Download or read book Spatiotemporal Regulation of Non canonical MAPK Signaling written by Chong Wai Tio and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved signaling enzymes that regulate an array of essential cellular processes in eukaryotic cells. Canonical MAPK signaling is defined by a three-tier kinase module in which a dual-specificity MAPK kinase phosphorylates the T-X-Y motif in the activation loop of the MAPK. MAPKs can also be activated by non-canonical signaling pathways, yet relatively little is known about these pathways and how they are controlled. Smk1 is a non-canonically activated MAPK in the yeast S. cerevisiae that is expressed specifically in meiotic cells and controls spore wall morphogenesis. The Smk1 pathway represents an excellent model to study mechanisms that control non-canonical MAPKs in the context of a developmental program. Prior studies demonstrated that the activation loop T in Smk1 (T207) is phosphorylated by the CDK activating kinase, Cak1, and the activation-loop Y (Y209) is autophosphorylated in an intramolecular reaction that requires a meiosis-specific protein, Ssp2. Data presented in this thesis show that Smk1 is almost immediately phosphorylated by Cak1 on T207 when it is produced during meiosis I, yet this early form of Smk1 is inactive and Smk1 is not activated until later in the program. Activation occurs specifically at membranes that surround incipient haploids termed prospore membranes (PSMs) in a switch-like fashion as cells exit meiosis II. This tight spatiotemporal control of Smk1 activation is achieved through Ssp2. The temporal control is achieved by a meiosis-specific translational regulatory pathway that represses SSP2 mRNA until anaphase II, while spatial control is achieved by an amino-terminal domain of Ssp2 that is both necessary and sufficient for PSM targeting. Kinase activation is achieved by Ssp2's carboxy-terminal kinase activating domain (KAD) that activates catalysis by directly binding to Smk1. Ssp2 binding also triggers Smk1 autophosphorylation of Y209. Heterologous expression/reconstitution experiments demonstrate that phosphorylation of SMK1-T207 and Y209 increases Ssp2/Smk1 catalytic activity. These studies also identify Y-X-X-X-S/T-P as the unique phosphorylation consensus motif of Smk1. Together, these data dafine a novel mechanism of non-canonical MAPK activation and provide new insights into how MAPKs are spatiotemporally regulated in the context of a developmental program.

Download or read book Regulation of Non canonical MAP Kinase Signaling written by Gergory Omerza and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are signaling enzymes that control diverse processes in eukaryotic cells including proliferation, differentiation, and development. Many MAPKs are activated through well-studied canonical signaling pathways in which a MAPK kinase phosphorylates a T-X-Y motif in the activation loop of the MAPK. However, MAPKs can also be activated by non-canonical mechanisms. Smk1 is a meiosis-specific MAPK in the yeast S. cerevisiae that controls spore wall morphogenesis. The Smk1 pathway provides a model system to interrogate mechanisms of non-canonical MAPK signaling in the context of a developmental program. Previous genetic studies identified CAK1, AMA1 , IME2 and SSP2 as genes that regulate Smk1. Cak1 is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase. Ama1 is a meiosis-specific targeting factor of the APC/C E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls exit from meiosis II (MII). Ime2 is a meiosis-specific CDK-like kinase. Ssp2 is a meiosis-specific protein required for spore morphogenesis, whose biochemical function has not previously been described. In this thesis we provide evidence for a novel spatiotemporal regulatory mechanism in which Cak1 phosphorylates Smk1 on its activation-loop T (T207) as the meiotic divisions are taking place. Smk1 autophosphorylates its activation-loop Y (Y209) as Ssp2 binds Smk1 at membranes that surround haploid products (prospore membranes; PSMs) during exit from meiosis II. Ssp2/Smk1 complex formation is regulated through multiple mechanisms, preventing premature MAPK activity. First, although both SMK1 and SSP2 are transcriptionally induced as cells enter meiosis I (MI), SMK1 mRNA is translated almost immediately, while SSP2 mRNA is translationally repressed until Ime2 triggers its derepression at MII. Next, Ssp2 localizes to PSMs, but inhibitory phosphates prevent it from binding Smk1. These phosphates are removed during meiotic exit, as PSMs close around each meiotic product in a step that requires Ama1. Finally, dephosphorylated Ssp2 binds Smk1, inducing RRM-like domains in the C-terminus of Ssp2 bind Smk1. Taken together, this work has defined novel mechanisms for spatiotemporally regulating the smk1 MAPK during meiotic development.

Download or read book Innovative Medicine written by Kazuwa Nakao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-13 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to innovative medicine, comprising the proceedings of the Uehara Memorial Foundation Symposium 2014. It remains extremely rare for the findings of basic research to be developed into clinical applications, and it takes a long time for the process to be achieved. The task of advancing the development of basic research into clinical reality lies with translational science, yet the field seems to struggle to find a way to move forward. To create innovative medical technology, many steps need to be taken: development and analysis of optimal animal models of human diseases, elucidation of genomic and epidemiological data, and establishment of “proof of concept”. There is also considerable demand for progress in drug research, new surgical procedures, and new clinical devices and equipment. While the original research target may be rare diseases, it is also important to apply those findings more broadly to common diseases. The book covers a wide range of topics and is organized into three complementary parts. The first part is basic research for innovative medicine, the second is translational research for innovative medicine, and the third is new technology for innovative medicine. This book helps to understand innovative medicine and to make progress in its realization.

Download or read book Stress Activated Protein Kinases written by Francesc Posas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-24 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book leading researchers in the field discuss the state-of-the-art of many aspects of SAPK signaling in various systems from yeast to mammals. These include various chapters on regulatory mechanisms as well as the contribution of the SAPK signaling pathways to processes such as gene expression, metabolism, cell cycle regulation, immune responses and tumorigenesis. Written by international experts, the book will appeal to cell biologists and biochemists.

Download or read book Protein Kinase mediated Decisions Between Life and Death written by Ayse Basak Engin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-04 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protein phosphorylation via protein kinases is an inevitable process that alters physiological and pathological functions of the cells. Thus, protein kinases play key roles in the regulation of cell life or death decisions. Protein kinases are frequently a driving factor in a variety of human diseases including aging and cellular senescence, immune system and endothelial dysfunctions, cancers, insulin resistance, cholestasis and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as bacterial resistance in persistent infections. Recent developments in quantitative proteomics provide important opinions on kinase inhibitor selectivity and their modes of action in the biological context. Protein Kinase-mediated Decisions Between Life and Death aims to have the reader catch insights about up-to-date opinions on “Protein Kinases” related pathways that threaten human health and life. As “Protein Kinases” are related to many health problems, clinicians, basic science researchers and students need this information. Chapter “Signal Transduction in Immune Cells and Protein Kinases” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules written by Sangdun Choi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-15 with total page 6330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this encyclopedia presents over 400 biologically important signaling molecules and the content is built on the core concepts of their functions along with early findings written by some of the world’s foremost experts. The molecules are described by recognized leaders in each molecule. The interactions of these single molecules in signal transduction networks will also be explored. This encyclopedia marks a new era in overview of current cellular signaling molecules for the specialist and the interested non-specialist alike. Currently, there are more than 30,000 genes in human genome. However, not all the proteins encoded by these genes work equally in order to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the important signaling molecules as completely as possible will significantly improve our research-based teaching and scientific capabilities.

Download or read book Dual Specificity Phosphatases From Molecular Mechanisms to Biological Function written by Rafael Pulido and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) constitute a heterogeneous group of protein tyrosine phosphatases with the ability to dephosphorylate Ser/Thr and Tyr residues from proteins, as well as from other non-proteinaceous substrates including signaling lipids. DUSPs include, among others, MAP kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) and small-size atypical DUSPs. MKPs are enzymes specialized in regulating the activity and subcellular location of MAPKs, whereas the function of small-size atypical DUSPs seems to be more diverse. DUSPs have emerged as key players in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, stress response, and apoptosis. DUSPs regulate essential physiological processes, including immunity, neurobiology and metabolic homeostasis, and have been implicated in tumorigenesis, pathological inflammation and metabolic disorders. Accordingly, alterations in the expression or function of MKPs and small-size atypical DUSPs have consequences essential to human disease, making these enzymes potential biological markers and therapeutic targets. This Special Issue covers recent advances in the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of MKPs and small-size atypical DUSPs, and their relevance in human disease.

Download or read book Targeting Developmental Pathways in Inflammation and Disease written by Maria Pia Felli and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-05 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Plant Signaling Molecules written by M. Iqbal R. Khan and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2019-03-15 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant Signaling Molecule: Role and Regulation under Stressful Environments explores tolerance mechanisms mediated by signaling molecules in plants for achieving sustainability under changing environmental conditions. Including a wide range of potential molecules, from primary to secondary metabolites, the book presents the status and future prospects of the role and regulation of signaling molecules at physiological, biochemical, molecular and structural level under abiotic stress tolerance. This book is designed to enhance the mechanistic understanding of signaling molecules and will be an important resource for plant biologists in developing stress tolerant crops to achieve sustainability under changing environmental conditions. Focuses on plant biology under stress conditions Provides a compendium of knowledge related to plant adaptation, physiology, biochemistry and molecular responses Identifies treatments that enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses Illustrates specific physiological pathways that are considered key points for plant adaptation or tolerance to abiotic stresses

Download or read book Regulation of Tissue Responses The TWEAK Fn14 Pathway and other TNF TNFR Superfamily Members that Activate Noncanonical NFkB Signaling written by Linda C. Burkly and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-01-21 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The immune system mediates tissue responses under both physiological and pathological conditions, impacting the inflammatory, fibrogenic and regenerative components. In addition to various leukocyte subsets, it is now recognized that epithelial, endothelial and other non-hematopoietic tissue cell types actively contribute to the interplay shaping tissue responses. Further understanding the molecular pathways and mechanisms mediating these tissue responses is of great interest. In the past decade, TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor, FGF-inducible molecule-14 (Fn14), members of the TNF/TNFR superfamily, have emerged as a prominent molecular axis regulating tissue responses. Generally leukocyte-derived, TWEAK signals through Fn14 which is highly induced in injured and diseased tissues on the surface of parenchymal, stromal and progenitor cells, thereby orchestrating a host of tissue-shaping responses, including inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation or death, and the regulation of progenitor cells. Compelling preclinical results indicate that whereas transient TWEAK/Fn14 activation promotes productive tissue responses after acute injury, excessive or persistent TWEAK/Fn14 activation drives pathological tissue responses, leading to progressive damage and degeneration in target organs of injury, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and cancer. Given that the highly inducible pattern of Fn14 expression is well conserved between mouse and man, the role of TWEAK/Fn14 in human disease is an area of intense investigation. Recent findings have also begun to shed light on how the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway fits into the immune network, interplaying with other well-established pathways, including TNFa, IL-17, IL-13 and TGFb, in regulating tissue responses. The noncanonical nuclear factor kB (NF?B) pathway plays a role in immunity and disease pathologies and appears to be activated by only a subset of TNF/ TNFR superfamily members. Of the various signaling pathways downstream of TWEAK/Fn14, particular attention has been placed on the noncanonical NF?B pathway given that given that TWEAK induces acute activation of canonical NF?B but prolonged activation of noncanonical pathway. Thus dovetailing of the TWEAK/Fn14 axis with noncanonical NF?B pathway activation may be a key mechanism underlying tissue responses. Also of great interest is a deeper understanding of where, when and how tissue responses are regulated by other TNF/ TNFR superfamily members that can signal through noncanonical NF?B. This Research Topic issue will cover: 1. TWEAK/Fn14 pathway biology, role in tissue responses, injury, and disease pathogenesis 2. Role of noncanonical NFkB signaling cascade in tissue responses 3. Translational studies of relevance of TWEAK/Fn14 and noncanonical NFkB in human disease 4. Other TNF superfamily members’ signaling through noncanonical NFkB in the regulation of tissue responses 5. Reviews and Perspectives on the above

Download or read book SALICYLIC ACID written by Shamsul Hayat and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-16 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book “Salicylic acid: A Plant Hormone” was first published in 1997 and was praised for its excellent balance of traditional and modern topics. This time, we're building on the success of the prior edition to provide an even more effective second edition. The present book is comprised of 16 chapters highlighting the updated mechanisms of its biosynthesis, physiological role, its action in response to water deficit, relationship of SA with signal transduction, transport of SA and related compounds. Further, the interplay between environmental signals and SA, its impact on transport and distribution of sugars, salicylic acid mediated stress-induced flowering and some aspects of interplay of SA with JA during the establishment of plant resistance to pathogens with different types of nutrition and participation of peroxidases have also been discussed at length. Potential use of SA in food production and its efficiency on post-harvest of perishable crops as well as practical use of SA are also covered. ​ ​

Download or read book G Protein Coupled Receptors Emerging Paradigms in Activation Signaling and Regulation Part A written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-04-23 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Emerging Paradigms in Activation, Signaling and Regulation, Part A, Volume 337 in the International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology series, reviews and details current advances in cell and molecular biology. The IRCMB series has a worldwide readership, maintaining a high standard by publishing invited articles on important and timely topics that are authored by prominent cell and molecular biologists. This new release includes comprehensive sections on the classical paradigms of GCPR signaling and regulation, the family of small GTPases: Beyond heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR endocytosis: Arrestins, arrestin-like proteins, signaling from internalized G Protein-Coupled Receptors, GPCR kinases, and more. Publishes only invited review articles on selected topics Authored by established and active cell and molecular biologists whose work is drawn from international sources Offers a wide range of perspectives on specific subjects

Download or read book G Protein Pathways Part A Receptors written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2001-10-09 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: G Protein Pathways is the first of three volumes examining the nature of heterotrimeric G proteins. The text takes an integrated approach to studying common experimental questions at many different levels related to G proteins. Methods related to G proteins using molecular modeling, systems biology, protein engineering, protein biochemistry, cell biology, and physiology are all accessible in the same volume. The critically acclaimed laboratory standard for more than forty years, Methods in Enzymology is one of the most highly respected publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and reviewers alike. Now with more than 300 volumes (all of them still in print), the series contains much material still relevant today truly an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life sciences.

Download or read book Focus on Bio Image Informatics written by Winnok H. De Vos and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-20 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Advances Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology focuses on the emerging field of bio-image informatics, presenting novel and exciting ways of handling and interpreting large image data sets. A collection of focused reviews written by key players in the field highlights the major directions and provides an excellent reference work for both young and experienced researchers.

Download or read book PI3K signalling written by Klaus Okkenhaug and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-03-05 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The PI3Ks control many key functions in immune cells. PI3Ks phosphorylate PtdIns(4,5)P2 to yield PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Initially, PI3K inhibitors such as Wortmannin, LY294002 and Rapamycin were used to establish a central role for Pi3K pathway in immune cells. Considerable progress in understanding the role of this pathway in cells of the immune system has been made in recent years, starting with analysis of various PI3K and Pten knockout mice and subsequently mTOR and Foxo knockout mice. Together, these experiments have revealed how PI3Ks control B cell and T cell development, T helper cell differentiation, regulatory T cell development and function, B cell and T cell trafficking, immunoglobulin class switching and much, much more. The PI3Kd inhibitor idelalisib has recently been approved for the treatment of B cell lymphoma. Clinical trials of other PI3K inhibitors in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are also in progress. This is an opportune time to consider a Research Topic considering when what we have learned about the PI3K signalling module in lymphocyte biology and how this is making an impact on clinical immunology and haematology.

Download or read book Zebrafish Medaka and Other Small Fishes written by Hiromi Hirata and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-10 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides cutting-edge studies and technologies using small fishes, including zebrafish, medaka, and other fishes as new model animals for molecular biology, developmental biology, and medicine. It also introduces eccentric fish models that are pioneering new frontiers of biology. Zebrafish and medaka have been developed as lower vertebrate model organisms because these small fish are easy to raise in the laboratory and are useful for the live imaging of the morphology and activity of cells and tissues in intact animals. By virtue of those specific advantages, fish studies have demonstrated the common features of vertebrates and raised further questions toward understanding the mystery of life. The book consists of four parts: “Development and Cell Biology”, “Homeostasis and Reproduction”, “Clinical Models”, and “Eccentric Fish”. Together they describes the core area of small fish study – often considered mere zoology but which is actually proving to be the universal basis of life. Written by leading scientists, the book helps readers to understand small fishes, inspires scientists to utilize small fishes in their studies, and encourages anyone who wants to participate in the large and fantastic world of small fish.

Download or read book Receptor like Kinases in Plants written by Frans Tax and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-21 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sequencing projects have revealed the presence of at least several hundred receptor kinases in a typical plant genome. Receptor kinases are therefore the largest family of primary signal transducers in plants, and their abundance suggests an immense signaling network that we have only just begun to uncover. Recent research findings indicate that individual receptor kinases fulfill important roles in growth and development, in the recognition of pathogens and symbionts or, in a few examples, in both growth and defense. This volume will focus on the roles of receptor kinases, their signaling pathways, and the ways in which these important signaling proteins are regulated.