Download or read book The Effect of Feedback on 3D Multiple Object Tracking Performance and Its Transferability to Other Attentional Tasks written by Chiara Perico and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Attentional processes play an integral role in learning, affecting performance on most cognitive tasks. In addition, feedback, defined as the instant information delivered to the individual that guides their subsequent behavior in relevant situations, plays a critical role in the efficiency and quality of learning. However, its effects are not often empirically assessed. Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) tasks can be used to objectively assess real world attention, and have been used as cognitive training paradigms geared at improving attentional abilities. With training, there is a significant improvement in MOT performance. However, little is known about the transferability of attentional capacities from MOT tasks to similar cognitive tasks. The goal of this study was thus to assess whether performance on attentional capacities acquired during training on a three-dimensional (3D) MOT task are transferrable to other measures of attention. The role of feedback was also investigated to determine whether performance, and its subsequent transferability to other measures, is affected by feedback. Forty typically developing adults participated in 4 testing sessions on consecutive days. On day 1 (or pretest session), intellectual and attentional abilities were assessed along with a baseline measure of MOT without feedback. Participants were then placed into 2 experimental groups and assessed for three subsequent days (days 2 through 4), with only one group received feedback during the MOT task trials; the other group received no feedback. On day 4, all participants were re-assessed on the same attentional measures as well as the MOT to determine improvements from day 1. MOT performance resulted significantly higher for the feedback group, as defined by an increased speed threshold for tracking 4 out of 8 items. The feedback group also revealed better transferability to other cognitive tasks. The results indicate that feedback is an important component during a learning regiment and that it may affect transferability of cognitive abilities." --
Download or read book Rapport du Comit pr paratoire pour la cr ation d une Cour criminelle internationale written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigating Learning Working Memory and Attention written by Chiara Perico and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) paradigms are designed to measure one's ability to focus on and track a subset of moving objects over an extended period of time. Performance on MOT tasks has been interpreted as reflecting real-world dynamic attention and working memory. As well, MOT tasks have been used as cognitive training paradigms to objectively assess and enhance attentional abilities. While it is known that MOT training improves attention, there is little understanding about the effect of feedback during learning on a three-dimensional MOT (3D-MOT) task, as well as the potential for transferability of attentional capacities from MOT to similar cognitive tasks. As well, while working memory is found to play a key role in MOT performance, the extent to which MOT tasks could be used to assess working memory has yet to be systematically explored. This dissertation includes two manuscripts that aim to explain factors that can improve 3D-MOT as an attention and learning training paradigm, and to assess 3D-MOT as a potential assessment tool for working memory, with prospective implications for clinical screening tools. The goal of the first study in the thesis (Manuscript 1) was to determine whether the presence of feedback positively affected performance on 3D-MOT across testing sessions; as well, this manuscript sought to determine whether improved performance on 3D-MOT would transfer to other validated measures of attention, and whether these transfers would be affected by the presence of feedback during learning. Results showed that feedback significantly impacted learning during a 3D-MOT task, and may have an important role for the transferability of cognitive abilities. The second study (Manuscript 2) examined whether 3D-MOT tasks could be used as a non-verbal tool to assess attention and working memory while taking into consideration the role of development. Results revealed that similar performance was observed on 3D-MOT across adolescents and adults, as compared to validated neuropsychological methods, suggesting that 3D-MOT tasks have the potential to be used as an assessment instrument for working memory, addressing the need for non-verbal dynamic assessment tools that can be easily tailored for clinical populations, and for individuals of different ages and cognitive functioning. " --
Download or read book The Effect of Divided Attention on Multiple Object Tracking Performance written by Deana Vitrano and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Influence of Design relevant Parameters on Multiple Object Tracking Performance written by John Bernard Chattoe and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research was motivated by the need to anticipate the attentional demands and design factors that are involved in planned display applications for Global Situation Awareness. This motivation led to the following question: What are the practical design parameters that influence performance in multiple-object tracking? A pilot study and three experiments, involving a total of 82 participants, were used to investigate this question, employing adaptations of the Sears and Pylyshyn (2000) multiple-object tracking task. Perceptual speed, as measured by the 'Hidden Patterns Test' (HPT), was used to evaluate experimental participants' combined Executive Working Memory (EWM) and Visuospatial Working Memory (VWM) capacity. In Experiment 1, employing object speeds from 4 to 8 degrees per second, participants with high HPT scores, responded faster than participants with medium and low scores. These differences were insensitive to increased numbers of targets (3 to 4) and distractors (4, 8 and 12). Response time decreased for high HDP scoring participants only, over a sequence of 8 blocks of a5 trials per block, but with no reduction in tracking accuracy. Tracking accuracy for targets decreased with increasing numbers of distractors and was higher for high HDP scoring participants. Two design recommendations are identified for global situation awareness displays involving tracking multiple moving objects: (1) minimize display complexity (the number of displayed moving objects and background map clutter) and (2) reduce task complexity (e.g. map referencing) to enhance multiple-object tracking performance and message handling complexity to reduce mental workload. The research also supported the use of personnel selection as a method of obtaining a sufficient level of MOT performance based on differences in working memory capacity for map scales of 1:10,000 and below, and viewing distances of less than 50 cm, where object speeds are likely to be high relative to the field of view presented in the map. Finally, the research also demonstrated the value of practice in developing skill with tasks in global situation displays involving multiple-object tracking. In Experiment 2, with object speeds reduced to 1-4 degrees per second, a high clutter background map, reduced response time but did not affect tracking accuracy. Response time and tracking accuracy were not influenced by differences at HDP pattern scores. A secondary task involving referencing the behavior of a moving object relative to a feature on the map reduced both response time and tracking accuracy. Experiment 3 involved the addition of a secondary task that loaded phonological working memory. The addition of the secondary message retention task, at two levels of difficulty, did not affect tracking response time or tracking accuracy but increased mental workload.
Download or read book Multiple Object Tracking Across Social Contexts written by James Myrick Bramlett and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of social context on multiple object tracking performance. In both experiments participants performed the task alongside a confederate or alone. In the social conditions participants performed either simultaneous or took turns. Object tracking tasks were separated into two trial blocks with a distraction task performed intermittently, allowing for congruent task order between all conditions. Results were interpreted using the theories of shared attention, social facilitation, and joint action. We predicted that performing the task simultaneously would result in increased performance due to greater allocation of cognitive resources, as would be predicted by shared attention theory. This was found to not be the case. These studies did however produce various surprising results relating to block and gendered effects, perceived closeness, as well as passive learning.
Download or read book The Impact of Shared Attention on Multiple Object Tracking in Competitive and Cooperative Settings written by Sydney Blaine Michelson and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shared attention theory postulates that when simultaneously co-attending to a stimulus with a similar other, cognitive prioritization occurs that has both psychological and behavioral impact, with the ultimate goal of generating collective knowledge. A cooperative scenario occurs when a group's goal is linked such that one person's success is also another's. By contrast, a competitive scenario occurs when a group's goal is linked such that if one person succeeds, the other fails. The purpose of this thesis was to understand the effect of cooperative and competitive settings on shared attention in a performance domain. I hypothesized that cooperation would moderate the effect of shared attention on performance, such that during synchronous co-attention, a cooperative scenario (versus a competitive one) would increase and improve shared attention's influence on performance. This relationship was investigated in a study with 152 undergraduate participants, but the expected relationship was not found. There were no differences between groups in terms of performance on a multiple object tracking task. Subjective experience results are also discussed.
Download or read book Multiple Object Tracking and the Division of the Attentional Spotlight in a Realistic Tracking Environment written by Martin J. Lochner and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Touch on Multiple Object Tracking Performance written by Mallory E. Terry and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple-object tracking (MOT), the ability to track the positions of multiple moving targets among identical non-targets, has been theorized to require the same cognitive mechanisms that are employed while touching these items. A series of four experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between MOT and touch. Participants completed the MOT task and in some conditions they were instructed to touch items that changed colour, either a target or distractor item (depending on the condition). Overall touching items decreased tracking performance. Similarly, decrements in the touch task occurred when participants completed both tasks concurrently. As predicted, touching distractors interfered more than touching targets. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that the mechanism employed to track moving items is part of touch as predicted by Pylyshyn's FINST theory (Pylyshyn, 1989).
Download or read book The Effect of Stereoscopic Cues on Multiple Object Tracking in a 3D Virtual Environment written by Steven Milanez Oliveira and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) has typically involved 2D displays where stimuli move in a single depth plane. However, under natural conditions, objects move in 3D which adds complexity to tracking. According to the spatial interference model, tracked objects have an inhibitory surround that when crossed causes tracking errors. How do these inhibitory fields translate to 3D space? Does multiple object tracking operate on a 2D planar projection, or is it in fact 3D? To investigate this, we used a fully immersive virtual-reality environment where participants were required to track 1 to 4 moving objects. We compared performance to a condition where participants viewed the same stimuli on a computer screen with monocular depth cues. Results suggest that participants were more accurate in the VR condition than the computer screen condition. This demonstrates interference is negligent when the objects are spatially distant, yet proximate within the 2D projection.
Download or read book Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology written by Robert S. Weinberg and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2023-03-03 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Eighth Edition With HKPropel Access, is a leading textbook that offers a comprehensive view of sport and exercise psychology. It draws connections between research and practice, and it captures the excitement of the world of sport and exercise. Internationally respected authors Robert Weinberg and Daniel Gould have built a text that addresses emerging trends and remains relevant with each new edition. Every chapter has been updated with the latest research and practice in sport and exercise psychology while maintaining and highlighting classic studies that have shaped the field. In-depth learning aids have been refreshed to help students think critically. Specific content changes were made throughout the text to highlight significant advances in research and practices. These include areas such as mental health of athletes, effects of COVID-19 on athletes, mindfulness, legalized gambling, psychological issues surrounding the 2020 Olympic Games (held in 2021), and drug controversies. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology provides students with a unique learning experience—starting with an exploration of the field’s origins, key concepts, research development, and career options available in the field. After this introduction to the field, the text shifts to personal factors that affect performance and behavior in sport, physical education, and exercise settings. It augments those concepts by factoring in situational circumstances that influence behavior, group interaction and processes, and the use of psychological techniques to help people perform more effectively. Students will gain critical insights into the role psychological factors play in health and exercise and the psychological consequences of participation in sport and physical activity, including children’s psychological development through sport participation, aggression in sport, and moral development and good sporting behavior in sport and physical activity contexts. More than 100 related online activities offer interactive opportunities to engage with the content—many of which can be assigned, and progress tracked, by instructors directly through HKPropel. In addition, chapter quizzes may also be assigned; these are automatically graded to test comprehension of critical concepts. Some activities may be downloaded and printed as assignments to be completed by students. Many of the activities offer compelling audio and video clips that reveal how sport psychology consultants communicate with athletes and coaches to improve athletic experiences. These clips feature esteemed experts from the field discussing concepts that they have studied and refined during their professional careers. The updated eighth edition of Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology continues to ensure that students are well equipped—and excited—to enter the field of sport and exercise psychology, fully prepared for the challenges they may encounter as well as the possibilities. Note: A code for accessing HKPropel is not included with this ebook but may be purchased separately.
Download or read book The Role of Visual Attention in Multiple Object Tracking written by Matthew M. Doran and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In multiple object tracking (MOT), observers keep track of a number of objects that move haphazardly around a display in the presence of identical distractors. The present work examined the role of visual attention in the MOT task using event-related potentials (ERPs). Specifically, I measured the amplitude of the N1 component to probe flashes presented on targets, distractors, or neutral display areas. The results of these experiments showed evidence that visual attention enhances targets and suppresses distractors during MOT (Experiment 1, 3, & 4). However, there was also evidence that when tracking load was light (two targets and two distractors), accurate tracking could be carried out without any apparent contribution from the visual attention system (Experiment 2). These results suggest that attentional selection during MOT is flexibly determined by task demands as well as tracking load and that visual attention may not always be necessary for accurate tracking.
Download or read book The Impact of Induced Stress Upon Multiple Object Tracking Research in Support of the Cognitive Readiness Initiative written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to filter distracting information and selectively attend to relevant information is critical to effective performance on the battlefield. In addition to the cognitive processing burden imposed upon soldiers, the effects of stress upon soldier cognition and action must also be accounted for in evaluating individual warfighting capabilities. The current study examines the relationship between stress and cognition by measuring performance on a multiple-object tracking (MOT) task after exposure to stress-inducing photographs. Postexposure performance revealed significant decrements in MOT accuracy relative to pre-exposure measures and to a non-stressed control group. The stressed group also revealed greater scores on the anxiety, depression, hostility, dysphoria, and sensation seeking scales of the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised (MAACLR) relative to controls, indicating that the stimuli effectively stressed this subset of participants. The impact of stress on attentional selection has implications for warfighting effectiveness, especially in urban settings where non-combatants are interspersed with enemy targets.
Download or read book Soccer Science and Performance Coaching written by Adam Owen and published by Meyer & Meyer Sport. This book was released on 2023-09-01 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent decades, the sporting landscape has seen many changes, notably the inclusion and professionalization of sport science and coaching. With this change has come significant demand for applied research surrounding soccer science and performance coaching, leading to new theory and methodology across all aspects of the game. This book brings together the most fundamental components of soccer science and performance coaching through modern, integrated coaching science methods implemented by leading practitioners and researchers. The expertise included in this book provides a unique blend of modern, soccer-specific research trends with innovative coaching theory, implemented at an elite level, and enhances the knowledge of coaches and medical and performance specialists, all while advocating an applied alternative to the development of players. Within each of the main sections—Prepare, Perform, Recover—leaders in the fields of applied sport science, sport and exercise science, sport psychology, sport nutrition, and strength and conditioning outline the best coaching and training methods, making this book a must-have for coaches and trainers seeking to augment their own understanding of what is required to enhance player development.
Download or read book Resource Flexibility and Strategy in Multiple Object Tracking written by Annie Tran and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tracking capacity is typically defined by a limitation of 3-4 objects, suggesting that there may be a structural constraint on attentional resources for tracking (Pylyshyn & Storm, 1988). In this view, tracking capacity is item limited and the amount of resources allocated to each object is fixed. However, studies have found that tracking limits can be extended to 8 or more objects with appropriate reductions in velocity (Alvarez and Franconeri, 2007). Contrary to the discrete resource account, these findings suggest that tracking may depend on a continuous limited-capacity system in which a finite resource is divided among tracked objects in varying amounts, depending on tracking difficulty. The present set of experiments examined the nature of the resource limitations observed in multiple object tracking. ☐ The continuous resource model posits that participants can only increase the number of objects tracked by reducing the amount of resource allocated to each tracked object with accompanying reductions in the spatial precision of tracking. This prediction was evaluated using a novel version of the MOT task in conjunction with a mixture model to obtain separate estimates of the number of objects tracked and tracking precision as the number of objects to-be-tracked was varied between 1 and 6. The results showed marked individual differences at high tracking loads, where half of the participants tracked only a few targets with high precision while the remaining half tracked many targets with low precision. Experiment 2 explored whether these individual differences reflected fixed differences in the underlying tracking architecture or different strategies that could be freely adopted by any observer. Participants were instructed and incentivized to maximize the number of objects tracked at the expense of precision to determine whether tracking performance is flexible to strategy. Many but not all observers were able to flexibly trade off precision in favor of a larger number of tracked targets. These results are consistent with models that point to a limited resource whose allocation is flexibly determined by tracking demands. ☐ The flexibility of attention allocation was further tested in Experiment 3 to examine whether resources can be endogenously varied between targets. High priority targets were tracked with greater precision than low priority targets, indicating that differential amounts of attention could be distributed between tracked objects. Experiment 4 examined whether tracking resources are hemifield specific or if a common pool is shared across visual fields. Although tracking two objects was just as precise as tracking a single object when they were presented bilaterally, distractors were more likely to be mistaken for tracked objects with increased set size regardless of spatial arrangement. The results support a bilateral advantage in tracking, but not independence. Experiment 5 investigated whether people attend to all tracked objects simultaneously or if each object is attended serially. ERPs were used to measure online processing of task-relevant probes on moving objects. Consistent with a parallel account, probes occurring on tracked objects were processed with no delay regardless of the number of objects tracked, while probes on distractor objects were processed with significant delays. ☐ In summary, these results are consistent with continuous resource models that assume that tracking additional objects is accompanied by reductions in tracking precision. Allocation of this resource is subject to individual differences that depend partly on strategy but may also reflect differences in total capacity. Furthermore, people can flexibly allocate variable amount of tracking resources between targets. This resource appears to be largely hemifield specific and allocated in parallel to tracked objects.
Download or read book Taking Mobile Multi Object Tracking to the Next Level written by Dennis Mitzel and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent years have seen considerable progress in automotive safety and autonomous navigation applications, fueled by the remarkable advance of individual Computer Vision components, such as object detection, tracking, stereo and visual odometry. The goal in such applications is to automatically infer semantic understanding from the environment, observed from a moving vehicle equipped with a camera system. The pedestrian detection and tracking components constitute an actively researched part in scene understanding, important for safe navigation, path planning, and collision avoidance. Classical tracking-by-detection approaches require a robust object detector that needs to be executed in every frame. However, the detector is typically the most computationally expensive component, especially if more than one object class needs to be detected. A first goal of this thesis was to develop a vision system based on stereo camera input that is able to detect and track multiple pedestrians in real-time. To this end, we propose a hybrid tracking system that combines a computationally cheap low-level tracker with a more complex high-level tracker. The low-level trackers are either based on level-set segmentation or stereo range data together with a point registration algorithm and are employed in order to follow individual pedestrians over time, starting from an initial object detection. In order to cope with drift and to bridge occlusions that cannot be resolved by low-level trackers, the resulting tracklet outputs are fed to a high-level multihypothesis tracker, which performs longer-term data association. With this integration we obtain a real-time tracking framework by reducing object detector applications to fewer frames or even to few small image regions when stereo data is available. Reduction of expensive detector evaluations is especially relevant for the deployment on mobile platforms, where real-time performance is crucial and computational resources are notoriously
Download or read book Hybridizing 3 dimensional Multiple Object Tracking with Neurofeedback to Enhance Preparation Performance and Learning written by Brendan Parsons and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The domain of cognitive enhancement is vast, spanning behavioral, biochemical and physical applications. The techniques are as numerous as are the limitations: poorly conducted studies, ethically ambiguous practices, limited positive effects, significant side-effects, high financial costs, significant time investment, unequal accessibility, and lack of transfer. The purpose of this thesis is to propose a novel way of integrating one of these techniques, neurofeedback, directly into a learning context in order to enhance cognitive performance and learning. This thesis provides the framework, empirical foundations, and supporting evidence for a highly efficient 'closed-loop' learning paradigm. By manipulating task difficulty based on a measure of cognitive load within a classic learning scenario (3-dimentional multiple object tracking) using real-time brain activity, results demonstrate that over 10 sessions, speed and degree of learning can be substantially improved compared with a classic learning system or an active sham-control group. Superior performance persists even once the feedback signal is removed, which suggests that the effects of enhanced training are consolidated and do not rely on continued feedback. Next, this thesis examines how these effects occur, exploring the neural correlates of the states of preparedness and performance across baseline and task conditions, further examining correlates related to trial results (correct/incorrect) and task difficulty (slow/medium/fast speeds). Cognitive preparedness, performance and load are measured using well-established relationships between real-time quantified brain activity as measured by quantitative electroencephalography. It is shown that the addition of neurofeedback-based task assistance based on peak alpha frequency is appropriate to task conditions and manages to influence cognitive load, keeping the subject in the zone of proximal development more often, facilitating learning and improving performance. This type of learning paradigm could contribute to overcoming at least one of the fundamental limitations of neurofeedback and other cognitive enhancement techniques : a lack of observable transfer effects, by utilizing a method that can be directly integrated into the context in which improved performance is sought.
