Download or read book The Evolution of Poverty and Inequality in Indian Villages written by Raji Jayaraman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: January 1998 Continued agricultural growth and diversification into nonagricultural activities are essential if India is to continue reducing rural poverty. But policymakers hoping to alleviate rural poverty must also be aware of the causes and implications of persisting, if not increasing, inequality within villages. Jayaraman and Lanjouw review longitudinal village studies from a variety of disciplinary perspectives to identify changes in living standards in rural India in recent decades. They scrutinize the main forces of economic change-agricultural intensification, changes in land relations, and occupational diversification-to explain changes in level and distribution of living standards in rural communities. These forces of economic change appear to have offset or at least mitigated the pressure that growing populations can place on existing resources. But the decline in rural poverty has been slow and irregular at best. Nor is poverty reduction only a matter of economic development. For instance, the rural poor often attribute much of the improvement in their living conditions to reduced dependence on patrons. There are few reports in village studies of particularly effective government policies aimed at reducing poverty. The long-term poor still tend to be from the disadvantaged castes and to live in households that rely on income from agricultural labor. There is little evidence that inequalities within village communities have declined. In some cases improved material well-being of rural households has led to greater social stratification rather than less, with women and members of the lower castes suffering the consequences. Such inequalities could limit how policy interventions or continued growth can reduce poverty further. Policymakers must ensure accountability to keep abuses-for example, the privileged classes directing all benefits to themselves-to a minimum. This paper-a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study the dynamics of poverty in the South Asia region.
Download or read book The Evolution of Poverty and Inequality in Indian Villages written by Lanjouw and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Evolution of Poverty and Inequality in Indian Villages written by Peter F. Lanjouw and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Continued agricultural growth and diversification into nonagricultural activities are essential if India is to continue reducing rural poverty. But policymakers hoping to alleviate rural poverty must also be aware of the causes and implications of persisting, if not increasing, inequality within villages.Jayaraman and Lanjouw review longitudinal village studies from a variety of disciplinary perspectives to identify changes in living standards in rural India in recent decades.They scrutinize the main forces of economic change - agricultural intensification, changes in land relations, and occupational diversification - to explain changes in level and distribution of living standards in rural communities.These forces of economic change appear to have offset or at least mitigated the pressure that growing populations can place on existing resources. But the decline in rural poverty has been slow and irregular at best. Nor is poverty reduction only a matter of economic development. For instance, the rural poor often attribute much of the improvement in their living conditions to reduced dependence on patrons.There are few reports in village studies of particularly effective government policies aimed at reducing poverty. The long-term poor still tend to be from the disadvantaged castes and to live in households that rely on income from agricultural labor.There is little evidence that inequalities within village communities have declined. In some cases improved material well-being of rural households has led to greater social stratification rather than less, with women and members of the lower castes suffering the consequences.Such inequalities could limit how policy interventions or continued growth can reduce poverty further. Policymakers must ensure accountability to keep abuses - for example, the privileged classes directing all benefits to themselves - to a minimum.This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the dynamics of poverty in the South Asia region.
Download or read book Perspectives on Poverty in India written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2011 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book examines Indias experience with poverty reduction in a period of rapid economic growth. Marshalling evidence from multiple sources of survey data and drawing on new methods, the book asks how Indias structural transformation - from rural to urban, and from agriculture to nonfarm sectors - is impacting poverty.Our analysis suggests that since the early 1990s, urban growth has emerged as a much more important driver of poverty reduction than in the past. We focus in particular on the role of small and medium size conurbations in India, both as the urban sub-sector in which urban poverty is overwhelmingly concentrated, and as a sub-sector that could potentially stimulate rural-based poverty reduction. Second, in rural areas, we focus on the nature of intersectoral transformation out of agriculture into the nonfarm economy. Stagnation in agriculture has been accompanied by dynamism in the nonfarm sector, but there is much debate about whether the growth seen has been a symptom of agrarian distress or a source of poverty reduction.Finally, alongside the accelerating economic growth and the highly visible transformation that is occurring in Indias major cities, inequality is on the rise. This is raising concern that economic growth in India has by-passed significant segments of the population. The third theme on social exclusion asks if, despite the dramatic growth, historically grounded inequalities along lines of caste, tribe and gender have persisted.This book would be of interest for policymakers, researchers, non-governmental organizations, and international agenciesfrom India and abroad--who wish to know more about Indias experience of the last two decades in reducing poverty.
Download or read book Poverty Inequality and Rural Development written by David Greenaway and published by Springer. This book was released on 1994-09-12 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poverty alleviation is a major objective of development. More than a fifth of the world's population lives in absolute poverty, and the majority of the poor live in rural areas. This volume studies what can be done for alleviating rural poverty. Four chapters address the measurement of poverty and inequality, including the use of household expenditure surveys and intra-household income distribution. Evidence is presented for India, Mauritania, Cte d'Ivoire and China. Other chapters present case studies on strategies for rural development: provision of rural credit in Bangladesh and India; technical change in Philippine agriculture; contract farming in Thailand; and banana growers in the Windwards. The contributions introduce the problems of rural development and show that effective rural development is assisted by investment in education and secure access to credit; that equity is important for incentives but not directly related to poverty; and that technical and institutional reform are essential, but require careful design and implementation.
Download or read book Inequality Poverty and Development in India written by Utpal Kumar De and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-24 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the fulfillment of two Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), namely poverty and inequality, in the Indian subcontinent. It examines the complex interplay among development, inequality and poverty in relation to corruption, environmental resource management, agricultural adjustment to climate change and institutional arrangements, with a special focus on the Northeastern region of the country. The topics covered offer a blend of theoretical arguments and empirical data with regard to the three main themes of the book, while also providing agricultural and environmental perspectives. The book also provides guidelines for policy initiatives for harnessing the region’s potential in the areas of industry, trade, sustainable use of mineral, forest and other natural resources, nature-based tourism through proper infrastructure development, and resolving land issues to achieve inclusive development.In addition to introducing some new questions on the development-ethnic conflict interface, it uses sophisticated tools such as the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method in consumption expenditure to show the endowment, and return to endowment effects; and techniques like spatial correlation-regression to analyze regional variation, co-integration, vector autoregression, the panel data technique and the adaptation index to climate change, to understand socio-economic complexities and the effect of the concerned variables on entrepreneurship and human development.The book offers a timely contribution to our understanding of major MDGs and highlights their successes and failures. It also includes analytical frameworks that are key to future policy initiatives. Further, it disseminates approaches and methods that improve livelihoods and standards of living through poverty reduction and promoting inclusive development along with sustainable utilization of available natural resources. Putting forward various ideas for creating a more sustainable future, it inspires and encourages readers to pursue further studies to address the gaps that still remain.
Download or read book Poverty Inequality and Prices in Rural India written by Nikhilesh Bhattacharya and published by SAGE Publications Pvt. Limited. This book was released on 1991-09-11 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can poverty be measured and defined? What are the socio-economic correlates of poverty? Providing a comprehensive analysis of the absolute and relative levels of poverty in rural India, Poverty, Inequality and Prices in Rural India covers a thirty-year period. Topics examined include: disparities in consumption across households; the trends in such disparities; and the trends in the incidence of absolute poverty. By applying these analyses to rural India as a whole as well as six selected states, the authors test their theory of intertemporal variations in the incidence of rural poverty. With its comprehensive approach and unique theoretical model, Poverty, Inequality and Prices in Rural India presents a fresh perspective for scholars and students interested in economics, development studies, sociology, and Third World studies. "This study provides both a comprehensive analysis of the interrelationship between prices, rural inequality and poverty, and a careful interpretation of a wide range of complex and varied empirical materials. It is relevant as a standard reference text to anyone interested in understanding the multifaceted patterns of socio-economic changes that have occurred in rural India since independence." --Canadian Journal of Development Studies "A grandly conceived work." --Frontier "The book is written in a non-technical language that is accessible to noneconomists, and it provides a good introduction to the way changes in the prices of rural commodities have affected the incidence of rural poverty." --Journal of Asian Studies "The book is . . . concise and well written. I benefitted from reading it and I suspect that most people interested in Indian development would enjoy reading it." --Pacific Affairs
Download or read book Dynamics of Difference written by Narendar Pani and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This original conceptualization provides insights into the role of inequality in the processes of change in rural India. It presents in-depth analyses and understanding of the nature and form of inequality, and its causes and consequences. The volume examines interpersonal, intergroup, and intrapersonal inequalities in the country’s rural transformation. Through research based on ethnographic, primary survey and secondary data methods, this multidimensional study discusses key themes such as normative and descriptive inequalities; class, caste and other identities; economic poverty; educational poverty; poverty in health; gendered poverty; inequality and power; the impact of migration; ethical issues and vulnerabilities; and suicidal consequences of inequality. It builds cohesive arguments, based on the development of several new indicators, to examine rural inequality. This book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of political economy, economics, development studies, development economics, sociology, public policy, political science, political sociology, and rural sociology.
Download or read book Inside Outside written by B. S. Baviskar and published by Sage Publications Pvt. Limited. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poverty in rural India: Is this a permanent condition? Are villagers immobilized by a rigid caste system, limited resources and economic exploitation? This book is about villagers who have done remarkable things with their lives--people who have broken the constraints of poverty and inequality to become innovative and mobile. It is written partly by one villager who found a career doing research on social change. Inside-Outside narrates stories of grassroots change and innovation. These stories are discussed from the combined view of an insider (Baviskar), who grew up in a village in western India, and an outsider (Attwood), who came to study social change in the same region. Telling life stories from people who taught and surprised them, they challenge common stereotypes about Indian villagers--stereotypes of passivity, fatalism, and stagnation. Baviskar's life and experience of change in his home village exemplify grassroots initiative and innovation. He was born as the son of an impoverished farmer in a drought-stricken village in western Maharashtra. Ability, hard work, and some dramatic twists of fate enabled him to attend college and then complete a doctorate in India's premier sociology department. In contrast to Baviskar, Attwood is a complete outsider, having grown up in a suburb near Chicago, in the US heartland. He stumbled into anthropology and spent several years in India, doing fieldwork in the region where Baviskar grew up. The two met in 1969; they became friends and began four decades of collaborative research. Here they tell the stories of villagers who changed their own lives and who also, in many cases, changed the lives of others. These stories describe rapid innovation and institution-building in the countryside, challenging an array of common stereotypes about village life in India. Seeking explanations for change, it helps to look at village life from many angles. Inside and outside views are complementary and provide a more complete picture.
Download or read book The Evolution of Poverty and Inequality in Indian Villages written by Raji Jayaraman and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Non farm Diversification Poverty Economic Mobility and Income Inequality written by Peter Lanjouw and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper assembles data at the all-India level and for the village of Palanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to document the growing importance, and influence, of the non-farm sector in the rural economy between the early 1980s and late 2000s. The suggestion from the combined National Sample Survey and Palanpur data is of a slow process of non-farm diversification, whose distributional incidence, on the margin, is increasingly pro-poor. The village-level analysis documents that the non-farm sector is not only increasing incomes and reducing poverty, but appears as well to be breaking down long-standing barriers to mobility among the poorest segments of rural society. Efforts by the government of India to accelerate the process of diversification could thus yield significant returns in terms of declining poverty and increased income mobility. The evidence from Palanpur also shows, however, that at the village-level a significant increase in income inequality has accompanied diversification away from the farm. A growing literature argues that such a rise in inequality could affect the fabric of village society, the way in which village institutions function and evolve, and the scope for collective action at the village level. Failure to keep such inequalities in check could thus undermine the pro-poor impacts from the process of structural transformation currently underway in rural India.
Download or read book The Great Ascent written by Inderjit Singh and published by Johns Hopkins University Press. This book was released on 1990 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poverty is the grim reality for some 400 million people - mostly small farmers and agricultural laborers - in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. To remedy the problem, South Asian governments and international agencies have focused on raising the productivity of small farms and increasing opportunities for rural employment. This strategy, however, has long been criticized for doing the poor more harm than good. The author challenges that pessimistic view by critically reviewing a wealth of evidence from recent academic literature and the World Bank's operational experience. He shows that rapid agricultural growth has benefited all classes of the poor and that the "great ascent" from poverty to a more materially rewarding life has begun. A variety of programs intended to help the poor directly are examined in detail. Research, extension, and training activities are evaluated for their effectiveness in promoting the adoption of high-yielding varieties of cereal, spreading new farming technology, encouraging multiple cropping, and increasing the cultivation of high-value crops. The author also considers programs in dairying, poultry farming, commercial fishing, and forestry and argues that policymakers have neglected these potentially profitable activities. Finally, he discusses the dismal failure of land reforms in reducing poverty.
Download or read book Growth Inequality and Poverty in Rural China written by Shenggen Fan and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Growth, inequality, and poverty; Public capital e investment; Concptual framework and model; Data, estimation, and results.
Download or read book Rural Poverty in Developing Countries written by Mr.Mahmood Hasan Khan and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2000-04-01 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In most developing countries, poverty is more widespread and severe in rural than in urban areas. The author reviews some important aspects of rural poverty and draws key implications for public policy. He presents a policy framework for reducing poverty, taking into account the functional differences and overlap between the rural poor. Several policy options are delineated and explained, including stable management of the macroeconomic environment, transfer of assets, investment in and access to the physical and social infrastructure, access to credit and jobs, and provision of safety nets. Finally, some guideposts are identified for assessing strategies to reduce rural poverty.
Download or read book Poverty Inequality and Prices in Rural India written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analysis of the standard of living of India's rural population over the period 1952 to 1983, which examines disparities in consumption across different types of household. Cases of absolute poverty are scrutinized, and differential price trends faced by the population are also explored.
Download or read book Rural Poverty in Developing Countries written by Mr.Mahmood Hasan Khan and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2001-03-14 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews causes of poverty in rural areas and presents a policy framework for reducing rural poverty, including through land reform, public works programs, access to credit, physical and social infrastructure, subsidies, and transfer of technology. Identifies key elements for drafting a policy to reduce rural poverty.
Download or read book Poverty and Famines written by Amartya Sen and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1983-01-20 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main focus of this book is on the causation of starvation in general and of famines in particular. The author develops the alternative method of analysis—the 'entitlement approach'—concentrating on ownership and exchange, not on food supply. The book also provides a general analysis of the characterization and measurement of poverty. Various approaches used in economics, sociology, and political theory are critically examined. The predominance of distributional issues, including distribution between different occupation groups, links up the problem of conceptualizing poverty with that of analyzing starvation.
