Download or read book The contribution of services to development and the role of trade liberalisation and regulation written by and published by Overseas Dev't Institute. This book was released on 2008 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Contribution of Services to Development written by Massimiliano Calì and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Liberalizing Trade in Services written by Bernard M. Hoekman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the World Trade Organization or regional trade agreements, especially the European Union, but an increasing number of papers focus on the impacts of services sector liberalization. This paper surveys the literature, focusing on contributions that investigate the determinants of international trade and investment in services, the potential gains from greater trade (and liberalization), and efforts to cooperate to achieve such liberalization through trade agreements. It concludes that there is increasing evidence that services liberalization is an important source of potential welfare gains, but relatively little research has been done that can inform the design of international cooperation-both trade agreements and development assistance-so as to more effectively promote development objectives.

Download or read book Services Trade Liberalisation written by Motoshige Itō and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Domestic Regulation and Service Trade Liberalization written by Pierre Sauve and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2003-08-29 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trade in services, far more than trade in goods, is affected by a variety of domestic regulations, ranging from qualification and licensing requirements in professional services to pro-competitive regulation in telecommunications services. Experience shows that the quality of regulation strongly influences the consequences of trade liberalization. WTO members have agreed that a central task in the ongoing services negotiations will be to develop a set of rules to ensure that domestic regulations support rather than impede trade liberalization. Since these rules are bound to have a profound impact on the evolution of policy, particularly in developing countries, it is important that they be conducive to economically rational policy-making. This book addresses two central questions: What impact can international trade rules on services have on the exercise of domestic regulatory sovereignty? And how can services negotiations be harnessed to promote and consolidate domestic policy reform across highly diverse sectors? The book, with contributions from several of the world's leading experts in the field, explores a range of rule-making challenges arising at this policy interface, in areas such as transparency, standards and the adoption of a necessity test for services trade. Contributions also provide an in-depth look at these issues in the key areas of accountancy, energy, finance, health, telecommunications and transportation services.

Download or read book Quantifying the Benefits of Liberalising Trade in Services written by and published by OECD. This book was released on 2003 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication contains a selection of papers presented at an OECD expert meeting held to explore fundamental issues for empirical research on trade in services. Such topics as the major barriers to services trade, how liberalisation measures can help contribute to economic growth, and regulatory reform policies are important in order to enable countries to participate effectively in the global trading system and maximise the benefits from GATS negotiations. Ranging from economy-wide empirical assessments to sectoral research, this volume considers empirical research issues, specific data requirements and conceptual challenges, and also identifies priority areas to be addressed.

Download or read book The World Trade Organization and Trade in Services written by Kern Alexander and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2007-12-31 with total page 1024 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World Trade Organisation plays the primary role in regulating international trade in goods, services and intellectual property. Traditionally, international trade law and regulation has been analysed primarily from the trade-in-goods perspective. Services are becoming an important competence for the WTO. The institutional, legal and regulatory influence of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) on domestic economic policymaking is attracting increasing attention in the academic and policymaking literature. The growing importance of services trade to the global economy makes the application of the GATS to trade in services an important concern of international economic policy. The GATS contains important innovations that build on the former GATT and existing WTO/GATT trade regime for goods. This book fills a void in the academic and policymaking literature by examining how the GATS governs international trade in services and its growing impact on the regulatory practice of WTO member states. It offers a unique discussion of the major is-sues confronting WTO member states by analysing the GATS and related international trade issues from a variety of perspectives that include law, political economy, regulation, and business. Moreover, the role of the WTO in promoting liberalised trade and economic development has come under serious strain because of the breakdown of the Doha Development Round negotiations. The book analyses the issues in the Doha services debate with some suggested policy approaches that might help build a more durable GATS framework. The book is a welcomed addition to the WTO literature and will serve as a point of reference for academics, policymakers and practitioners.

Download or read book Services Trade and Growth written by Aaditya Mattoo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The competitiveness of firms in open economies is increasingly determined by access to low-cost and high-quality producer services - telecommunications, transport and distribution services, financial intermediation, etc. This paper discusses the role of services in economic growth, focusing in particular on channels through which openness to trade in services may increase productivity at the level of the economy as a whole, industries and the firm. The authors explore what recent empirical work suggests could be done to enhance comparative advantage in the production and export of services and how to design policy reforms to open services markets to greater foreign participation in a way that ensures not just greater efficiency but also greater equity in terms of access to services.

Download or read book Liberalization of trade in educational service and its impact on the right to education written by Li Zhou and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2006 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1,7, University of Hamburg, language: English, abstract: Education is in itself a fundamental human right. As an important determinant of economic growth and human development, education also constitutes an indispensable means of realizing other human rights, particularly rights associated with employment and social security. With the unleashed force of globalization sweeping all aspects of social and economic life, national governments throughout the world increasingly understand the strategic importance of education in enhancing and maintaining international competitiveness, and its crucial role in developing economic and social viability on the long run. On the other hand, the convergent impacts of globalization also bring new impetus for cross-boarder education, and affect the shape and mode of the operation of national education systems more influentially than ever. Over the last two decades trade in cross-border education has been increasing steadily in all forms: not only the numbers of students enrolled in educational institutions outside their home country has been rapidly increasing, but also more and more education providers operate abroad, providing their educational services to foreign students who remain at home. Accelerated development of the new information and communication technologies also facilitate cross-border education and encourage new forms of educational internationalization. According to the statistics from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), export revenue related to international student mobility amounted to an estimated minimum of US$30 billion in 1998, or 3% of global services exports (OECD, 2004a). With the rapid growth of trade in education, a number of bilateral, regional and multilateral trade agreements and regulations have incorporated provisions on trade and investment in educational services, which all together make up the legal and institutional framework shaping and regulating the liberalization of trade in educational services. Among all the relevant agreements and regulations driving the liberalization process, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) under the World Trade Organization (WTO) regime provides the first multilateral framework for international trade and investment in services, including educational services.

Download or read book Liberalisation and Universal Access to Basic Services written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Access to basic services plays an important role in both individual well-being and a country's economic development. Building on a OECD/World Bank seminar, this volume explores whether and how trade liberalization can contribute to achieving universal service goals and the types of complementary policies required.

Download or read book Services Trade Liberalisation and Tourism Development written by Massimo Geloso Grosso and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Trade in Services written by Greg McGuire and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The service sector is the most important sector for most developed economies being the largest contributor to gross domestic product, production, and employment. Developing economies on the other hand have a comparative advantage in labor services, however, the export of many of these services is limited by many restrictions on the temporary movement of labor imposed through domestic regulation. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the international trade in services focusing on market access in foreign markets. It also explains how developing economies are dealing with the issue of trade restrictions so as to spur development of the service sector.

Download or read book OECD Trade Policy Studies Liberalisation and Universal Access to Basic Services Telecommunications Water and Sanitation Financial Services and Electricity written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2006-10-26 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores whether and how trade liberalisation can contribute to achieving universal service goals in telecommunications, water and sanitation, financial services, and electricity, and the types of complementary policies that may be required.

Download or read book Developing Countries and the Liberalisation of Services written by Commonwealth Secretariat and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Services have become the major engine of growth in developed and developing countries alike. For developing countries opening service markets to international competition leads to concrete and sizeable gains. Liberalisation of services is critical to improving efficiency and stronger commitments in the GATS are seen as a strong signal to attract foreign direct investment in services infrastructure. The report makes a case for both developed and developing countries to co-operate actively in the WTO, to accelerate the momentum behind multilateral services liberalisation. It is a practical resource, particularly for business, private sector bodies and governments in Commonwealth Developing countries.

Download or read book Trade Liberalization written by Romain Wacziarg and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compelling two-volume collection presents the major literary contributions to the economic analysis of the consequences of trade liberalization on growth, productivity, labor market outcomes and economic inequality. Examining the classical theories that stress gains from trade stemming from comparative advantage, the selection also comprises more recent theories of imperfect competition, where any potential gains from trade can stem from competitive effects or the international transmission of knowledge. Empirical contributions provide evidence regarding the explanatory power of these various theories, including work on the effects of trade openness on economic growth, wages, and income inequality, as well as evidence on the effects of trade on firm productivity, entry and exit. Prefaced by an original introduction from the editor, the collection will to be an invaluable research resource for academics, practitioners and those drawn to this fascinating topic.

Download or read book Environmental Goods and Services written by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and published by OECD. This book was released on 2001-07-31 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To what extent are there trade impediments to the transfer and adoption of environmental goods and services? How can these be addressed by global trade negotiations? What is the role of complementary measures in order to ensure "win-win" benefits -- that is promoting both environmental protection and economic growth? And how can developing countries also benefit to ensure a triple -- "win-win-win" -- situation? This book addresses these questions. A key conclusion of the research is the need for policy settings to address both supply and demand-side factors. Indeed supply-side factors, including a diverse and cumulative range of trade barriers are more significant inhibitors of the deployment of technology and service-based solutions to global environmental challenges than has been assumed heretofore. As a new round of services trade negotiations gathers momentum at the World Trade Organisation, and efforts continue to launch a broader WTO Round encompassing tariff negotiations, it is hoped this volume makes a timely contribution to debate on how trade liberalisation can yield concrete results on the journey to sustainable development.

Download or read book Past Liberalization and Future Challenges of Service Trade written by Ishita Chatterjee and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If a government is concerned about this it could require foreign banks to establish local subsidiaries that must satisfy local capital adequacy requirements. But this presupposes that there is effective regulation and an effective regulator that considers the potential effects of different forms of liberalization. Another example is when there are significant rents associated with a certain policies. Regulatory agencies may argue that it is better that these accrue to domestic agents than to foreign firms, even if the latter are more efficient providers of services. The name of the game in trade negotiations is market access: this may easily result in a transfer of rents from local firms to foreign ones if the regulatory regime is not one that ensures markets are contestable. The implication is that broader regulatory reform is in many cases needed to ensure that welfare increases after liberalization. In general, improved prudential and pro-competitive regulation will be necessary to deliver the full benefits of liberalization in sectors such as financial services; basic telecommunications and other network-based services. Thus, attention should focus on strengthening and maintaining a robust capacity to identify, understand and design the domestic regulatory reforms that are needed to enhance the efficiency of services sectors. Addressing regulatory concerns and constraints: Given the importance of regulation as a source of market segmentation, cooperation on regulatory matters is needed for trade agreements to do more than be a mechanism to lock-in applied policies and “harvest” unilateral actions by governments to open markets. One dimension of such cooperation is international assistance for national regulatory reform and strengthening implementing institutions so as to increase the prospects of achieving efficiency and equity objectives. This is a process that takes time and that will benefit substantially from information on the approaches and experiences of other countries that have (had) similar challenges. There is not necessarily any regulatory “best practice” for a sector or cluster of activities - in many cases there will be many options and countries need to figure out the approach most appropriate to their circumstances and needs. Once a reform path has been defined, implementation could be assisted by external assistance from high-income partners in North-South PTAs or development agencies as part of the multilateral “aid for trade” initiative. International dialogue and exchange of information and experiences - as is done through APEC - is another option. While APEC has often been criticized for being a “talking shop” the process has been effective in facilitating learning about country experiences and building trust among governments and regulators from participating countries. Better regulation will often be a precondition for action to open markets to greater competition, as well as for greater trade in instances where recognition of, or convergence in, regulatory norms is required to permit foreign firms to contest the domestic market. Another type of cooperation is between regulators and is explicitly focused on expanding market access opportunities: aiming to address regulatory externalities that impede greater trade in services. The types of externalities that may arise will differ depending on the service activity. More cooperation on prudential regulation may be a precondition for trade in financial services and in information-based services to occur - for example, regulators may need to converge on a set of regulatory or data protection standards and establish that such standards are enforced. Competition agencies may need to have assurances that pro-competitive regulations apply in partner markets to ensure that gains from liberalization are not appropriated by international oligopolies. Particularly important is cooperation between regulatory agencies in host and source countries to allow greater temporary cross-border movement of natural persons that provide services - the experience of a number of successful bilateral labor agreements demonstrates that this is a precondition for arrangements that expand the “circular flow” of people. Mutual recognition of licenses and certification will often be another part of the equation. Sometimes there is no good reason to hold back on liberalization even when regulatory reforms and access widening policies take time to implement. This is true for reforms that are “additive” in that the benefit from trade reform is independent of the benefit from domestic reforms and each can be undertaken separately. Thus, for example, the powerful growth of mobile telephony even in institutionally weak countries like Somalia suggests that there is no economic reason to wait to liberalize until a universal access policy is put in place say in telecommunications. In other cases reforms are “multiplicative” in that a country would benefit more from trade reform if domestic reforms were also implemented (and vice versa), but the order in which the two are implemented does not matter. Thus, regulatory improvements and competition in transport are mutually beneficial but the sequence is probably not critical. However, in a number of situations, “sequences matter” in that if a country implements trade reform before the necessary domestic reform, then the long-term payoffs will be lower than if the opposite sequence had been followed. This can be for both economic and political reasons. In these situations, if the complementary reform cannot be implemented instantaneously, then there is a case for gradual liberalization. For example, in countries like Zambia and South Africa, the failure to introduce full competition in a sector such as telecommunications made it much more difficult to implement effective regulation because of the excessive economic and political power of a monopolistic incumbent. In other sectors the problem has rather been too much competition too early leading to a form of “regulatory overshooting”. For example, allowing new entry in banking without creating a mechanism to sift the sound institutions from the dubious led to disruptions that have had a durable effect on the development of the financial sector in many countries: the once-bitten depositor is skeptical of the benefits of banking and the once-bitten central bank excessively prudent with stability the main concern. The result has been the implementation of excessively stringent regulation that has itself become an impediment to access. Fora for learning and communication: “knowledge platforms”: There are two specific dimensions to the broad challenge of national regulatory cooperation and services policy reform: (i) addressing knowledge gaps - increasing information on regulatory experiences and impacts and identifying alternative options/good practices; and (ii) identifying the impact of - and the options for dealing with - the political economy constraints that impede the implementation of welfare improving reforms. A number of analysts including Geza Feketekuty (2010), one of the “fathers” of the GATS, have suggested that efforts to improve market access opportunities need to be complemented by other approaches. Feketekuty argues for a mechanism to share experiences.