Download or read book The Role of Molecular Diagnosis of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis written by Tsz-Ching Kwong and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "The Role of Molecular Diagnosis of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis" by Tsz-ching, Kwong, 鄺芷晴, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Emerging multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is one of the most urgent global public health issues. Recent advances in molecular techniques should enable the development of different rapid detection tests for drug-resistant TB. Large-scale comparative studies on the diagnostic accuracy and turn-around-time (TAT) of these novel assays may promote their smooth implementation as routine tests for TB in diagnostic laboratories. In a pilot evaluation of 30 clinical isolates and 202 sputum specimens, diagnostic performance of a novel in-house assay for MTB identification (IS6110 qPCR) was compared to a commercial COBAS TaqMan MTB test (Roche Diagnostics). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of IS6110 qPCR were 100%, 94.6%, 85.2% and 100%, respectively, compared to 94.7%, 100%, 100% and 98.6% for COBAS TaqMan MTB. Large-scale validation using 2,350 sputum specimens revealed the optimal cut-off crossing point (Cp) value of IS6110 qPCR was 29.61 with 97.3% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity determined by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. The median TAT for IS6110 qPCR and COBAS TaqMan MTB test to the reporting of results was 0.9 and 1.2 days, respectively. Among the IS6110 qPCR-positive specimens in the large-scale validation, 287 samples were tested in-house by katG MAS-PCR and rpoB PCR sequencing assays and 159 samples were tested by GenoType(R) MTBDRplus assay (Hain LifeScience). The sensitivity and specificity of katG MAS-PCR for isoniazid (INH) resistance detection were 71.4% and 99.5%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of rpoB PCR sequencing for rifampicin (RIF) resistance detection were 100% and 99.6%, respectively. Commercial GenoType(R) MTBDRplus assay reached 100% sensitivity for both INH and RIF resistance detection at a specificity of 99.3% and 100%, respectively. The median TAT for the in-house assays and GenoType(R) MTBDRplus assay to the reporting of the results was 4.7 and 1.4 days, respectively. The findings from this study provide different implementation strategies for diagnostic test combinations. The most cost-effective drug-resistant TB diagnosis cascade was IS6110 qPCR followed by GenoType(R) MTBDRplus assay. The TAT for results is 2.3 days at a cost of US$49.7. Despite an additional cost of US$24.6, COBAS TaqMan MTB test should replace IS6110 qPCR in populations with high prevalence of IS6110-negative strains. The in-house katG MAS-PCR and rpoB PCR sequencing assays should be used in developing countries instead of the expensive GenoType(R) MTBDRplus assay. Subsequently, accurate diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis can be achieved in 4.5 days with a reasonable reagent cost of US$9.3. In conclusion, excellent diagnostic accuracy and shorter TAT of the molecular diagnostic cascade for drug-resistant TB, in particular IS6110 qPCR, can serve to guide physicians in the prompt choice of chemotherapy. This leads to timely delivery of anti-TB treatments to patients and holds the promise of easing the MDR-TB burden. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5388017 Subjects: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis - Molecular diagnosis

Download or read book The Role of Molecular Diagnosis of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis written by 鄺芷晴 and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Global Tuberculosis Report 2014 written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some volumes for 2014 includes CD-ROM for 2014 key indicators.

Download or read book Public Health Mycobacteriology written by Patricia T. Kent and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Systematic Screening for Active Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2013 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There have been calls to revisit the experiences of TB screening campaigns that were widely applied in Europe and North America in the mid-20th century, as well as more recent experiences with TB screening in countries with a high burden of the disease, and to assess their possible relevance for TB care and prevention in the 21st century. In response, WHO has developed guidelines on screening for active TB. An extensive review of the evidence has been undertaken. The review suggests that screening, if done in the right way and targeting the right people, may reduce suffering and death, but the review also highlights several reasons to be cautious. As discussed in detail in this book, there is a need to balance potential benefits against the risks and costs of screening; this conclusion is mirrored by the history of TB screening. This publication presents the first comprehensive assessment by WHO of the appropriateness of screening for active TB since the recommendations made in 1974 by the Expert Committee. However, the relative effectiveness and cost effectiveness of screening remain uncertain, a point that is underscored by the systematic reviews presented in this guideline. Evidence suggests that some risk groups should always be screened, whereas the prioritization of other risk groups as well as the choice of screening approach depend on the epidemiology, the health-system context, and the resources available. This book sets out basic principles for prioritizing risk groups and choosing a screening approach; it also emphasizes the importance of assessing the epidemiological situation, adapting approaches to local situations, integrating TB screening into other health-promotion activities, minimizing the risk of harm to individuals, and engaging in continual monitoring and evaluation. It calls for more and better research to assess the impact of screening and to develop and evaluate new screening tests and approaches.

Download or read book The New Profile of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Russia written by Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-07-07 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An estimated 2 billion people, one third of the global population, are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Spread through the air, this infectious disease killed 1.7 million in 2009, and is the leading killer of people with HIV. Tuberculosis (TB) is also a disease of poverty-the vast majority of tuberculosis deaths occur in the developing world. Exacerbating the devastation caused by TB is the growing threat of drug-resistant forms of the disease in many parts of the world. Drug-resistant tuberculosis presents a number of significant challenges in terms of controlling its spread, diagnosing patients quickly and accurately, and using drugs to treat patients effectively. In Russia in recent decades, the rise of these strains of TB, resistant to standard antibiotic treatment, has been exacerbated by the occurrence of social, political, and economic upheavals. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation, in conjunction with the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences held a workshop to discuss ways to fight the growing threat of drug-resistant TB. The New Profile of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Russia: A Global and Local Perspective: Summary of a Joint Workshop presents information from experts on the nature of this threat and how it can be addressed by exploring various treatment and diagnostic options.

Download or read book Molecular Diagnostics for Drug resistant Tuberculosis written by Sophia Berniece Georghiou and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: Rapid molecular diagnostics, with their ability to quickly identify genetic mutations associated with drug resistance, have great potential to curb the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). Unfortunately, the technical and diagnostic performance of these technologies has yet to be thoroughly evaluated in diverse clinical environments, and the reliability and clinical relevance of the tuberculosis (TB) resistance mutations identified by these assays has not been well characterized. Methods: These analyses use data from a multisite, observational cohort study conducted by the Global Consortium for Drug Resistant TB Diagnostics (GCDD). Chapter 2 assesses the diagnostic performance of a pyrosequencing assay in this study and applies logistic regression to identify the variables associated with poor assay technical performance. Chapter 3 presents the frequency and distribution of all TB resistance mutations identified between clinical sites. Chapter 4 applies multivariate logistic regression to determine the associations between TB resistance mutations and patient mortality for the GCDD study cohort. Results: Chapter 2 found pyrosequencing assay performance to be high, overall, though sensitivity fluctuated between sites. Smear negativity, culture negativity, site (Moldova), and sequencing of the rpoB, gyrA, and rrs genes were associated with poor assay technical performance. Chapter 3 found inclusion of the ahpC and eis promoter gene regions to be critical for optimal test sensitivity for isoniazid resistance detection in South Africa and kanamycin resistance detection in Moldova. Chapter 4 found that the detection of a mutation associated with high-level fluoroquinolone or kanamycin resistance was significantly associated with higher odds of patient mortality by 52 weeks. Conclusions: A DR-TB diagnostic demonstrated excellent specificity in a large, multisite study, though performance was influenced by regional genetics and technical errors. Findings of the high prevalence of low-global frequency TB resistance mutations in specific sites emphasizes that these mutations may be important resistance markers in certain regions. The observation that patients with high-level gyrA and rrs resistance mutations had higher mortality odds provides strong evidence that certain high-level resistance mutations are clinically relevant. Together, these findings underscore the potential for molecular diagnostics to replace conventional growth-based diagnostics as predictors of phenotypic drug resistance and clinical outcome.

Download or read book Manual for selection of molecular WHO recommended rapid diagnostic tests for detection of tuberculosis and drug resistant tuberculosis written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2022-04-28 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Download or read book Molecular Diagnostics Promises and Possibilities written by Mousumi Debnath and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-01-29 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rapid development in diverse areas of molecular biology and genetic engineering resulted in emergence of variety of tools. These tools are not only applicable to basic researches being carried out world over, but also exploited for precise detection of abnormal conditions in plants, animals and human body. Although a basic researcher is well versed with few techniques used by him/her in the laboratory, they may not be well acquainted with methodologies, which can be used to work out some of their own research problems. The picture is more blurred when the molecular diagnostic tools are to be used by physicians, scientists and technicians working in diagnostic laboratories in hospitals, industry and academic institutions. Since many of them are not trained in basics of these methods, they come across several gray areas in understanding of these tools. The accurate application of molecular diagnostic tools demands in depth understanding of the methodology for precise detection of the abnormal condition of living body. To meet the requirements of a good book on molecular diagnostics of students, physicians, scientists working in agricultural, veterinary, medical and pharmaceutical sciences, it needs to expose the reader lucidly to: Give basic science behind commonly used tools in diagnostics Expose the readers to detailed applications of these tools and Make them aware the availability of such diagnostic tools The book will attract additional audience of pathologists, medical microbiologists, pharmaceutical sciences, agricultural scientists and veterinary doctors if the following topics are incorporated at appropriate places in Unit II or separately as a part of Unit-III in the book. Molecular diagnosis of diseases in agricultural crops Molecular diagnosis of veterinary diseases. Molecular epidemiology, which helps to differentiate various epidemic strains and sources of disease outbreaks. Even in different units of the same hospital, the infections could be by different strains of the same species and the information becomes valuable for infection control strategies. Drug resistance is a growing problem for bacterial, fungal and parasitic microbes and the molecular biology tools can help to detect the drug resistance genes without the cultivation and in vitro sensitivity testing. Molecular diagnostics offers faster help in the selection of the proper antibiotic for the treatment of tuberculosis, which is a major problem of the in the developing world. The conventional culture and drug sensitivity testing of tuberculosis bacilli is laborious and time consuming, whereas molecular diagnosis offers rapid drug resistant gene detection even from direct clinical samples. The same approach for HIV, malaria and many more diseases needs to be considered. Molecular diagnostics in the detection of diseases during foetal life is an upcoming area in the foetal medicine in case of genetic abnormalities and infectious like TORCH complex etc. The book will be equally useful to students, scientists and professionals working in the field of molecular diagnostics.

Download or read book Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2011 update of Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis is intended as a tool for use by public health professionals working in response to the Sixty-second World Health Assembly's resolution on prevention and control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Resolution WHA62.15, adopted in 2009, calls on Member States to develop a comprehensive framework for the management and care of patients with drug-resistant TB. The recommendations contained in these guidelines address the most topical questions concerning the programmatic management of drug-resistant TB: case-finding, multidrug resistance, treatment regimens, monitoring the response to treatment, and selecting models of care. The guidelines primarily target staff and medical practitioners working in TB treatment and control, and partners and organizations providing technical and financial support for care of drug-resistant TB in settings where resources are limited.

Download or read book Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug resistant Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2008 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of extensively drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis, especially in countries with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, is a serious threat to global public health and jeopardizes efforts to effectively control the disease. This publication offers updated recommendations for the diagnosis and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis in a variety of geographical, economic and social settings, and the recording of data that enables the monitoring and evaluation of programs.--Publisher's description.

Download or read book Tuberculosis in Adults and Children written by Dorothee Heemskerk and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-17 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work contains updated and clinically relevant information about tuberculosis. It is aimed at providing a succinct overview of history and disease epidemiology, clinical presentation and the most recent scientific developments in the field of tuberculosis research, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. It may serve as a practical resource for students, clinicians and researchers who work in the field of infectious diseases.

Download or read book Management of MDR TB written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2009 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) are increasingly encountered in resource-limited settings. In the context of a national response to MDR- and XDR-TB, health workers in TB clinics (in district hospitals and some accredited health centers) will need to diagnose MDR-TB, initiate second-line anti-TB drugs, and monitor MDR-TB treatment. This Field Guide was created to help health workers carry out these tasks. It is a job aid that medical officers and TB nurses are meant to use frequently during the day for quick reference. It is based on the Emergency Update 2008 of Guidelines for Programmatic Management of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis, and may be considered a companion document to these guidelines. It also draws on the experience of the international health NGO Partners In Health (PIH) in many countries. This module should be introduced to health workers in the context of a training course with a strong emphasis on TB-HIV co-management.

Download or read book Tuberculosis written by Timothy D. McHugh and published by CABI. This book was released on 2013 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tuberculosis is a global health threat and the unique features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and emergence of drug-resistant strains highlight the challenge it presents. Covering a wealth of state-of-the-art knowledge from active international experts, this book captures the latest developments in the advent of bacteriological, immunological and molecular tools for diagnosis and the development of new drugs. It shows how the challenge of tuberculosis is currently being met, providing insight into the evidence base underlying new developments in diagnosis, drug development and treatment.

Download or read book Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Molecular Infection Biology Pathogenesis Diagnostics and New Interventions written by Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-30 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews recent advances in the molecular and infection biology, pathology, and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as the identification and validation of novel molecular drug targets for the treatment of this mycobacterial disease. Despite being completely curable, tuberculosis is still one of the leading global causes of death. M. tuberculosis, the causative organism – one of the smartest pathogens known – adopts highly intelligent strategies for survival and pathogenesis. Presenting a wealth of information on the molecular infection biology of M. tuberculosis, as well as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), the book provides an overview of the functional role of the PE/PPE group of proteins, which is exclusive to the genus Mycobacteria, of host-pathogen interactions, and virulence. It also explores the pathogenesis of the infection, pathology, epidemiology, and diagnosis of NTM. Finally it discusses current and novel approaches in vaccine development against tuberculosis, including the role of nanotechnology. With state-of-the-art contributions from experts in the respective domains, this book is an informative resource for practitioners as well as medical postgraduate students and researchers.

Download or read book Molecular Characterization of Multi Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis written by Kit-Hang Siu and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Molecular Characterization of Multi-drug Resistance Mechanisms in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis" by Kit-hang, Siu, 蕭傑恆, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. DOI: 10.5353/th_b4607621 Subjects: Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Molecular diagnosis Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis - Molecular diagnosis