Download or read book Regulation of the Antibody Response by Transcription Factors Scaffold Proteins and MicroRNAs written by Clayton Alexander White and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation (SHM), class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and plasma cell differentiation are critical for the maturation of antibody responses to foreign and self-antigens. These processes are coordinated by a complex interplay of genetic programs, macromolecular assemblies of proteins and epigenetics. When dysregulated, these powerful processes can manifest in autoimmunity and cancer. By careful analysis of genetic knockouts, I have discovered a novel role for the Rev1 translesion DNA synthesis polymerase as a scaffold protein in the process of CSR, whereby it recruits another critical component, Ung, to switch regions through the Rev1 non-catalytic domain. Building upon previous work in the lab, I analyzed the contribution of the transcription factor HoxC4, which we had previously found regulates AID expression, to disease in lupus-prone MRL/Faslpr/lpr mice. I found that in both lupus patients and lupus-prone MRL/Faslpr/lpr mice, there is significant upregulation of AID and HoxC4. I demonstrated that HoxC4 deficiency reduced AID expression, impaired CSR, decreased serum anti-dsDNA autoantibodies and significantly reduced interchromosomal translocations, which are a source of cancer in these mice. The emerging knowledge of the importance of epigenetics in the development and function of the immune response, as well as in disease, caused me to screen epigenetic compounds for their involvement in antibody responses. I found that histone deacetylase inhibitors were potent inhibitors of the antibody and autoantibody responses in normal C57BL/6 mice and MRL/Faslpr/lpr mice. I discovered a mechanism by which HDIs directly upregulate microRNAs that target key genes of the antibody response in B cells to inhibit CSR, SHM and plasma cell differentiation. This treatment resulted in amelioration of disease and extension of lifespan in lupus-prone mice. Further, these inhibitors demonstrated similar effects on human B cells, suggesting that they may be useful in treating human disease. My studies shed light on the multiple levels of regulation that control the antibody response and demonstrate a viable class of therapeutic candidates for treating diseases that result from aberrant antibody responses.
Download or read book Developmental Timing written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-09-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume of Current Topics in Developmental Biology covers developmental timing, with contributions from an international board of authors. The chapters provide a comprehensive set of reviews covering such topics as the timing of developmental programs in Drosophila, temporal patterning of neural progenitors, and environmental modulation of developmental timing.
Download or read book Transcriptional Control of Lineage Differentiation in Immune Cells written by Wilfried Ellmeier and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-02 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insights into the regulation of immune cell lineage differentiation and specification as well as into the control of lineage integrity, stability and plasticity are of fundamental importance to understanding innate and adaptive immune responses. In this volume, leading experts provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of recent advances in the transcriptional control mechanisms and transcription factor networks that regulate these processes in a variety of different immune cell lineages. The chapters cover the regulation of T versus B cell lineage choice, discuss early B cell development and pre-B cell leukemia prevention, address transcriptional control mechanisms during the differentiation, in regulatory T cells and iNKT cells, detail genomic switches in helper cell fate choice and plasticity and highlight the role of the BTB-zinc finger family of transcription factors in T cells. Moreover, the chapters discuss transcriptional networks in DCs, NK cells and in innate lymphoid cells. Together, the reviews illustrate key transcriptional control mechanisms that regulate the development and function of immune cells and demonstrate the impressive advances made over the last decade.
Download or read book Biochemistry written by John T. Tansey and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-07-15 with total page 994 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochemistry: An Integrative Approach with Expanded Topics is addressed to premed, biochemistry, and life science majors taking a two-semester biochemistry course. This version includes all 25 chapters, offering a holistic approach to learning biochemistry. An integrated, skill-focused approach to the study of biochemistry and metabolism Biochemistry integrates subjects of interest to undergraduates majoring in premed, biochemistry, life science, and beyond, while preserving a chemical perspective. Respected biochemistry educator John Tansey takes a unique approach to the subject matter, emphasizing problem solving and critical thinking over rote memorization. Key concepts such as metabolism, are introduced and then revisited and cross-referenced throughout the text to establish pattern recognition and help students commit their new knowledge to long-term memory. As part of WileyPLUS, Biochemistry includes access to video walkthroughs of worked problems, interactive elements, and expanded end-of-chapter problems with a wide range of subject matter and difficulty. Students will have access to both qualitative and quantitative worked problems, and videos model the biochemical reasoning students will need to master. This approach helps students learn to analyze data and make critical assessments of experiments—key skills for success across scientific disciplines. Introduces students in scientific majors to the basics of biochemistry and metabolism Integrates and synthesizes topics throughout the text, allowing students to learn through repetition and pattern recognition Emphasizes problem solving and reasoning skills essential to life sciences, including data analysis and research assessment Provides access to video walkthroughs of worked problems, interactive features, and additional study material through WileyPLUS This volume covers DNA, RNA, gene regulation, synthetic proteins, omics, plant biochemistry, and more. With this text, students studying a range of disciplines are empowered to develop a lasting foundation in biochemistry and metabolism that will serve them as they advance through their careers.
Download or read book Epigenetics of B Cells and Antibody Responses written by Paolo Casali and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-04-12 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene activity that are heritable but not caused by changes in the DNA sequence. By modulating gene activities, epigenetic changes regulate cell functions. They include DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications and gene silencing by the action of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs. It is now clear that epigenetic changes regulate B cell development. By acting in concert with networks of transcription factors, they modulate the activation of B cell lineage specific gene programs and repress inappropriate gene transcription in particular B cell differentiation states.
A hallmark of B cell development in the bone marrow is the assembly of the B cell receptor (BCR) for antigen through rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) chain V(D)J genes, as mediated by RAG1/RAG2 recombinases. Ig V(D)J rearrangement critically times the progression from pro-B cell to pre-B cell and, finally, mature B cell. Such progression is modulated by epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications, that increase chromatin accessibility and target RAG/RAG2 to V, D and J DNA. It is also dependent on the expression of multiple microRNAs. Mice deficient in Ago2, which is essential for microRNA biogenesis and function, have B cell development blocked at the pro-B cell stage. In agreement with this, B cell specific ablation of microRNA by B cell-specific knockout of Dicer virtually blocks B cell differentiation at the pro-B to pre-B cell transition.
After mature B cells encounter antigen, changes of the epigenetic landscape are induced by the same stimuli that drive the antibody response; such epigenetic changes underpin the maturation of the antibody response itself. They instruct those B cell differentiation processes, somatic hypermutation (SHM), class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and plasma cell differentiation, that are central to the maturation of the antibody response as well as differentiation of memory B cells. Inducible histone modifications, together with DNA methylation and microRNAs modulate the transcriptome, particularly the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), central to SHM and CSR, and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), which is central to plasma cell differentiation.
Combinatorial histone modifications also function as histone codes in the targeting of the CSR and, possibly, the SHM machinery to the Ig locus by recruiting specific adaptors (histone code readers) that can in turn target and/or stabilize CSR/SHM factors. Epigenetic alterations in memory B cells contribute to their functionally distinction from their naive counterparts. Memory B cells inherit epigenetic information from their precursors and acquire new epigenetic marks, which make these resting B cells poised to promptly respond to antigen. The cross/feedback regulation of different epigenetic modifications/elements further increases the complexity of the B cell epigenome, which interacts with the genetic information for precise modulation of gene expression. It is increasingly evident that epigenetic dysregulation in B cells, including aberrant expression of microRNAs, can result in aberrant antibody responses to microbial pathogens, emergence of pathogenic autoantibodies or B cell neoplastic transformation. Epigenetic marks are potential targets for new therapeutics in autoimmunity and B cell malignancy.
Download or read book MicroRNA Profiling written by Sweta Rani and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-28 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition provides updated and comprehensive methods on miRNA biogenesis and their role in the development and progression of various human diseases. Chapters detail miRNA biogenesis, isolating RNA, extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating miRNAs, analyzing miRNA and miRDeep-P2, protocols for total RNA isolation from cells, cell-derived products, isolation and characterization of exosomes, serum, plasma specimens, and software tools. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, MicroRNA Profiling: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to provide comprehensive and accessible methods to undergraduate, graduate, and established scientist.
Download or read book Regulation by non coding RNAs Volume 1 written by Nicholas Delihas and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 837 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in IJMS
Download or read book Oncoimmunology written by Laurence Zitvogel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-13 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, leading experts in cancer immunotherapy join forces to provide a comprehensive guide that sets out the main principles of oncoimmunology and examines the latest advances and their implications for clinical practice, focusing in particular on drugs with FDA/EMA approvals and breakthrough status. The aim is to deliver a landmark educational tool that will serve as the definitive reference for MD and PhD students while also meeting the needs of established researchers and healthcare professionals. Immunotherapy-based approaches are now inducing long-lasting clinical responses across multiple histological types of neoplasia, in previously difficult-to-treat metastatic cancers. The future challenges for oncologists are to understand and exploit the cellular and molecular components of complex immune networks, to optimize combinatorial regimens, to avoid immune-related side effects, and to plan immunomonitoring studies for biomarker discovery. The editors hope that this book will guide future and established health professionals toward the effective application of cancer immunology and immunotherapy and contribute significantly to further progress in the field.
Download or read book Diagnostic Prognostic and Therapeutic Value of Gene Signatures written by Antonio Russo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-03 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gene expression studies have revealed diagnostic profiles and upregulation of specific pathways in many solid tumors. The explosion of new information in gene expression profiling could potentially lead to the development of tailored treatments in many solid tumors. In addition many studies are ongoing to validate these signatures also in predicting response to hormonal, chemotherapeutic and targeted agents in breast cancer as well as in other tumors. Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Value of Gene Signatures provides readers a useful and comprehensive resource about the range of applications of microarray technology in oncological diseases. Topics covered include gene signatures and soft tissue sarcomas, prognostic relevance of breast cancer signatures, gene expression profiling of colorectal cancer and liver metastasis, gene signatures in GISTs, CNVs and gene expression profiles in pancreatic cancer, and gene signatures in head/neck, lung and gastric tumors. Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Value of Gene Signatures will be of great value to residents and fellows, physicians, pathologists and medical oncologists.
Download or read book Non coding RNAs and Inter kingdom Communication written by Ana Lúcia Leitão and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-26 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a state-of-the-art compilation of articles on the role of non-coding RNAs as pivotal molecules for establishing functional relationships between different organisms. It also describes how non-coding RNA molecules can act as dynamic communication devices and how they modulate the interaction between different kingdoms. It describes examples including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and higher organisms such as protozoa that are involved in pathogenic or symbiotic interactions, and the roles of different families of non-coding RNAs within these relationships. Each chapter provides readers molecular and functional insights, breaking down the subjacent mechanisms and exploring their functional implications and future applications. More than sixty years after the foundation of the “RNA tie club” by George Gamow, new roles for non-coding RNA molecules are starting to be revealed.
Download or read book Regulation of immune system cell functions by protein kinase C written by Noah Isakov and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-11-11 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family of Ser/Thr kinases are encoded by nine distinct but closely related genes, which give rise to more than 12 different protein isoforms via a mechanism of alternative RNA splicing. Most PKC proteins are ubiquitously expressed and participate in a plethora of functions in most cell types. A majority of PKC isoforms is also expressed in cells of the immune system in which they are involved in signal transduction downstream of a range of surface receptors, including the antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes. PKC proteins are central to signal initiation and propagation, and to the regulation of processes leading to immune cell proliferation, differentiation, homing and survival. As a result, PKC proteins directly impact on the quality and quantity of immune responses and indirectly on the host resistance to pathogens and tendency to develop immune deficiencies and autoimmune diseases. A significant progress was made in recent years in understanding the regulation of PKC enzymes, their mechanism of action and their role in determining immunocyte behavior This volume reviews the most significant contributions made in the field of immune cell regulation by PKC enzymes. Several manuscripts are devoted to the role of distinct PKC isoforms in the regulation of selected immunocyte responses. Additional manuscripts review more general mechanisms of regulation of PKC enzymes, either by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or controlled proteolysis, or by interaction with different binding proteins that may alter the conformation, activity and subcellular location of PKC. Both types of mechanisms can introduce conformational changes in the molecule, which may affect its ability to interact with cofactors, ATP, or substrates. This topic will be followed by a discussion on the positive and negative impact of individual PKC isoforms on cell cycle regulation. A second section of this volume concentrates on selected topics relevant to role of the novel PKC isoform, PKC-theta, in T lymphocyte function. PKC-theta plays important and some non-redundant roles in T cell activation and is a key isoform that recruits to the immunological synapse - the surface membrane area in T cells that comes in direct contact with antigen presenting cells. The immunological synapse is formed in T cells within seconds following the engagement of the TCR by a peptide-bound MHC molecule on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. It serves as a platform for receptors, adaptor proteins, and effector molecules, which assemble into multimolecular activation complexes required for signal transduction. The unique ability of PKC-theta to activate the NF-kB, AP-1 and NF-AT transcription factors is well established, and recent studies contributed essential information on the mechanisms involved in the recruitment of PKC-theta to the center of the immunological synapse and the nature of its substrates and the role of their phosphorylated forms in signal transduction. Additional review manuscripts will describe the unique behavior of PKC-theta in regulatory T cells and its role in the regulation of other cell populations, including those of the innate immune response. This volume brings together leading experts from different disciplines that review the most recent discoveries and offer new perspectives on the contributions of PKC isoforms to biochemical processes and signaling events in different immune cell populations and their impact on the overall host immune response.
Download or read book Textbook of Aging Skin written by Miranda A. Farage and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-02 with total page 1255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive ‘Major Reference Book’ compiles all current and latest information on aging skin in a two-volume set. Highly structured with a reader-friendly format, it covers a wide range of areas such as basic sciences, the different diseases and conditions which occur with aging (from malignant to non-malignant), the latest techniques and methods being used such as bioengineering methods and biometrics as well as toxicological and safety considerations for the elderly population. It also illustrates the global consumers’ sociological and psychological implications, ethnicity and gender differences and includes marketing considerations for this elderly group. This unique and comprehensive guide will become the main reference textbook on this topic.
Download or read book Photomorphogenesis in Plants written by Richard E. Kendrick and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1994 with total page 868 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: David Dickinson is a household name, the king of the catchphrase, undisputed darling of daytime TV and a rising star. He's a respected antiques expert and exudes a taste for the finer things in life. But the road to his success has not been as smooth as his patter and he's learnt a lot at the school of hard knocks.
Download or read book Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine written by Yannis Dionyssiotis and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-06-13 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spinal cord injury is a severe condition leading to serious neurological dysfunctions and changes a person's life in a sudden way. Understanding the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury will improve the prognosis and reintegration to the society of spinal cord-injured subjects. The book Essentials in Spinal Cord Injury Medicine includes seven chapters with valuable information addressing hot topics related to spinal cord injury, ranging from pathophysiology, nontraumatic spinal cord injury, complications to exoskeletons, and research therapies with mesenchymal stem cells. The book could be a valued reference for physiatrists, neurosurgeons, orthopedic surgeons, neurologists and physical therapists.
Download or read book Tumor Microenvironment and Cellular Stress written by Constantinos Koumenis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-23 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The collection of chapters in this proceeding volume reflects the latest research presented at the Aegean meeting on Tumor Microenvironment and Cellular Stress held in Crete in Fall of 2012. The book provides critical insight to how the tumor microenvironment affects tumor metabolism, cell stemness, cell viability, genomic instability and more. Additional topics include identifying common pathways that are potential candidates for therapeutic intervention, which will stimulate collaboration between groups that are more focused on elucidation of biochemical aspects of stress biology and groups that study the pathophysiological aspects of stress pathways or engaged in drug discovery.
Download or read book MicroRNAs in Cancer written by Cesar Lopez-Camarillo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-02-22 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MicroRNA (miRNA) biology is a cutting-edge topic in basic as well as biomedical research. This is a specialized book focusing on the current understanding of the role of miRNAs in the development, progression, invasion, and metastasis of diverse types of cancer. It also reviews their potential for applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and th
Download or read book Advances and challenges in the detection and treatment of pathogenic microorganisms in infectious disease control written by Jun Feng and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-07-04 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
