development and reforms of state-owned enterprises.This rich collection of policy-oriented economic studies is also a tribute to Professor John Wong, former research director of the East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, who passed away in June 2018. For over three decades, Professor Wong had followed and provided insightful analyses on China's economic development.

Download or read book Essays on Rural to urban Migration Labour Market and Economic Development in Indonesia written by I Dewa Gede Karma Wisana and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores three topics on migration, labor market and development economics. Chapter 2 provide analysis on the impacts of rural-urban migration on expenditure patterns. Using two waves of data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2000 and 2007, this study applies household demand analysis to examine rural households' expenditure patterns. A system of expenditure equations is estimated jointly using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) estimation. Three key findings emerge. First, migration has a statistically significant effect on reshaping Indonesian rural households' expenditure on food and non-food goods, and particularly on utility and transportation, durable goods, and education. Second, households with migrants spend more at the margin on meat and vegetables compared with households without migrants. Third, households with migrants spend more at the margin on housing as compared with households without migrants. Chapter 3 attempts to investigate the effect on Indonesia men's health of having left school during the economic crisis 1997-2000. Two empirical patterns motivate this research. First, leaving school during an economic crisis appears to have persistent and negative career effects on workers. Second, labour market trends and health outcomes are correlated. A quasi-experiment using provincial unemployment rate at time of leaving school and the economic crisis period conducted to identify persistent health effects. Five health-risk criteria are examined: mental health, lung capacity, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure and smoking. Using data from the IFLS 2000 and 2007, this study applies a standard health production function to model health as a function of leaving school during economic crisis. Three key findings emerge. First, labour market conditions and school-leavers' health are negatively correlated. Second, men who left school during the 1997-2000 economic crisis have had worse mental health outcomes than men who left school before the economic crisis. Third, men who left school during the economic crisis display higher-risk health-related behaviour than their pre-crisis school leaving counterparts. Additional analysis suggests that the health effects may partially operate through labour market outcomes. The results suggest that men who leave school during economic downturn may have experience persistent poor labour market experiences with poor health as a result. Finally, Chapter 4 attempt to answer the question on what types of households are vulnerable to consumption changes when they are hit by natural disasters? This question is investigated using two-period data obtained in rural Indonesia, in 2000 and 2007 in relation to floods and earthquakes. Empirical results show that the sensitivity of consumption changes to idiosyncratic or aggregate shocks differs across households, depending on the characteristics of the households. The estimation shows significant negative effects of these disasters on households' consumption. The results also found that several factors play a significant role in explaining rural households' response to disaster shocks in terms of consumption changes. These factors include the number of household members, the household head's education level, the number of dependent household members, participation in non-farm business and land size owned or cultivated.

Download or read book Essays on International Trade and Economic Development written by Zhimin Li and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three chapters regarding international trade and economic development. In the first two chapters I explore how China’s economic rise to the global stage affects resource allocations inside and outside the country, and in the third chapter I present a new method to infer risk sharing regimes pertinent to studying consumption behavior in developing countries. The first chapter studies how the "China shock"--the remarkable growth in China's productivity and trade activities since its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO)--affects China's labor market and real exchange rate dynamics. I apply a dynamic trade and spatial equilibrium model to jointly explain two distinctive features of China's economic growth: the structural transformation, as characterized by the reallocation of labor from agriculture to manufacturing and services, and the sluggish appreciation of the real exchange rate, a puzzle from the perspective of a standard international economics model. The model highlights the role of the subsistence sector in shaping the patterns of the structural transformation and real exchange rate dynamics. Using inter-regional trade and migration data, I calibrate the model to decompose the ``China shock" into productivity shocks and trade shocks and show that the two features above arise naturally from the interaction between the labor market and observed shocks to productivity and trade costs. I find that while productivity growth is the primary source of the structural transformation, the accession to the WTO explains about 35% of the rise in the employment share and 20% of the increase in the real wage in the manufacturing sector. Welfare gains from the "WTO entry" are 27% on average and would be larger if complemented by relaxing labor restrictions further. By accounting for trade costs, the subsistence sector, and labor market frictions, the model generates dynamics for China's real exchange rate consistent with the data. The second chapter studies the effects of real estate investments by foreign Chinese on local economies in the United States. This chapter is co-authored with Leslie S. Shen and Calving Zhang. We document an unprecedented surge in housing purchases by foreign Chinese in the US over the past decade and analyzes their effects on US local economies. Using transaction-level data on housing purchases, we find that the share of purchases by foreign Chinese in the California real estate market increased more than tenfold during the period of 2007-2013 relative to earlier years. In particular, these purchases have been concentrated in zip codes that are historically populated by ethnic Chinese, making up for more than 10\% of the total real estate transactions in these neighborhoods in 2013. We exploit the cross-sectional variation in the concentration of Chinese population settlement across zip codes during the pre-sample period to instrument for the volume of housing purchases by foreign Chinese. Our results show that housing purchases by foreign Chinese significantly increased local housing prices as well as local employment. Our evidence highlights the role of foreign investments in local employment, especially in times of economic downturns. The third chapter proposes a novel approach to test alternative theories of risk sharing--full insurance, self-insurance, and private information--in a unified framework. Given the prevalence of informal insurance in developing countries to share consumption risks, studying risk sharing regimes is important. A distinguishing feature of the framework presented in this chapter is that it accounts for aggregate shocks and does not require data on interest rates, an important advantage for studying rural economies. Applying the approach to a longitudinal dataset from Tanzania, I reject models of full insurance and private information and find evidence of self-insurance. An incorrect inference on the insurance regime could underestimate the welfare loss from risk by as much as ten times.

Download or read book Labelling in Development Policy written by Geoff Wood and published by SAGE Publications Limited. This book was released on 1985-10 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Labelling in Development Policy reveals how labelling is perceived as natural and objective by sheltering behind an ideology of rationality. In reality labelling is an instrument of power through which the relationships between class interests and institutional processes are constructed and sustained. The book focuses on labels which arise in development policy areas as an aspect of the donative political discourse associated with the development agendas of poor countries. It refers to the process by which people, conceived of as objects of policy, are defined in convenient images.

Download or read book Three Essays on Regional Economic Development and Local Determinants of Poverty written by Denys Nizalov and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: