Download or read book Study of a Cold Start Fuel Produced by an Active Vapor Utilization System for Use in Gasoline Powered Vehicles written by John William Crawford and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research focuses on the continuous development of the Active Vapor Recovery System (AVUS) which has the potential to reduce unburned hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles. The AVUS collects, condenses and stores hydrocarbon vapors from the fuel tank and saves them in a pressurized storage tank for later use as a cold starting fuel. This highly volatile starting fuel has the capability to reduce tailpipe emissions that occur during cold starts, as well as evaporative emissions that occur while the vehicle is at rest. Instead of commercial gasoline, the bench top AVUS was run using a five component fuel composed of 25% iso-pentane, 17.5% hexane, 17.5% heptanes, 17.5% toluene, and 22.5% isooctane; as well as an E85 mixture composed of 15% five component fuel and 85% ethanol. The condensate produced from AVUS was then analyzed using simple gas chromatograph techniques and found to have as much as 75% iso-pentane. Such a mixture would be an excellent starting fuel. Successive tests on the same batch of fuel proved that AVUS can produce this starting fuel without depleting the parent fuel of the species needed for non-AVUS starts. Index of refraction and infrared tests were also used in an attempt to establish reliable correlations between the condensate composition, refractive index, and infrared absorption that could be used for onboard analysis of the starting fuel. However, index of refraction results were found to be inconclusive while infrared testing proved to have great potential for determining alcohol concentration.

Download or read book Experimental Study of an Active Vapor Utilization System for Use in Gasoline Powered Vehicles written by Michael Alff and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fuel Modification and Sensing to Improve Cold start and Transient Performance written by Mebougna Laze Drabo and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation describes the continuous development of Active Vapor Utilization System (AVUS) that collects fuel tank vapors for use as a cold-starting fuel. The AVUS system create from normally occurring fuel tank vapors a highly volatile fuel that improves combustion stability and decrease emissions during the starting and warm-up periods. Five specific topics are considered: the first briefly gives a background of the research, the second is to determine the feasibility of the AVUS concept with respect to generating a suitable cold starting fuel from normally occurring tank vapors, the third describes a new technology concept that was proven to be capable of determining a distillation profile of a motor fuel, the fourth is the AVUS's performance with butanol/gasoline blends based fuels, and lastly a flash calculation of a mixture of hydrocarbon is performed using Peng Robinson equation of state and the Rachford-Rice equation. To determine the feasibility of the AVUS concept, the system was run using a commercial gasoline. The condensate produced from the AVUS was then tested and analyzed using ASTM distillation analyzer. The AVUS condensates were found to be extremely more volatile than the parent fuels from which they were derived. Volatility by definition is a measurement of how easily the fuel vaporizes. Knowledge of variation in volatility is essential for eliminating the hydrocarbon emissions. Thus a new sensor concept for in-situ fuel volatility was used to improve the Usability of Liquid Motor Fuel. The technology of this new sensor is based on the principle that at a given temperature, higher volatility can dissipate more energy during nucleate boiling heat transfer than lower volatility fuel. Conversely, lower volatility fuels dissipate more energy during film boiling at a given temperature. To check the performance of the AVUS system with alcohol fuel, the AVUS system was run using butanol blended in amount of 20, 40, 60 and 80 % by volume with gasoline for the subject evaluation. The AVUS condensates generated from the butanol blends, however, exhibited much higher volatility, exceeding that of the straight gasoline. The measured T10 values for the condensates cB20-cB80 were 34 oC - 44 oC. Notably; T50 for the B60 condensate was comparable to that of gasoline. A flash calculation of a mixture of hydrocarbon using the Rachford-Rice equation with the capability of predicting liquid fuel composition has been established throughout in this study. The algorithm has proven to be very effective and relatively precise.

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Study to Quantitatively Analyze Cold Start Emissions for a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine written by Jinghu Hu and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The gasoline direct injection (GDI) technology is a technology with which the gasoline is directly injected in the cylinder. GDI technology has been gaining popularity among vehicle manufacturers due to multiple advantages it presents compared with the port fuel injection technology, and has been widely implemented in the light-duty passenger vehicles on the US market. One weakness of the GDI engine is the excessive hydrocarbon (HC) emission during the cold start, where the engine speed, cylinder and piston top temperature and engine fuel rail pressure are all far from optimal. Given the more stringent Tier 3 HC emissions regulations enforced by United States Environmental Protection Agency and California Air Resources Board, a detailed research on the GDI engine cold start HC emissions was essential to facilitate the compliance with HC emission standards from the modern GDI engines. A novel experimental system was designed, prototyped and installed. The in-house instrumentation and control system was designed based on the National Instruments hardware and aimed to control the Ford 2.0 L GDI engine and realize the engine cold start using custom engine powertrain parameters. The novel gas collection and analysis system was designed and prototyped to allow a cycle-based emission analysis. The entire study was carried out using three steps. First, the validation experiment was conducted to validate whether the designed system hardware and software operated as desired, and to provide some basic qualitative understanding of the GDI engine cold start profiles. Second, the preliminary quantitative analysis was carried out using both gasoline and iso-pentane as fuel to further understand the contributing factors of the cold start HC emissions for GDI engines. In the final step, a parametric study, multiple parametric sweeps were carried out for various powertrain parameters to identify the quantitative effect of each parameter on the engine power output and emission performances respectively. The initial validation experiment results showed that the designed novel experimental system performed as expected, and that HC emissions actually decreased monotonically among the first five firing cycles of the cold start. The preliminary quantitative analysis revealed that for gasoline-fueled cold starts not all the injected fuel was collected in the exhaust gas. The non-collected fuel was potentially due to fuel wall wetting and piston top impingement, which could be the main reason for the HC emissions. The parametric study found that the main contributing factor of the HC emissions for the very first firing cycle was the injected fuel that did not evaporate in time for combustion but still in time for the emissions. The parametric study also found that the HC emissions increased with injected equivalence ratio. The change in fuel rail pressure had a complicated effect on the HC emissions at the first firing cycle. The increase in injection times, from 2 to 4 injections given the same amount of total injected fuel, did improve the fuel evaporation and combustion status, and led to higher power output and lower HC emissions given the same injected fuel mass. The study showed that the key to mitigate the HC emissions during the GDI engine cold start was improving the fuel evaporation and air-fuel profile, so as to minimize the fuel wall wetting and piston top impingement effect

Download or read book Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-06-03 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Various combinations of commercially available technologies could greatly reduce fuel consumption in passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, minivans, and other light-duty vehicles without compromising vehicle performance or safety. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy estimates the potential fuel savings and costs to consumers of available technology combinations for three types of engines: spark-ignition gasoline, compression-ignition diesel, and hybrid. According to its estimates, adopting the full combination of improved technologies in medium and large cars and pickup trucks with spark-ignition engines could reduce fuel consumption by 29 percent at an additional cost of $2,200 to the consumer. Replacing spark-ignition engines with diesel engines and components would yield fuel savings of about 37 percent at an added cost of approximately $5,900 per vehicle, and replacing spark-ignition engines with hybrid engines and components would reduce fuel consumption by 43 percent at an increase of $6,000 per vehicle. The book focuses on fuel consumption-the amount of fuel consumed in a given driving distance-because energy savings are directly related to the amount of fuel used. In contrast, fuel economy measures how far a vehicle will travel with a gallon of fuel. Because fuel consumption data indicate money saved on fuel purchases and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, the book finds that vehicle stickers should provide consumers with fuel consumption data in addition to fuel economy information.

Download or read book Reduction of Hydrocarbons in the Cold Start in an Alcohol Burning Internal Combustion Engine written by Ryan Kyle Gehmlich and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol fuels offer a potential alternative to gasoline in modern spark ignition engines. Benefits include reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, lesser dependence on foreign oil assets, and increased thermal efficiency. However, due to their large latent heats of vaporization and low vapor pressures, it can be difficult to produce a flammable vapor composition during the cold start transient. Various methods have been introduced to compensate for this deficiency when running engines on pure or highly concentrated alcohol fuels. One proposed method is the addition of a hydrogen-rich gas to the intake during the cold start transient to open the flammability limits of the mixture to a wider and more stable range. While several studies have investigated cold start performance and reliability using alcohol fuels, few have measured and reported on the actual engine-out cold start hydrocarbon emissions of systems using alcohol fuels enhanced by hydrogen. A 2-cylinder, 0.745 L 4-stroke engine was modified to run with hydrogen fumigation into a custom mixing chamber and intake manifold. The study compares cold start hydrocarbon emissions performance using ethanol and methanol fuels with and without hydrogen enrichment during the cold start transient. The hydrogen flow rate used for fumigation was 15 SLPM. Using moderately lean cold start calibrations, an average of 36% reductions in hydrocarbon emissions was measured for ethanol and 16% reduction for methanol. Furthermore, nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by 34% for ethanol and 32% for methanol. Carbon monoxide emissions, however, increased by 100% and 21%, respectively. Further leaning of the cold start calibration was found to be possible, which would further reduce both hydrocarbon emissions and carbon monoxide emissions for the alcohol fuels.

Download or read book Modeling and Cold Start in Alcohol fueled Engines written by Anthony J. Markel and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neat alcohol fuels offer several benefits over conventional gasoline in automotive applications. However, their low vapor pressure and high heat of vaporization make it difficult to produce a flammable vapor composition from a neat alcohol fuel during a start under col ambient conditions. Various methods have been introduced to compensate for this deficiency. In this study, we applied computer modeling and simulation to evaluate the potential of four cold-start technologies for engines fueled by near-neat alcohol. The four technologies were a rich combustor device, a partial oxidation reactor, a catalytic reformer, and an enhanced ignition system. We ranked the competing technologies by their ability to meet two primary criteria for cold starting an engine at -25 deg. C and also by several secondary parameters related to commercialization. Our analysis results suggest that of the four technologies evaluated, the enhanced ignition system is the best option for further development.

Download or read book Current Environmental Engineering Summaries written by Engineering Information, Inc and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 1136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Study of the Cold Start Performance Trends of a Chrysler 2 5 Liter Fuel Injected S I Engine Operated on M85 Fuel Using In cylinder Optical Sensors written by James Peter Poorman and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF EXTREME LOW TEMPERATURES UPON COLD STARTING OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINES USING STANDARD GASOLINE written by REX HARRY WHITE (JR) and published by . This book was released on 1952 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book COLD START ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF A DIRECT INJECTION GASOLINE ENGINE written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : In this thesis, two different works related to cold start of a direct-injection (DI) gasoline engine are shown. First, effect of split injection is studied on engine exhaust temperature and hydrocarbon emissions for cold start conditions. Instead of single injection, two injections are done, one injection during the intake stroke and one injection during the compression stroke. Split injection is known to reduce jet wall wetting, thus reducing the hydrocarbon emissions from engine itself. Further, split injection reduces engine cycle-by-cycle variability with respect to the single injection case. Correlations between start of injection for the injection in the intake stroke (SOI), end of injection for the injection in the compression stroke (EOI) and Split Ratio (SR) with Exhaust Temperature (Texh) and engine hydrocarbon emissions are proposed with the help of design of experiments (DOE). These correlations could be used for controlling exhaust temperature during cold start. Second, because of repetitive marshalling of a vehicle, i.e. cold start the engine on the vehicle and drive it a few feet and then turn it off, spark plugs are observed to get fouled. A spark plug is considered to be fouled when the insulator nose becomes coated with a foreign substance including oil, fuel or carbon. This enables the ignition coil voltage to follow along the insulator nose and ground out rather than bridging gap and firing normally. A tool to measure quasi real-time spark plug fouling is proposed in this work, which uses in-cylinder ion data to measure offset voltage which is then used to calculate spark plug shunt resistance. Based on the spark plug shunt resistance, fouling level of the plug can be calculated, and the condition of the plug can be determined.

Download or read book Investigation and Demonstration of a Rich Combustor Cold start Device for Alcohol fueled Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors have completed a study in which they investigated the use of a rich combustor to aid in cold starting spark-ignition engines fueled with either neat ethanol or neat methanol. The rich combustor burns the alcohol fuel outside the engine under fuel-rich conditions to produce a combustible product stream that is fed to the engine for cold starting. The rich combustor approach significantly extends the cold starting capability of alcohol-fueled engines. A design tool was developed that simulates the operation of the combustor and couples it to an engine/vehicle model. This tool allows the user to determine the fuel requirements of the rich combustor as the vehicle executes a given driving mission. The design tool was used to design and fabricate a rich combustor for use on a 2.8 L automotive engine. The system was tested using a unique cold room that allows the engine to be coupled to an electric dynamometer. The engine was fitted with an aftermarket engine control system that permitted the fuel flow to the rich combustor to be programmed as a function of engine speed and intake manifold pressure. Testing indicated that reliable cold starts were achieved on both neat methanol and neat ethanol at temperatures as low as -20 C. Although starts were experienced at temperatures as low as -30 C, these were erratic. They believe that an important factor at the very low temperatures is the balance between the high mechanical friction of the engine and the low energy density of the combustible mixture fed to the engine from the rich combustor.

Download or read book Control Strategy for Hydrocarbon Emissions in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines During Cold start written by Kevin David Cedrone and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gasoline consumption and pollutant emissions from transportation are costly and have serious, demonstrated environmental and health impacts. Downsized, turbocharged direct-injection spark ignition (DISI) gasoline engines consume less fuel and achieve superior performance compared with conventional port fuel injected spark ignition (PFI-SI) engines. Although more efficient, turbocharged DISI engines have new emissions challenges during cold start. DISI fuel injection delivers more liquid fuel into the combustion chamber, increasing the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. The turbocharger slows down activation (warm-up) of the catalytic exhaust after-treatment system. The objective of this research is to find a control strategy that: 1. Accelerates warm-up of the catalyst, and 2. Maintains low emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (UBHCs) during the catalyst warm-up process. This research includes a broad experimental survey of engine behaviour and emission response for a modern turbocharged DISI engine. The study focuses on the idle period during cold-start for which DISI engine emissions are worst. Engine experiments and simulations show that late and slow combustion lead to high exhaust gas temperatures and mass flow rate for fast warm-up. However, late and slow combustion increase the risk of partial-burn misfire. At the misfire limit for each parameter, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Late ignition timing is the most effective way to increase exhaust enthalpy flow rate for fast catalyst warm-up. 2. By creating a favourable spatial fuel-air mixture stratification, split fuel injection can simultaneously retard and stabilize combustion to improve emissions and prevent partial-burn misfire. 3. Excessive trapped residuals from long valve overlap limit the potential for valve timing to reduce cold-start emissions. 4. Despite their more challenging evaporation characteristics, fuel blends with high ethanol content showed reasonable emissions behaviour and greater tolerance to late combustion than neat gasoline. 5. Higher exhaust back-pressure leads to high exhaust temperature during the exhaust stroke, leading to significantly more post-flame oxidation. 6. Post-flame oxidation in the combustion chamber and exhaust system play a critical role in decreasing the quantity of catalyst-in emissions due to hydrocarbons that escape primary (flame) combustion. A cold start strategy combining late ignition, 15% excess air, and high exhaust backpressure yielded the lowest cumulative hydrocarbon emissions during cold start.

Download or read book Cold start Emissions of an SI Engine Using Ethanol gasoline Blended Fuel written by Rong-Horng Chen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Annual Index abstracts of SAE Technical Papers written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Influence of Ambient Temperature and Cold Start on Automobile Fuel Consumption written by Olle Odsell and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: