Download or read book Regulatory Roles of Long Non coding RNA Genes in Cellular Identity and Complex Traits written by Olivia Mae de Goede and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genomic research primarily focuses on protein-coding genes, due to their obvious functional relevance and the well-defined relationships between DNA variation and protein sequence. However, most disease-associated variants are not in protein-coding sequences. This has led to much investigation of non-coding variation as it relates to protein-coding gene processing, but there is also a need to examine non-coding transcripts, and their roles in cellular function and trait outcomes. This dissertation contributes to the latter goal through studies of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes, which are genes that produce RNAs > 200 nucleotides long that are not translated into proteins. There are several examples of lncRNAs with key regulatory roles in processes such as dosage compensation (XIST), embryonic development (HOTAIR), and the immune response (NEAT1). However, it is still unclear how many lncRNA genes are functional, how many are byproducts of surrounding active gene expression, and how many are just transcriptional noise. The objective of this dissertation is to progress our understanding of non-coding genes through both broad analyses of the interplay between genetic variation and lncRNA expression patterns, followed by focused analyses of the involvement of candidate lncRNAs in immune response and other complex traits. In Chapter 2, I use the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) version 8 data to establish hallmarks of lncRNA gene expression and regulation and identify lncRNAs with robust complex trait associations. In Chapter 3, I examine the effects of the anti-inflammatory mouse lncRNA NeST on gene expression and chromatin accessibility in murine T cells. Finally, in Chapter 4, I profile lncRNA expression patterns in bulk purified immune cell populations, explore the regulatory patterns of the human NEST gene in these cell types, and evaluate this gene's possible relevance to autoimmune diseases. The findings and approaches described in this dissertation add to the existing annotation of functional lncRNA genes, and can help frame future studies of non-coding gene expression.
Download or read book Regulatory Roles of Long Non coding RNA Genes in Cellular Identity and Complex Traits written by Olivia M. de Goede and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genomic research primarily focuses on protein-coding genes, due to their obvious functional relevance and the well-defined relationships between DNA variation and protein sequence. However, most disease-associated variants are not in protein-coding sequences. This has led to much investigation of non-coding variation as it relates to protein-coding gene processing, but there is also a need to examine non-coding transcripts, and their roles in cellular function and trait outcomes. This dissertation contributes to the latter goal through studies of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes, which are genes that produce RNAs >200 nucleotides long that are not translated into proteins. There are several examples of lncRNAs with key regulatory roles in processes such as dosage compensation (XIST), embryonic development (HOTAIR), and the immune response (NEAT1). However, it is still unclear how many lncRNA genes are functional, how many are byproducts of surrounding active gene expression, and how many are just transcriptional noise. The objective of this dissertation is to progress our understanding of non-coding genes through both broad analyses of the interplay between genetic variation and lncRNA expression patterns, followed by focused analyses of the involvement of candidate lncRNAs in immune response and other complex traits. In Chapter 2, I use the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) version 8 data to establish hallmarks of lncRNA gene expression and regulation and identify lncRNAs with robust complex trait associations. In Chapter 3, I examine the effects of the anti-inflammatory mouse lncRNA NeST on gene expression and chromatin accessibility in murine T cells. Finally, in Chapter 4, I profile lncRNA expression patterns in bulk purified immune cell populations, explore the regulatory patterns of the human NEST gene in these cell types, and evaluate this gene's possible relevance to autoimmune diseases. The findings and approaches described in this dissertation add to the existing annotation of functional lncRNA genes, and can help frame future studies of non-coding gene expression.
Download or read book Long Non coding RNA written by Antonin Morillon and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-02-01 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dark side of the genome represents vast domains of the genome that are not encoding for proteins – the basic bricks of cellular structure and metabolism. Up to 98% of the human genome is non-coding and produces so-called long non-coding RNA. Some of these non-coding RNA play fundamental roles in cellular identity, cell development and cancer progression. They are now widely studied in many organisms to understand their function. This book reviews this expanding field of research and present the broad functional diversities of those molecules and their putative fundamental and therapeutic roles and develops the recent history of non-coding RNA, their very much debated classification and how they raise a formidable interest for developmental and tumorigenesis biology. Using classical examples and an extensive bibliography, the book illustrates the most studied and attractive examples of these long non-coding RNA, how they interface with epigenetics, genome integrity and expression and what are the current models of their regulatory mechanisms. This book offers a large review about the long non-coding RNA It presents the broad functional diversities of those molecules It presents pioneer works from the field Provides a comprehensive review of the field Presents fundamental and therapeutic interests
Download or read book The Chemical Biology of Long Noncoding RNAs written by Stefan Jurga and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-01 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of various aspects of long non-coding RNAs. It discusses their emerging significance in molecular medicine, ranging from human cancers to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Transcriptomic studies have demonstrated that the majority of genomes found in complex organisms are expressed in highly dynamic and cell-specific patterns, producing huge numbers of intergenic, antisense and intronic long non-protein-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Thousands of lncRNAs have been identified, and unlike mRNA, they have no protein-coding capacity. A large repertoire of ncRNAs, actively transcribed from the mammalian genome, control diverse cellular processes, both in terms of development and diseases, through a variety of gene regulatory mechanisms. IncRNAs have emerged as a new paradigm in epigenetic regulation of the genome. Given its scope, the book will be of particular interest to molecular, chemical, cell and developmental biologists, as well as specialists in translational medicine involved in disease-oriented research. It also offers a valuable resource for in silico experts seeking a deeper understanding of lncRNA expression and function through computational analysis of the NGS data.
Download or read book Untranslated Gene Regions and Other Non coding Elements written by Lucy W. Barrett and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-26 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is now compelling evidence that the complexity of higher organisms correlates with the relative amount of non-coding RNA rather than the number of protein-coding genes. Previously dismissed as “junk DNA”, it is the non-coding regions of the genome that are responsible for regulation, facilitating complex temporal and spatial gene expression through the combinatorial effect of numerous mechanisms and interactions working together to fine-tune gene expression. The major regions involved in regulation of a particular gene are the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions and introns. In addition, pervasive transcription of complex genomes produces a variety of non-coding transcripts that interact with these regions and contribute to regulation. This book discusses recent insights into the regulatory roles of the untranslated gene regions and non-coding RNAs in the control of complex gene expression, as well as the implications of this in terms of organism complexity and evolution.
Download or read book Plant Long Non Coding RNAs written by Julia A. Chekanova and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2019-04-20 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on various approaches to studying long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), including techniques for finding lncRNAs, localization, and observing their functions. The chapters in this book cover how to catalog lncRNAs in various plant species; determining subcellular localization; protein interactions; structures; and RNA modifications. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and innovative, Plant Long Non-Coding RNAs: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource that aids researchers in understanding the functions of lncRNAs in different plant species, and helps them explore currently uncharted facets of plant biology.
Download or read book Non Coding RNAs written by Lütfi Tutar and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an attractive research field in the RNA world. ncRNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in animals, plants, and various human diseases. It is clear that current and further research on ncRNAs will change our knowledge of the nature of genome composition by editing previous dogmas. This book provides an overview of current knowledge on ncRNA research by dealing with miRNA and ncRNA-related human diseases, plant miRNA markers, and the roles of lncRNAs in cancer and epigenetics.
Download or read book Long Non Coding RNAs written by Durdica Ugarkovic and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-02-01 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), tentatively defined as ncRNAs of more than two hundred nucleotides in length, are characterized by the complexity and diversity of their sequences and mechanisms of action. Based on genome-wide studies, more than 3,300 of them exist, but to date only the limited number of functional lncRNAs have been identified and characterized. Nonetheless, lncRNAs have emerged as key molecules involved in the control of transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene regulatory pathways. They take part in the recruitment of chromatin modifying complexes and regulate splicing, localization, stability and translation of the target mRNAs. This book provides an overview of the rapidly advancing field of long ncRNAs, describing the epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms by which they regulate various biological functions in model systems, from yeast to mammals. The role of ncRNAs in sex chromosome dosage compensation in flies and mammals is described, as well as their role in centromere and telomere biology. Long non-coding RNAs involved in environmental stress response and development are presented and their mechanisms of action discussed.
Download or read book Non coding RNA and the Reproductive System written by Dagmar Wilhelm and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-11 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the role and function of regulatory RNAs that lack protein-coding potential in key reproductive tissues. This includes the role of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Through clear, detailed and comprehensive debate, international leading experts discuss the role these novel regulators in normal development of sexual dimorphisms, including the differentiation of ovaries and testes, the genital tract including prostate, epididymis and uterus, as well as mammary glands. In addition, particular attention is paid on their role in pathophysiological processes within the reproductive tract. The power of next generation sequencing has proved to be an invaluable tool to discover new non-coding RNAs. While the identification of non-coding RNA is relatively easy, analysing their function represents still a challenge today. In this book, authors present historical and conceptual background information, highlight the ways in which non-coding RNAs function is analysed and present their vision of the future research in their key research area.
Download or read book Long Non Coding RNA Biology written by M.R.S. Rao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This contributed volume offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of the various aspects of long non-coding RNAs and discusses their emerging significance. Written by leading experts in the field, it motivates young researchers around the globe, and offers graduate and postgraduate students fascinating insights into genes and their regulation in eukaryotes and higher organisms.
Download or read book Molecular Function and Regulation of Non coding RNAs in Multifactorial Diseases written by Mohammadreza Hajjari and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-12-14 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of multifactorial diseases such as diabetes, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer has been greatly advanced. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), generally including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, have recently been found to have potential roles in these diseases, and provide new opportunities for developing both specific biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, the molecular function and regulation of these RNAs still remains challenging. Numerous studies are focusing on this field in order to fully appreciate the role and regulation of these molecules in human medicine and biology. This e-book aims to bring together new findings on Non-coding RNAs in different complex diseases. It will highlight the characterization, roles, mechanism, and mode of action of these RNAs in complex disorders. We believe that the publications on this topic would be exponentially extended in future. The improved approaches at multiple levels may pave the way for designing and applying new biomarker and therapeutic targets for specific diseases based on these attractive molecules.
Download or read book RNA Exosome written by Torben Heick Jensen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-29 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diversity of RNAs inside living cells is amazing. We have known of the more “classic” RNA species: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA for some time now, but in a steady stream new types of molecules are being described as it is becoming clear that most of the genomic information of cells ends up in RNA. To deal with the enormous load of resulting RNA processing and degradation reactions, cells need adequate and efficient molecular machines. The RNA exosome is arising as a major facilitator to this effect. Structural and functional data gathered over the last decade have illustrated the biochemical importance of this multimeric complex and its many co-factors, revealing its enormous regulatory power. By gathering some of the most prominent researchers in the exosome field, it is the aim of this volume to introduce this fascinating protein complex as well as to give a timely and rich account of its many functions. The exosome was discovered more than a decade ago by Phil Mitchell and David Tollervey by its ability to trim the 3’end of yeast, S. cerevisiae, 5. 8S rRNA. In a historic account they laid out the events surrounding this identification and the subsequent birth of the research field. In the chapter by Kurt Januszyk and Christopher Lima the structural organization of eukaryotic exosomes and their evolutionary counterparts in bacteria and archaea are discussed in large part through presentation of structures.
Download or read book Non Coding RNAs written by Jan Barciszewski and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-08-31 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: General inspection of a role performed in the cell by RNAs allows us to distinguish three major groups of transcripts: I. protein-coding mRNAs, II. non-coding housekeeping and III. regulatory RNAs. The housekeeping RNAs include RNA classes that are generally, constitutively expressed and whose presence is required for normal function and viability of the cells. On the other hand, a group of regulatory RNAs includes RNA species that are expressed at certain stages of organism development or cell differentiation or as a response to external stimuli and can affect expression of other genes on the levels of transcription or translation. Non-coding RNA transcripts form a heterogeneous class of RNAs that can not be characterized by a single specific function. Initially, the term non-coding RNA (ncRNA) was used primarily to describe polyadenylated and a capped eukaryotic RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II, but lacking long open reading frames. Now, this definition can be extended to cover all RNA transcripts that do not show protein-coding capacity and is sometimes used to describe any RNA that does not encode protein, including introns. This book is an in-depth look at the function of Non-Coding RNAs and their relationship to Molecular Biology and Molecular Biology.
Download or read book Human Polygenic Diseases written by Dragani and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-07-01 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Human Polygenic Diseases - Animal Models" deals with the emerging role of complex genetic factors in the pathogenesis of common diseases. These diseases include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cancer, and cause a large fraction of morbidity and death. Complex genetic factors are difficult to study in humans, and this book will give the reader a concise view of the major experimental models of polygenic inheritance of predisposition to diseases. It emphasizes the use of models as tools for understanding the basis of the complex genetics of human diseases. This timely publication can be used as both a reference tool and as a textbook for specialized university courses. It should be of interest to those involved in basic research in animal genetics, molecular genetics, human genetics, and medicine.
Download or read book Long Noncoding RNAs in Plants written by Santosh Kumar Upadhyay and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-11-13 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growth of human population has increased the demand for improved yield and quality of crops and horticultural plants. However, plant productivity continues to be threatened by stresses such as heat, cold, drought, heavy metals, UV radiations, bacterial and fungal pathogens, and insect pests. Long noncoding RNAs are associated with various developmental pathways, regulatory systems, abiotic and biotic stress responses and signaling, and can provide an alternative strategy for stress management in plants. Long Noncoding RNAs in Plants: Roles in development and stress provides the most recent advances in LncRNAs, including identification, characterization, and their potential applications and uses. Introductory chapters include the basic features and brief history of development of lncRNAs studies in plants. The book then provides the knowledge about the lncRNAs in various important agricultural and horticultural crops such as cereals, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and fiber crop cotton, and their roles and applications in abiotic and biotic stress management. Includes the latest advances and research in long noncoding RNAs in plants Provides alternative strategies for abiotic and biotic stress management in horticultural plants and agricultural crops Focuses on the application and uses of long noncoding RNAs
Download or read book Regulatory Non Coding Rnas written by Anna Robinson and published by Syrawood Publishing House. This book was released on 2023-09-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non coding RNAs (ncRNAs) consist of a large portion of poly-A tailed mature RNAs. They are single stranded molecules, which are involved in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a cell. There are two types of ncRNAs, which are regulatory ncRNAs and infrastructural ncRNAs. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are the four types of regulatory ncRNAs. The expression of thousands of genes is regulated through ncRNAs and this regulation can take place in either cis or trans. NcRNAs must be integrated into regulatory networks for the identification of molecular driver events. The two largest members of the ncRNA family, which includes long non coding RNA (lncRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA), play significant regulatory roles in gene expression. They are also involved in a variety of physiological processes including programmed cell death. This book unravels the recent studies on non coding RNA biology. It attempts to understand the regulation of non coding RNAs. For all those who are interested in ncRNAs, it can prove to be an essential guide.
Download or read book Cancer Genomics written by Hui Ling and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery of microRNA (miRNA) involvement in cancer a decade ago, and the more recent findings of long non-coding RNAs in human diseases, challenged the long-standing view that RNAs without protein-coding potential are simply “junk” transcription within the human genome. These findings evidently changed the dogma that “DNA makes RNA makes protein” by showing that RNAs themselves can be essential regulators of cellular function and play key roles in cancer development. MiRNAs are evolutionarily conserved short single-stranded transcripts of 19–24 nucleotides in length. They do not code for proteins, but change the final output of protein-coding genes by regulating their transcriptional and/or translation process. Ultraconserved genes (UCGs) are non-coding RNAs with longer length (>200bp) that are transcribed from the ultraconserved genomic region. Both miRNAs and UCGs are located within cancer-associated genomic regions (CAGRs) and can act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. In this chapter, we present principles and concepts that have been identified over the last decade with respect to our understanding of the function of non-coding RNAs, and summarize recent findings on the role of miRNAs and UCGs in cancer development. Finally, we will conclude by discussing the translational potential of this knowledge into clinical settings such as cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
