Download or read book The characteristics of American coals in relation to their conversion into clean energy fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels written by William Spackman and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The characteristics of American coals in relation to their conversion into clean energy fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels written by William Spackman and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels Final Report Appendix VIII A USA Coals Samples 357 to 794 written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels Final Report Appendix VIII B USA Coals Samples 798 to 1198 written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The characteristics of american coals in relation to their conversion into clean energy fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels written by W. Spackman and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Penn State/ERDA Coal Sample Bank was expanded to include 201 new coal samples. A total of 68 characterized coal samples and 115 selected printouts of coal data were supplied upon request to the coal research community. Selected chemical and petrographic properties were statistically analyzed for 119 coal channel samples chosen from the Penn State/ERDA Coal Data Base. Installation of the pressurized laminar flow isothermal reactor has begun. Experiments have continued on the combustion pot; the study of the reactivity of a Koppers Company coke is now complete. Studies show that weight changes associated with preoxidation can be precisely measured using a TGA apparatus. Water densities determined on 19 coals were lower when measured in the presence of a wetting agent. Study of the effect of reaction temperature on gasification of Saran carbon in air shows one percent platinum loading on Saran carbon increases gasification rates over the entire range of carbon burn-off. Study of the theoretical aspects of combustion of low volatile fuels was resumed. The computer model was expanded to include the effects of heat loss through the furnace walls and its effect on flame temperature profiles. Investigation of the combustion characteristics of coal-oil-water-air fuel mixtures was continued. Only through the use of non-equilibrium experiments can certain important combustion characteristics be studied, and computerized data acquisition is being developed to fully implement such methods.
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean energy Fuels Final Report 1150 Samples of US Coals written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To further characterize the Nation's coals, the Penn State Coal Sample Bank and Data Base were expanded to include a total of 1150 coal samples. The Sample Bank includes full-seam channel samples as well as samples of lithotypes, seam benches, and sub-seam sections. To the extent feasible and appropriate basic compositional data were generated for each sample and validated and computerized. These data include: proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, sulfur forms analysis, calorific value, maceral analysis, vitrinite reflectance analysis, ash fusion analysis, free-swelling index determination, Gray-King coke type determination, Hardgrove grindability determination, Vicker's microhardness determination, major and minor element analysis, trace element analysis, and mineral species analysis. During the contract period more than 5000 samples were prepared and distributed. A theoretical and experimental study of the pyrolysis of coal has been completed. The reactivity of chars, produced from all ranks of American coals, has been studied with regard to reactivity to air, CO2, H2 and steam. Another area research has concerned the catalytic effect of minerals and various cations on the gasification processes. Combustion of chars, low volatile fuels, coal-oil-water-air emulsions and other subjects of research are reported here. The products of this research can be found in 23 DOE Technical Research Reports and 49 published papers. As another mechanism of technology transfer, the results have been conveyed via more than 70 papers presented at a variety of scientific meetings. References to all of these are contained in this report.
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels Quarterly Technical Progress Report July September 1978 written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Certain important aspects of the chemical and physical composition of American lignite coals are being characterized. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to study the interaction between oxygen and seventeen coal chars (40 x 100 mesh) at 100°C. The same techniques were used to investigate briefly the interaction between air and a highly caking coal at selected isothermal temperatures in the range 100 to 275°C.
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels Quarterly Technical Progress Report October December 1977 written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Penn State/DOE Coal Sample Bank has been expanded. A total of 54 characterized coal samples and 232 selected printouts of coal data were provided upon request to the coal research community. Work has been conducted using nitrogen as a pyrolysis medium at 808°C and seven size grades of the Texas Darco lignite (PSOC-412) as starting material. This work was intended to extend previous work on the effects of particle size on pyrolysis. A study is being made into the effects of low temperature oxidation on the agglomerating properties of caking coals. The effect of preoxidation in air of a highly caking coal at different temperatures on weight loss during pyrolysis up to 1000°C and reactivity of resultant chars to air at 475°C has been investigated. Preoxidation has essentially no effect on weight loss during pyrolysis below 450°C. At higher temperatures, however, preoxidation results in a decrease in weight loss. Preoxidation markedly enhances subsequent char reactivity. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis have been used to study the interaction between oxygen and an unactivated Saran carbon. In the range 125-227°C, chemisorption of oxygen, though the predominant process, is associated with a gasification reaction. The rate of the latter reaction is much higher than extrapolated from the Arrhenius plot in the temperature range 450-550°C. In the temperature range 450-850°C, gasification kinetics have been studied by the TGA technique. Plots of burn-off versus reaction time are linear over the 15-65% burn-off range. The Arrhenius plots consist of three distinct straight lines of different slopes, indicating that the gasification reaction occurs in three different zones.
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels Quarterly Technical Progress Report April June 1977 Coal oil water Slurries written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One hundred and twelve coal samples have been added to the Penn State/ERDA Coal Sample Bank. One hundred and sixty-one sets of analytical data and 45 coal samples were provided upon request to other agencies engaged in coal research. Construction of the pressurized laminar flow isothermal reactor is complete and delivery has been made. Rapid heating of the precursor coal has been found to enhance char reactivity in the case of a North Dakota lignite. The differential scanning calorimetry technique has been used to determine the heat of chemisorption of oxygen on an activated Saran carbon.
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels Quarterly Technical Progress Report October December 1976 16 References written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under Facet I, 49 coal samples have been added to the Penn State/ERDA Sample Bank. Sixty-six characterized coal samples and 734 sets of analytical data were provided upon request to other agencies. Facet IV-A research on reactor development and operation has led to the construction of a cold model for the flow of gases through the combustion pot. Flow analyses indicate that even with relatively slow flows the mainstream flow is turbulent. Methanol and water densities of a series of char samples, studied under Facet IV-B, were found to be quite similar. Deposition of carbon on chars from the cracking of methane results in a reduction of char surface area and open pore volume. Siderite and calcite catalyze the cracking of methane at 900°C. No catalytic activity is evidenced for dolomite, pyrite, illite, quartz, rutile, or kaolinite in this reaction. From a comparison of refractory and water-cooled bottom blocks, under Facet V-A, it was found that even significant changes in the furnace bottom temperature can only cause moderate changes in plane-flame furnace combustion performance.
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels Quarterly Technical Progress Report July September 1976 15 Refs written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under Facet I, 158 coal samples have been added to the Penn State/ERDA Sample Bank. Sixty-nine sets of analytical data and one characterized coal sample were provided upon request to other agencies. Facet IV-A research on reactor development and operation shows that the gasification zone of a fuel bed is not diffusionally controlled. Pyrolysis of pulverized coal occurs under essentially isothermal conditions within the laminar flow furnace. Methanol densities of chars, work on which has recently begun under Facet IV-B, are found to be quite similar to helium densities. Small angle x-ray scattering studies (Facet IV-B) show that the internal pore structure of coal chars changes with rank of the starting coal precursor and the maximum temperature at which the char is prepared. Removal of inorganic impurities from chars by acid washing significantly reduces the extent of carbon deposition as a result of methane cracking. Reactivity and surface area are also affected by mineral matter removal. Furthermore, ion exchange increases char reactivity to steam. Under Facet V-B, the addition of coal to water-oil emulsions has been found to increase the heat absorbed by the water load on the furnace to levels comparable to that of fuel oil no. 2.
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels Quarterly Technical Progress Report January March 1976 2 Appendices 19 Refs Dryflo Separation Tests Data written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Responses to the questionnaire, which was distributed to determine the extent to which the nation's coal seams have been sampled and characterized, are being received. Early comparisons indicate a mathematical relationship between average random reflectance (Rapid Scan) and the mean-maximum reflectance as obtained by standard reflectance analysis. Results obtained so far show support of a diffusion dominance mechanism in the oxidation region of a combustion pot and a chemical kinetic mechanism in the gasification region. Values of reaction rates in coke beds have been calculated from experiments with a fixed bed shaft gasifier. Devolatilization of a North Dakota lignite in a laminar flow reactor and subsequent treatment of the resulting char has shown that weight loss is strongly dependent upon the isothermal decomposition time. Although gasification rates increase with increase in partial pressure of oxygen, the mechanism for gasification of a given char is independent of partial pressure of oxygen. Study of the reactivity of ion-exchanged lignite chars to steam shows that increased heat treatment decreases reactivity and ion exchange increases reactivity. Use of the DSC technique to study the thermal effects involved during chemisorption of oxygen on Saran carbon has yielded information on the activation energy (EA) of the reaction. Work on the infinite parallel plane char combustion computer model has determined that low volatile chars and coals can be suitable fuels if adequate available internal surface area is present.
Download or read book Characteristics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion Into Clean Energy Fuels Quarterly Technical Progress Report July September 1977 Coal fuel Oil water Slurries written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Penn State/ERDA Coal Sample Bank was expanded to include 201 new coal samples. A total of 68 characterized coal samples and 115 selected printouts of coal data were supplied upon request to the coal research community. Selected chemical and petrographic properties were statistically analyzed for 119 coal channel samples chosen from the Penn State/ERDA Coal Data Base. Installation of the pressurized laminar flow isotherml reactor has begun. Experiments have continued on the combustion pot; the study of the reactivity of a Koppers Company coke is now complete. Studies show that weight changes associated with preoxidation can be precisely meausred using a TGA apparatus. Water densities determined on 19 coals were lower when measured in the presence of a wetting agent. Study of the effect of reaction temperature on gasification of Saran carbon in air shows one percent platinum loading on Saran carbon increases gasification rates over the entire range of carbon burn-off. Study of the theoretical aspects of combustion of low volatile fuels was resumed. The computer model was expanded to include the effects of heat loss through the furnace walls and its effect on flame temperature profiles. Investigation of the combustion characteristics of coal-oil-water-air fuel mixtures was continued. Only through the use of non-equilibrium experiments can certain important combustion characteristics be studied, and computerized data acquisition is being developed to fully implement such methods.
