Download or read book The Potential Impact of Changes in Immigration Policy on U S Agriculture and the Market for Hired Farm Labor written by Steven Zahniser and published by . This book was released on 2012-06-07 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large shifts in the supply of foreign-born, hired farm labor resulting from substantial changes in U.S. immigration laws or policies could have significant economic implications. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the U.S. economy is used to evaluate how changes in the supply of foreign-born labor might affect all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. Two scenarios are considered: an increase in the number of temporary nonimmigrant, foreign-born farmworkers, such as those admitted under the H-2A Temporary Agricultural Program, and a decrease in the number of unauthorized workers in all sectors of the economy. Longrun economic outcomes for agricultural output and exports, wages and employment levels, and national income accruing to U.S.-born and foreign-born, permanent resident workers in these two scenarios are compared with a base forecast reflecting current immigration laws and policies.
Download or read book The Potential Impact of Changes in Immigration Policy on U S Agriculture and the Market for Hired Farm Labor a Simulation Analysis written by United States Department of Agriculture and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-07-19 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large shifts in the supply of foreign-born, hired farm labor resulting from substantial changes in U.S. immigration laws or policies could have significant economic implications. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the U.S. economy is used to evaluate how changes in the supply of foreign-born labor might affect all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. Two scenarios are considered: an increase in the number of temporary non-immigrant, foreign-born farm workers, such as those admitted under the H-2A Temporary Agricultural Program, and a decrease in the number of unauthorized workers in all sectors of the economy. Long run economic outcomes for agricultural output and exports, wages and employment levels, and national income accruing to U.S.-born and foreign-born, permanent resident workers in these two scenarios are compared with a base forecast reflecting current immigration laws and policies.
Download or read book The Potential Impact of Changes in Immigration Policy on U S Agriculture and the Market for Hired Farm Labor written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Potential Impact of Changes in Immigration Policy on U S Agriculture and the Market for Hired Farm Labor written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immigration Reform and U S Agriculture written by Philip L. Martin and published by UCANR Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Harvest Of Confusion written by Philip L Martin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-04-23 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended as the first building block to assist in the development of realistic solutions for migrant farmworker issues in the U.S. It analyzes the vast and diverse data and literature which generate the confusion over the number and distribution of farmworkers who work in agriculture.
Download or read book Estimating Farm Labor Elasticities to Analyze the Effects of Immigration Reform written by James A. Duffield and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Migratory Labor in American Agriculture written by United States. President's Commission on Migratory Labor and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immigration Reform written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Immigration Policy the Mexican Village Economy and Agricultural Labor Markets in California written by J. Edward Taylor and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Immigration Reform on the Farm Labor Market written by Dawn Denise Thilmany and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Migratory Labor in American Agriculture written by United States. President's Commission on Migratory Labor and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immigration Reform and Agricultural Labor written by Robert Irvin Coltrane and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extract: For the first time, H-2 immigration legislation for the temporary employment of foreign workers has been designed especially for agriculture. If passed, part of the pending Immigration Reform and Control Act will force farm employers to hire either American workers or legal foreign workers. Although information is sketchy, it appears that labor-intensive farms, particularly in vegetable- and fruit-growing States such as California and Florida, will be most affected by the law. Vegetable, melon, fruit and tree nut, and horticultural specialty farms accounted for 6.4 percent of all U.S. farms and nearly 10 percent of the value of farms sales in 1978. Some employers, at times dependent on illegal foreign workers, may have difficulty filling seasonal jobs with American workers.
Download or read book From the Farm to the City written by Zachariah Judson Rutledge and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades, the United States (U. S.) has experienced a massive influx of low-skilled immigrants. Between 1990 and 2018, the total immigrant population increased from 20 million (8% of the population) to 45 million (14% of the population). However, not all low-skilled sectors of the economy have consistently experienced positive immigrantlabor supply shocks. For example, recent evidence suggests that the agricultural sector has experienced a decline in the supply of immigrant workers. Mexican and Central American immigrants are by far the largest group of low-skilled immigrants in the U. S., comprising half of the immigrant population with a high school education or less. About 80% of Mexican and Central American immigrants have at most a high school diploma, and they are typically employed in low-skilled sectors of the economy, such as agriculture and construction. Estimates suggest that 11 million unauthorized immigrants reside in the U. S., 8 million of whom are Mexican and Central American. The issue of unauthorized immigration has led to a contentious debate, driving a wedge between Americans. Opponents of immigration argue that these immigrants take American jobs, depress the wages of native-born workers (natives), and drain resources from the social welfare system. Proponents argue that these immigrants take low-paying, physically demanding jobs that Americans don't want, which reduces the cost of goods and services, and that immigrants often contribute to the tax base even if they are unauthorized to work. Economists have failed to come to a consensus on the debate, partly because it is difficult to find empirical settings that lend themselves to producing exogenous variation in the supply of immigrants. It is plausible that elements on both sides of the debate are valid to some extent, depending on the outcome of interest and the economic sector under consideration. In this dissertation, I examine how changes in the supply of low-skilled immigrants affect various outcomes in the U. S. and the extent to which these immigrants have been able to achieve economic success. The first chapter examines how a decline in the supply of immigrant farmworkers impacts labor-intensive crop production in the state of California. The second chapter investigates how increased immigration impacts native workers in non-farm sectors of the economy. The third chapter documents the extent to which Mexicans and Central Americans have been able to close the earnings and employment rate gap (relative to native workers) over time. As a whole, this dissertation sheds light on how low-skilled immigration creates winners and losers and documents the extent to which immigrants have been successful in assimilating into the U. S. labor market. Chapter 1 extends the existing farm labor literature, which has found evidence of a declining farm labor supply, by quantifying the impacts such changes have on labor-intensive crop production. Specifically, I provide reduced-form estimates of the effects of shifts in the farm labor supply on the production of hand-harvested fruits and vegetables. Using crop production and employment data from California between 1990 and 2017, I estimate fixed-effects panel regressions linking farm employment (measured at the county-year level) to crop production outcomes (measured at the crop-county-year level). Because I use variation in equilibrium employment, as opposed to exogenous variation in the labor supply, I use an equilibrium displacement model to identify plausible sources of bias that may affect my empirical estimates. This exercise reveals that my point estimates should be interpreted as upper bounds for the effects of interest. Empirically, these bounds indicate that a one percent decrease in the farm labor supply (in terms of the number of workers) causes at most a 0.37% reduction in production in the top 10 producing counties, which together produce 86% of the total value of hand-harvested crops in the state. Production effects are channeled primarily through a reduction in harvested acreage, although there are some effects on yield. I also find that a 1% decrease in the labor supply causes at most a 0.46% decrease in the total value of hand-harvested crop production in the top 5 producing counties (or $600 million). The results from this chapter indicate that a declining farm labor supply could generate economically meaningful consequences for farmers, but that it will likely not devastate the aggregate production of fruits and vegetables in the near future. Chapter 2 analyzes the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of native workers in the U. S. The analysis focuses on workers in U. S. metropolitan statistical areas using U. S. Census and American Community Survey data between 1990 and 2011. We use a set of imperfect instruments to derive new bounds on the short-run impacts ofimmigration on the earnings, employment rate, and full-time employment rate of natives. We focus on nine sectors with higher immigrant penetration and instrument for the sectoral immigrant share using the immigrant share in all other sectors. We find negative effects of immigration on native earnings in sectors where we would most expect to findthem: low-skilled sectors that produce non-traded goods where immigrant penetration has been high in recent decades. We uncover negative effects on native earnings in the construction, food service, and personal service sectors, with upper bounds ranging from -2.9% to -6.6% for each 10 percentage point increase in the immigrant share. Earnings effects in other sectors are not statistically significant. In the six low-skilled sectors we consider, immigration reduces the native employment rate, with effects ranging from -0.6 to -2.0 percentage points for each 10 percentage point increase in the immigrant share. Our findings indicate that increases in the low-skilled immigrant labor supply lead to worse labor market outcomes for some low-skilled native workers in the short run. Chapter 3 investigates whether recently arrived low-skilled immigrants have been more successful than older cohorts at assimilating into the U. S. labor market. Specifically, we use U. S. Census and American Community Survey data between 1970 and 2017 to examine how different Mexican and Central American cohorts of arrival compare to similarly aged and educated natives in terms of their earnings and employment rate over time. We find that, on average, they started with an earnings gap of 40-45 percent and eliminated half of it within 20 years of arrival. Recent cohorts that arrived after 1995 did better than earlier cohorts in terms of the initial gap and the convergence rate. All cohorts achieved employment rates that surpassed that of natives within 20 years of arrival. The most recent cohorts arrived in the U. S. with no employment rate gap. We conclude that Mexican and Central American immigrants enter the U. S. with a strong proclivity toward being employed. However, despite their successful integration into the labor market in terms of achieving gainful employment, they have not reached parity with their native counterparts in terms of earnings.
Download or read book America s Agricultural Labor Crisis written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees, and Border Security and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Will Immigration Reform Affect the Economic Competitiveness of Labor intensive Crops written by James A. Duffield and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Immigration Reform and Perishable Crop Agriculture written by Monica L. Heppel and published by University Press of America. This book was released on 1992 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first nationwide study of the effects of the Immigration Reform and Control Act on agriculture. This benchmark study provides both case studies and surveys to explain the major reason why IRCA was a case of good intentions gone awry. Contributors: Shirley Buzzard, Frederick J. Conway, Robert C. Smith, and Suzanne Vaupel.
