Download or read book The Effect of Earnings Management Constraints on Management Earnings Forecasts written by Tze Yuan (David) Lau and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis examines the role of earnings management constraints, as imposed by firms having higher-quality auditors and lower accounting flexibility at the beginning of the year, in managers’ ability to report less negative earnings surprises from their earnings forecasts. Earnings surprises from management earnings forecasts arise when firms’ realised earnings exceed or fall below the expected earnings of firms’ managers. This thesis argues that managers can report less negative earnings surprises through the use of two techniques: (1) upward earnings management (so that the realised earnings exceed the expected earnings); and (2) downward earnings expectation adjustments (so that the expected earnings fall below the realised earnings). Managers’ incentives to choose upward earnings management over downward earnings expectation adjustments decrease with the degree of earnings management constraints at year t-1. This thesis hypothesises that (1) ceteris paribus, firms with higher-quality auditors at year t-1 are more likely to use downward earnings expectation adjustments in order to report less negative earnings surprises for year t; and (2) ceteris paribus, firms with lower accounting flexibility at year t-1 are more likely to use downward earnings expectation adjustments in order to report less negative earnings surprises for year t. These hypotheses are tested in a unique economy, Japan, where nearly all firms’ managers provide earnings forecasts. Univariate and multivariate analyses of this thesis provide evidence that supports the following conclusions. First, managers of firms with higher-quality auditors and lower accounting flexibility at the beginning of the year are associated with less negative earnings surprises at the end of the year. Second, managers of firms with higher-quality auditors at the beginning of the year use downward earnings expectation adjustments, although the magnitude of these adjustments is lower than the adjustments by firms with lower-quality auditors at the beginning of the year. Third, managers of firms with lower accounting flexibility at the beginning of the year do not consistently use downward earnings expectation adjustments throughout the year to report less negative earnings surprises. Specifically, these firms are more likely to use downward earnings expectation adjustments at the second quarter of the year. Additional tests are conducted to analyse whether the main results are sensitive to alternative specifications of the model. The scope of these tests also extends to other quality aspects of management earnings forecasts and auditing, namely, forecast accuracy and auditor switching, respectively. Overall, these additional analyses indicate that the main results hold after the following empirical considerations are made: (1) self-selection bias; (2) alternative deflators for the response variables; and (3) alternative measures of audit quality and accounting flexibility. The analysis of forecast accuracy reveals that managers of firms with higher-quality auditors at the beginning of the year are more likely to issue accurate earnings forecasts. However, managers of firms with lower accounting flexibility at the beginning of the year are less likely to issue accurate earnings forecasts. The analysis of auditor switches shows firms that switch from lower-quality auditors to higher-quality auditors at the beginning of the year are more likely to report less negative earnings surprises.

Download or read book Earnings Management written by Joshua Ronen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-06 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a study of earnings management, aimed at scholars and professionals in accounting, finance, economics, and law. The authors address research questions including: Why are earnings so important that firms feel compelled to manipulate them? What set of circumstances will induce earnings management? How will the interaction among management, boards of directors, investors, employees, suppliers, customers and regulators affect earnings management? How to design empirical research addressing earnings management? What are the limitations and strengths of current empirical models?

Download or read book Handbook Of Financial Econometrics Mathematics Statistics And Machine Learning In 4 Volumes written by Cheng Few Lee and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2020-07-30 with total page 5053 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This four-volume handbook covers important concepts and tools used in the fields of financial econometrics, mathematics, statistics, and machine learning. Econometric methods have been applied in asset pricing, corporate finance, international finance, options and futures, risk management, and in stress testing for financial institutions. This handbook discusses a variety of econometric methods, including single equation multiple regression, simultaneous equation regression, and panel data analysis, among others. It also covers statistical distributions, such as the binomial and log normal distributions, in light of their applications to portfolio theory and asset management in addition to their use in research regarding options and futures contracts.In both theory and methodology, we need to rely upon mathematics, which includes linear algebra, geometry, differential equations, Stochastic differential equation (Ito calculus), optimization, constrained optimization, and others. These forms of mathematics have been used to derive capital market line, security market line (capital asset pricing model), option pricing model, portfolio analysis, and others.In recent times, an increased importance has been given to computer technology in financial research. Different computer languages and programming techniques are important tools for empirical research in finance. Hence, simulation, machine learning, big data, and financial payments are explored in this handbook.Led by Distinguished Professor Cheng Few Lee from Rutgers University, this multi-volume work integrates theoretical, methodological, and practical issues based on his years of academic and industry experience.

Download or read book The Effect of Analysts Forecasts on Earnings Management in Financial Institutions written by Sean W.G. Robb and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I test a market consensus hypothesis about earnings management in the banking industry. This hypothesis states that when analysts have reached a consensus in their earnings forecasts, managers have an incentive to manage earnings through the use of discretionary accruals to achieve market expectations. A sample of banks is partitioned based on the degree of forecaster consensus and the behavior of one discretionary accrual, the loan loss provision, is predicted for each partition. The results suggest bank managers make greater use of the loan loss provision to manipulate earnings in a discretionary manner when analysts have reached a consensus in their earnings predictions.

Download or read book Introduction to Earnings Management written by Malek El Diri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-20 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides researchers and scholars with a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of earnings management theory and literature. While it raises new questions for future research, the book can be also helpful to other parties who rely on financial reporting in making decisions like regulators, policy makers, shareholders, investors, and gatekeepers e.g., auditors and analysts. The book summarizes the existing literature and provides insight into new areas of research such as the differences between earnings management, fraud, earnings quality, impression management, and expectation management; the trade-off between earnings management activities; the special measures of earnings management; and the classification of earnings management motives based on a comprehensive theoretical framework.

Download or read book Management Earnings Forecasts Cash Flow Forecasts and Earnings Management written by Hanmei Chen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Litigation Risk on Management Earnings Forecasts written by Zhiyan Cao and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We examine the effect of litigation risk on management's decision to issue earnings forecasts. We use a new ex ante measure of litigation risk, namely, the Directors and Officers liability insurance premium. This measure bypasses significant problems associated with the estimation of ex ante litigation risk in prior studies. By using this measure of litigation risk, our results are more intuitive. We find that, when faced with ex ante litigation risk, managers with bad news are more likely to issue an earnings warning. For good news firms, we do not see this effect. We also examine three forecast characteristics: forecast horizon, extent of news revealed, and forecast precision. Firms with higher litigation risk tend to issue earnings forecasts earlier if they have bad news, but this is not so when they have good news. They also reveal less news in the forecasts if they have good news. As litigation risk increases, bad news earnings forecasts tend to become more precise while good news earnings forecasts tend to become less precise. This differential effect of litigation risk on management earnings forecasts, based on the direction of the news, has not been documented by previous studies.

Download or read book The Impact of Earnings Management and Expectations Management on the Usefulness of Earnings and Analyst Forecasts in Firm Valuation written by Yao Tian and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation, I examine the impact of earnings management and expectations management on the usefulness of earnings and analyst forecasts in firm valuation. Earnings and analyst forecasts are important inputs into accounting valuation models. Their ability to reflect current and predict future firm performance can help valuation models predict intrinsic value. However, increasing earnings management and expectations management activities in recent years may have adversely affected the usefulness of these information items in firm valuation. This study shows that intrinsic value metrics estimated using manipulated earnings or forecasts have less ability to track stock prices and predict future returns through V/P ratios, providing evidence for the joint hypothesis of (i) long-term market efficiency and (ii) the negative impact of earnings management and expectations management on the usefulness of earnings and analyst forecasts in firm valuation. It contributes to the accounting literature in several ways. First, it challenges the conventional view that more accurate and less biased forecasts are necessarily of better quality and proposes to assess the quality of analyst forecasts directly by examining their usefulness. It also introduces an improved measure for expectations management and presents new evidence on (i) the usefulness of earnings and analyst forecasts in firm valuation; (ii) the negative impacts of earnings management and expectations management on this usefulness; and (iii) the overall performance of accounting valuation models in firm valuation.

Download or read book The Effect of Macro Information Environment Change on the Quality of Management Earnings Forecasts written by Stephen P. Baginski and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1990s were characterized by substantial increases in the performance of and investor reliance on financial analysts. Because managers possess superior private information and issue forecasts to align investors' expectations with their own, we predict that managers increased the quality of their earnings forecasts during the 1990s in order to keep pace with the improved forward-looking information provided by financial analysts, upon which investors increasingly relied.Using a sample of 2,437 management earnings forecasts, we document an increase in management earnings forecast precision, management earnings forecast accuracy, and managers' tendency to explain earnings forecasts in 1993-1996 relative to 1983-1986. Given that these forecast characteristics are linked to greater informativeness and credibility, we also document that the information content of management earnings forecasts, as measured by the strength of share price responses to forecast news, increased in 1993-1996 relative to 1983-1986. As expected, the increased information content of management forecasts primarily occurred for firms covered by financial analysts.

Download or read book Changes in Managers Forecasting Behavior and the Market s Assessment of Forecast Credibility During Periods of Financial Misreporting written by Stephen P. Baginski and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The capital market benefits of high quality financial reporting create incentives for managers to signal the quality of their voluntary disclosure practices. Prior research focuses on the relations between observable measures of earnings quality and observable measures of voluntary disclosure quality. We examine the characteristics of management earnings forecasts during periods in which managers possess private (i.e., unobservable to the market) knowledge that they are engaging in financial misreporting (i.e., committing accounting fraud). Using a sample of Securities and Exchange Commission enforcement actions, we hypothesize and find that managers issue more bad news forecasts in periods of fraud relative to pre-fraud periods and control firms, consistent with the increased use of voluntary disclosure to manage expectations downward while violating constraints on earnings management. The fraud period forecasts are, when compared to fraudulent earnings observed by the market, less ex post biased and more accurate than pre-fraud period forecasts and thus give the appearance of higher quality voluntary disclosures. However, the fraud period forecasts are not less ex post biased or more accurate when accounting restatements later reveal true actual earnings. A consequence of the perceived increase in quality is greater bad news fraud-period forecast impact on prices relative to pre-fraud periods. Further, the enhanced price reactions do not deteriorate after the fraud is made public, suggesting that the public revelation does not taint investors' assessment of the credibility of bad news management forecasts.

Download or read book Earnings Management written by Jeff L. Payne and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the utilization of discretionary accruals to adjust reported earnings toward analysts' expectations regarding firm profitability. The variance in analysts' earnings forecasts is used as our firm specific measure for analysts' forecasts consensus. Our findings indicate that managers use discretionary accruals to achieve market expectations for earnings. Managers behave as though they have greater incentives to use income increasing discretionary accruals in settings where analysts have reached a consensus regarding firm earnings, particularly in settings where pre-discretionary accrual earnings are below analysts' expectations. When pre-discretionary accrual earnings are above analysts' expectations and analysts are not in consensus, managers use strategies to retain their ability to manage (increase) earnings in future periods by recording income decreasing discretionary accruals in the current period. Two alternative specifications to control for possible measurement error in our design produced results consistent with our primary analysis.

Download or read book Earnings Management Conservatism and Earnings Quality written by Ralf Ewert and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earnings Management, Conservatism, and Earnings Quality reviews and illustrates earnings management, conservatism, and their effects on earnings quality in an economic modeling framework. Both earnings management and conservative accounting introduce biases to financial reports. The fundamental issue addressed is what economic effects these biases have on earnings quality or financial reporting quality. Earnings Management, Conservatism, and Earnings Quality reviews analytical models of earnings management and conservatism and shows that both can have beneficial or detrimental economic effects, so a differentiated view is appropriate. Earnings management can provide additional information via the financial reporting communication channel, but it can also be used to misrepresent the firm's position. What the authors find is that similar to earnings management, conservatism can reduce the information content of financial reports if it suppresses relevant information, but it can be a desirable feature that improves economic efficiency. The approach to study earnings management, conservatism, and earnings quality is based on the information economics literature. A variety of analytical models are reviewed that capture the effects and subtle interactions of managers' incentives and rational expectations of users. The benefit of analytical models is to make precise these, often highly complex, strategic effects. They offer a rigorous explanation for the phenomena and show that sometimes conventional wisdom does not apply. The monograph is organized around a few basic model settings, which are presented in simple versions first and then in extensions to elicit the main insights most clearly. Chapter 2 presents the basic rational expectations equilibrium model with earnings management and rational inferences by the capital market. Chapter 3 is devoted to earnings quality and earnings quality metrics used in many studies. Chapter 4 studies conservatism in accounting. Finally, the authors examine the interaction between conservatism and earnings management. Each chapter ends with a section containing a summary of the main findings and conclusions.

Download or read book Earnings Management and Its Determinants written by Igor Goncharov and published by Peter Lang Pub Incorporated. This book was released on 2005-01 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent time a number of high-profile accounting scandals highlighted the problem of optimal allocation of savings to investment opportunities. To resolve this problem and to reduce damage caused to stakeholders of a company, it is important to understand the negative implications of earnings management and the conditions under which earnings management occurs. The study begins with the discussion of the earnings quality concept and the summary of prior evidence on the motivations for and the constraints of earnings management. The following empirical analyses shed some light on the effect of accounting standards and competing incentives on the level of earnings management.

Download or read book Earnings Management Constraints and the Use of Non GAAP Earnings Management written by Wenming Kang and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper attempts to shed light upon management choice to engage in earnings management beyond the bounds of Generally Acceptable Accounting Practice. I examine how limitations in accrual earnings management capabilities and unexpected variations in real earnings management can drive more prominent use in non-GAAP earnings management (NGEM). NGEM is approximated using restatements as result of irregularities and AAER enforcements. I have conducted my analyses in three stages. First, I examine a subsample of firms with high probability in engaging in NGEM and conduct a longitudinal analysis on the REM behavior of these firms leading to the period of high probability of restatement. I find that there is indeed more aggressive use of REM leading to the period of high probability of restatement. Next I examined whether firms with unexpected REM fluctuations and constrained AEM behavior are more likely to engage in NGEM behavior. I find weak evidence of constraints in AEM drives NGEM. Finally I examine whether the use of industry specialist auditors can help deter constrained AEM firms from resorting to the use of NGEM. I find no evidence suggesting industry specialist auditors can restrain the use of NGEM for firms with constrained AEM.

Download or read book Business Cycle and Management Earnings Forecasts written by Haiyan Jiang and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the effects of the economic cycle on the properties of management earnings forecasts. Using management forecast data from First Call and the NBER business cycle measure, we document that economic recession is positively associated with forecast frequency and forecast error while is negatively related to forecast precision. We also analyse the effect of managerial incentives during recession, and find that litigation risk negatively affects forecast frequency and forecast error, but the effect of another incentive, capital market transactions, is not consistent across specifications. Our findings provide a broader perspective for assessing the determinants of management earnings forecasts.

Download or read book Looking Forward written by Takato Hiraki and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We examine the pricing implications of management earnings forecasts by taking advantage of the unique corporate disclosure practice in Japan, where listed firms regularly announce earnings forecasts upon requests by stock exchanges and the press. Calendar-time strategies using the forecasted earnings-to-price ratio earns a premium comparable to, and separate from, the value premium based on the book-to-market ratio. The premium is robust to a variety of factor and characteristic controls including realized and forecasted earnings momentum. The result is more consistent with characteristic pricing than factor pricing and challenges risk-based explanation.

Download or read book Dif an an uq q al ins n written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: