Download or read book Soot Particles Size and Concentration Determination from a Kerosene Gaseous Oxygen Rocket Plume written by Silvino Silva and published by . This book was released on 1998-12-01 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental investigation was conducted to measure soot properties and concentration, and infrared signature of the plume of a kerosene/ gaseous oxygen rocket motor. Multiple-wavelength measurements were used to obtain soot parameters. It was found that the multiple-wavelength technique appeared to work well for obtaining soot properties and concentration. The results implied that the soot particulate was very porous for the most fuel-rich conditions and became more compact as the 0/F ratio increased.

Download or read book Soot Particle Size and Concentration Determination from a Kerosene gaseous Oxygen Rocket Plume written by Silvino L. C. Silva and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental investigation was conducted to measure soot properties and concentration, and infrared signature of the plume of a kerosene/gaseous oxygen rocket motor. Multiple-wavelength measurements were used to obtain soot parameters. It was found that the multiple-wavelength technique appeared to work well for obtaining soot properties and concentration. The results implied that the soot particulate was very porous for the most fuel-rich conditions and became more compact as the 0/F ratio increased.

Download or read book Rocket Exhaust Plume Phenomenology written by Frederick S. Simmons and published by AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics). This book was released on 2000 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new book deals with the phenomenology of rocket exhaust plumes as the targets of space-based surveillance systems. Topics include the physical and chemical processes in rocket engines and their exhaust plumes, particularly in regard to flow properties, gas dynamics, and radiative mechanisms that are responsible for the generation of emission in rocket exhaust plumes at infrared and other wavelengths. System designers in a number of defense-related areas will be able to put the information in this book to immediate use.

Download or read book Particulate Sizing in Gas Turbine Exhausts Using a Laser Extinction Technique written by Philip H. Turner and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The measurement of soot particulates densities in gas turbine engine and rocket exhausts is an area of continuing scientific investigation. Knowledge of exhaust plume soot concentration and sizing is critical for plume signature determination, currently a focus of theatre ballistic missile defense research. This thesis research investigates the development and initial calibration of an instrument that will determine soot particle densities in an exhaust plume, by measuring the absorbtion of a light beam transmitted through the plume. This instrument utilizes an argon ion laser, four passes through the exhaust plume, and a phase conjugate crystal to correct for aberrations in the transmitted beam. Several aspects of instrument layout and performance were investigated, and an initial calibration against a conventional probe sampling technique was performed, using an ethelyne air combustor as a soot source. While soot concentration measurements obtained with the instrument were internally consistent, the primitive sample probe used limited the opportunity to do an accurate comparison against a conventional method. The method requires further development, but shows significant promise for use in a jet engine test cell.

Download or read book Chance Encounter with a Stratospheric Kerosene Rocket Plume from Russia Over California written by P. A. Newman and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-08 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During a routine ER-2 aircraft high-altitude test flight on April 18, 1997, an unusual aerosol cloud was detected at 20 km altitude near the California coast at about 370 degrees N latitude. Not visually observed by the ER-2 pilot, the cloud was characterized bv high concentration of soot and sulfate aerosol in a region over 100 km in horizontal extent indicating that the source of the plume was a large hydrocarbon fueled vehicle, most likely a launch vehicle powered only by rocket motors burning liquid oxygen and kerosene. Two Russian Soyuz rockets could conceivably have produced the plume. The first was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan on April 6th; the second was launched from Plesetsk, Russia on April 9. Air parcel trajectory calculations and long-lived tracer gas concentrations in the cloud indicate that the Baikonur rocket launch is the most probable source of the plume. The parcel trajectory calculations do not unambiguously trace the transport of the Soyuz plume from Asia to North America, illustrating serious flaws in the point-to-point trajectory calculations. This chance encounter represents the only measurement of the stratospheric effects of emissions from a rocket powered exclusively with hydrocarbon fuel.

Download or read book Retrieval of Flow Field Gas Temperature and Concentration in Low Visibility Propellant Rocket Exhaust Plumes written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Estimates have been obtained for the maximum loading level of particles in two-phase rocket exhaust plumes that still allows a reliable determination of flow-field temperature and active gas distribution using gas- only plume retrieval diagnostics. Spatial profiles of emission and absorption transverse to the plume axis and close to the nozzle exit plane were computed for various plume models using a single-scattering band model that correctly couples gas and particle radiation. Retrieval of radial gas temperature and concentration profiles from these transverse profiles were performed with an iterative Abel inversion algorithm designed for purely gaseous plumes. The retrieved profiles were compared with the model profiles to determine the error introduced by ignoring particle effects in inversion. A first-order method for accounting for particle effects was also examined. Results are presented for modeled tactical rocket plumes for candidate low-visibility propellants containing Al2O3/H2O, Carbon/HCL and ZrO2/H2O as the particulate/gas pairs.

Download or read book Measurement Characterization Identification and Control of Combustion Produced Soot written by Madhu Singh and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The negative health implications associated with combustion produced soot demand identification of contributing sources, quantification and characterization of their emissions to assess its impact, and control to minimize the imposed hazard. Distinguishing different sources of soot from engines and combustors is challenging, given the morphological and chemical similarity of the emitted soot. Leaner combustion conditions and tighter emission limits challenge traditional filter-based measurements for soot mass. Meanwhile, current after-treatment particulate control strategies are based on regeneration, i.e., soot oxidation which in turn depends upon soot nanostructure and composition (such as in a diesel particulate filter). Presently, effects on human health associated with soot exposure are largely correlative, while controlled lab studies predominantly use varied washings or extracts of soot, but rarely the actual particulate. Given the intertwined nature of these topics this dissertation addresses each in an integrated approach. Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is used to determine soot concentration while Time-resolved LII (TiRe-LII) can be used to estimate soot primary particle size largely by using available and appropriate models. The use of laser diagnostics has been used to experimentally demonstrate prevailing inconsistencies between experimentally measured and model-derived particle diameter values. Discrepancies have been attributed (a) to the empiricism associated with evaluating modeling variables and (b) to the lack of proper accountability of the changes in soot nanostructure upon heating with a pulsed laser. This work uses an experimental approach coupled with microscopy to (a) test the robustness of existing LII models and (b) inform existing models of experimental observations so that these can be accounted for in future models. Specifically, the contribution of changing soot nanostructure on laser heating is known and is shown here again with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, the change in soots optical properties because of an altered nanostructure remains unclear. Optical properties change when soot is laser-heated, and this alteration of optical properties upon laser heat treatment has been shown in this work experimentally, by using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Also, the effect of the degree of aggregation on the soots cooling profile is highlighted. This work demonstrates that different degrees of aggregation results in a shift of the time-temperature-history (TTH), thereby resulting in erroneous particle size predictions, which are calculated from the materials TTH. Unfortunately, most models assume point-contacting spheres and aggregation remains unaccounted for. The effect of the thermal accommodation coefficient is similar in that a small change in the value of this mathematical parameter significantly alters particle cooling as simulated here by an open-access simulator, indicating the need to exercise caution when assigning a value to this parameter in the model. While the change in soot nanostructure as a consequence of laser annealing complicates the interpretation from LII measurements, laser heating of soot can reciprocally be used to purposefully study the evolution in soot nanostructure as a function of its chemistry. Soot chemistry varies with its combustion environment, with fuel and combustion conditions specific to each source. Thus, by association, the evolution of soot nanostructure observed upon laser heat treatment can be correlated to its fuel origins and combustion origins, potentially identifying its formation source. Fundamentally, the presence of oxygen in nascent soot is identified here as a key compositional parameter. The increase in oxygen content of the fuel, as diesel is blended with increased proportions of biofuel, is correlated to increased oxygen content in the soot that is generated by the respective fuel. In other words, fuel with a higher oxygen content generates soot which also has oxygen content relatively higher than soot generated by fuel with low oxygen content. This work shows that oxygen dictates the evolution of soot nanostructure when it escapes the material upon laser heat treatment. When laser heated, the nanostructure of soot with a higher oxygen content evolves as hollow-shell like structures while nanostructure of soot with a low oxygen content evolves to show a ribbon-like interior. This divergence in soot nanostructure based on the oxygen content of nascent soot, which in turn is shown to be a function of the fuel composition, could be used to identify the source that generated the soot sample studied. Given the lack of availability of authentic soot samples, the combination of laser heat treatment and TEM of soot to identify fuel or source is powerful when sample quantities are in the range of less than a few nanograms. Being able to identify sources and their contributions using laser derivatization of soot as a diagnostic can help optimize new or existing control measures to reduce the concentration of atmospheric soot. For instance, diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are used to reduce diesel soot emissions. Effective protocols for DPF operation can be developed by understanding soot nanostructure changes as captured soot is oxidized during passive and active DPF regeneration. Typically, O2, NO2 or a combination of the two oxidants are encountered during DPF regeneration. In this work, soot nanostructure has been shown to vary with the order of oxidants to which it is exposed, a significant finding towards optimizing DPF filter regeneration protocols. The study has been performed on authentic diesel soot in a thermogravimetric analyzer under conditions mimicking active and passive regeneration in a DPF. To validate observations with diesel soot, three carbon blacks with varying nanostructure are also subjected to oxidation by O2 and NO2. The intriguing result is that order of oxidation matters, i.e., the oxidation rates are dependent upon nanostructure changes in response to oxidation by O2 alone, or O2 with NO2.Prolonged exposure to particulate matter causes unwanted ill-health, lung dysfunctions, and breathing problems. Most toxicity studies are done using a washing, or an extract of the organic fraction of soot and cells are exposed to this extract. This work tests the adverse effect of soot on human (male) lung cells when these are exposed to surrogate soot as is, i.e., structure and chemistry intact to mimic real-time exposure conditions. The impact of soot chemistry and the presence of acidic functional groups on lung epithelial cells for varying exposure times is demonstrated in our collaborative work with the College of Medicine at Penn State, Hershey, PA. Soot chemistry is shown to directly and adversely impact cell viability and mRNA expressions of the IL-1B and IL-6 cytokines as well as mRNA expression of the TLR4 protein. Specifically, cell viability was shown to reduce significantly after 6- and 24-hours of exposure to carboxylic groups on the soot, thereby demonstrating the health impact of soot surface chemistry in comparison to extracts.In summary, soot measurement, its extensive characterization to identify source contributions and develop practically applicable control strategies has a direct implication on our health and surroundings and can aid in promoting a healthy living environment.

Download or read book Fundamentals of Rocket Propulsion written by DP Mishra and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-20 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book follows a unified approach to present the basic principles of rocket propulsion in concise and lucid form. This textbook comprises of ten chapters ranging from brief introduction and elements of rocket propulsion, aerothermodynamics to solid, liquid and hybrid propellant rocket engines with chapter on electrical propulsion. Worked out examples are also provided at the end of chapter for understanding uncertainty analysis. This book is designed and developed as an introductory text on the fundamental aspects of rocket propulsion for both undergraduate and graduate students. It is also aimed towards practicing engineers in the field of space engineering. This comprehensive guide also provides adequate problems for audience to understand intricate aspects of rocket propulsion enabling them to design and develop rocket engines for peaceful purposes.

Download or read book Applied Mechanics Reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1036 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energetic Materials written by Ulrich Teipel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-03-06 with total page 643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incorporation of particular components with specialized properties allows one to tailor the end product's properties. For instance, the sensitivity, burning behavior, thermal or mechanical properties or stability of energetic materials can be affected and even controllably varied through incorporation of such ingredients. This book examines particle technologies as applied to energetic materials such as propellants and explosives, thus filling a void in the literature on this subject. Following an introduction covering general features of energetic materials, the first section of this book describes methods of manufacturing particulate energetic materials, including size reduction, crystallization, atomization, particle formation using supercritical fluids and microencapsulation, agglomeration phenomena, special considerations in mixing explosive particles and the production of nanoparticles. The second section discusses the characterization of particulate materials. Techniques and methods such as particle size analysis, morphology elucidation and the determination of chemical and thermal properties are presented. The wettability of powders and rheological behavior of suspensions and solids are also considered. Furthermore, methods of determining the performance of particular energetic materials are described. Each chapter deals with fundamentals and application possibilities of the various methods presented, with particular emphasis on issues applicable to particulate energetic materials. The book is thus equally relevant for chemists, physicists, material scientists, chemical and mechanical engineers and anyone interested or engaged in particle processing and characterization technologies.

Download or read book 41st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Exhibit written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Smell of Kerosene written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2022-11-13 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book puts the reader in the pilot's seat for a "day at the office" unlike any other. The Smell of Kerosene tells the dramatic story of a NASA research pilot who logged over 11,000 flight hours in more than 125 types of aircraft. Donald Mallick gives the reader fascinating first-hand description of his early naval flight training, carrier operations, and his research flying career with NASA. After transferring to the NASA Flight Research Center, Mallick became involved with projects that further pushed the boundaries of aerospace technology. These included the giant delta-winged XB-70 supersonic airplane, the wingless M2-F1 lifting body vehicle, and triple-sonic YF-12 Blackbird. Mallick also test flew the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle and helped develop techniques used in training astronauts to land on the Moon.

Download or read book Chemical Rocket Propulsion written by Luigi T. De Luca and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-19 with total page 1069 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developed and expanded from the work presented at the New Energetic Materials and Propulsion Techniques for Space Exploration workshop in June 2014, this book contains new scientific results, up-to-date reviews, and inspiring perspectives in a number of areas related to the energetic aspects of chemical rocket propulsion. This collection covers the entire life of energetic materials from their conceptual formulation to practical manufacturing; it includes coverage of theoretical and experimental ballistics, performance properties, as well as laboratory-scale and full system-scale, handling, hazards, environment, ageing, and disposal. Chemical Rocket Propulsion is a unique work, where a selection of accomplished experts from the pioneering era of space propulsion and current technologists from the most advanced international laboratories discuss the future of chemical rocket propulsion for access to, and exploration of, space. It will be of interest to both postgraduate and final-year undergraduate students in aerospace engineering, and practicing aeronautical engineers and designers, especially those with an interest in propulsion, as well as researchers in energetic materials.

Download or read book Combustion of Energetic Materials written by Kenneth K. Kuo and published by Begell House Publishers. This book was released on 2002 with total page 1114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited book contains state-of-the-art information associated with energetic material combustion. There are twelve topical areas, including: Reaction Kinetics of Energetic Materials (Solid, Liquid, and Gel Propellants); Recycling of Energetic Materials; Combustion Performance of Hybrid and Solid Rocket Motors; Ignition and Combustion of Energetic Materials; Energetic Material Defects and Rocket Engine Flowfields; Metal Combustion; Pyrolysis and Combustion Processes of New Ingredients and Applications; Theoretical Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Combustion Processes of Energetic Materials; Combustion Diagnostic Techniques; Propellant and Rocket Motor Stability; Commercial Applications of Energetic Materials (Airbags, Gas Generators, etc.); and Thermal Insulation and Ablation Processes.

Download or read book Modern Engineering for Design of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines written by Dieter K. Huzel and published by AIAA. This book was released on 1992 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book International Aerospace Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 980 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Understanding Aerospace Chemical Propulsion written by H. S. Mukunda and published by . This book was released on 2017-02-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores aeronautical and space chemical propulsion. The book provides an understanding of propulsion systems through illustrative description of the systems; analysis of modeled systems; examination of the performance of real systems in this light; and a comparative assessment of aeronautical and space propulsion system elements.