Download or read book The Age of Culpability written by Gideon Yaffe and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why be lenient towards children who commit crimes? Reflection on the grounds for such leniency is the entry point into the development, in this book, of a theory of the nature of criminal responsibility and desert of punishment for crime. Gideon Yaffe argues that child criminals are owed lesser punishments than adults thanks not to their psychological, behavioural, or neural immaturity but, instead, because they are denied the vote. This conclusion is reached through accounts of the nature of criminal culpability, desert for wrongdoing, strength of legal reasons, and what it is to have a say over the law. The centrepiece of this discussion is the theory of criminal culpability. To be criminally culpable is for one's criminal act to manifest a failure to grant sufficient weight to the legal reasons to refrain. The stronger the legal reasons, then, the greater the criminal culpability. Those who lack a say over the law, it is argued, have weaker legal reasons to refrain from crime than those who have a say. They are therefore reduced in criminal culpability and deserve lesser punishment for their crimes. Children are owed leniency, then, because of the political meaning of age rather than because of its psychological meaning. This position has implications for criminal justice policy, with respect to, among other things, the interrogation of children suspected of crimes and the enfranchisement of adult felons.
Download or read book Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility in the ACT written by YourSay and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Discussion Paper written by Australian Capital Territory. Justice and Community Safety Directorate and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility in the ACT written by YourSay Community Panel (A.C.T.) and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Introduction to Forensic Psychology written by Stacey L. Shipley and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-07-10 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edition of Introduction to Forensic Psychology has been completely restructured to map to how courses on forensic psychology are taught, and features more figures, tables, and text boxes, textbook pedagogy. Uniquely. this book offers equal representation of criminal behavior, the court systems, and law enforcement/prisons. It also has equal representation of criminal and civic forensics and of issues pertaining to adults and children. new coverage of emerging issues in forensic psychology expanded case illustrations and vignettes, practice and ethics updates, and international trends new "key issue" overviews, boldface terms and concepts, and chapter reviews expanded coverage of corrections for juveniles.
Download or read book Reforming Juvenile Justice written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-05-22 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.
Download or read book Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility written by Brendan Gogarty and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Children s Rights and the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility written by Don Cipriani and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-23 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children of almost any age can break the law, but at what age should children first face the possibility of criminal responsibility for their alleged crimes? This work is the first global analysis of national minimum ages of criminal responsibility (MACRs), the international legal obligations that surround them, and the principal considerations for establishing and implementing respective age limits. Taking an international children's rights approach, with a rich theoretical framework and the vitality of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, this work maintains a critical perspective, such as in challenging the assumptions of many children's rights scholars and advocates. Compiling the age limits and statutory sources for all countries, this book explains the broad historical origins behind most of them, identifying the recurring practical challenges that affect every country and providing the first comprehensive evidence that a general principle of international law requires all nations, regardless of their treaty ratifications, to establish respective minimum age limits.
Download or read book The Criminal Responsibility of Children and Young Persons written by Wayne Thomas Crofts and published by Dartmouth Publishing Company. This book was released on 2002 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By noting the strikingly different ages at which a child can be deemed criminally responsible in the English and German legal systems, Thomas Crofts explores the notion of doli incapax, that is the incapability of forming a guilty mind.
Download or read book Raising the Age of Criminal Responsibility written by Australian Capital Territory and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Young Adult Offenders written by Friedrich Lösel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-07-26 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This latest volume in the Cambridge Criminal Justice Series focuses upon young adults and their treatment in the criminal justice system. The subject is very topical because there is increasing evidence that a rigid distinction between ‘youth’ and ‘adulthood’ is not appropriate in modern societies. For example, important developmental tasks such as finishing one’s education, finding regular work and the foundation of one’s own family are now completed later than in former times; neuropsychological brain functions are still developing beyond age 18; and desistance from criminal offending occurs most rapidly in early adulthood. Despite such evidence, the United Kingdom and other countries have largely neglected policies for young adult offenders in comparison with young people under 18. Although there seems to be no general transnational solution for this problem, there is a clear need for differentiation. This book brings together leading authorities in the field to analyse theoretical, empirical and policy issues relating to this neglected group of people, exploring different approaches to both crime prevention and offender treatment. It will be of interest to researchers, practitioners and policy makers in the fields of criminology, criminal justice, prisons, probation, forensic psychology and psychiatry, sociology, education and social work.
Download or read book Arguments for Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility written by Chris Cunneen and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides arguments for raising the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR). Nationally the minimum age is 10 years old. Some Australian states set the MACR at 10 years in the mid-to late1970s (Queensland (1976), NSW (1977) and South Australia (1979)). However, only since the early 2000s has there been a uniform approach to the MACR in all Australian jurisdictions. The paper provides a number of reasons for raising the age: international comparisons; the protection of children's rights; the limited ability of the common law doctrine of doli incapax to protect young children; child developmental arguments and issues of mental illness and cognitive impairment; the over-representation of children in out-of-home-care among young children in the juvenile justice system, criminological arguments relating to the failure of an approach that relies on criminalisation and imprisonment; and the views of juvenile justice practitioners. In addition, this paper argues that a low MACR adversely affects Indigenous children who comprise the majority of children under the age of 14 years who come before youth courts in Australia and are sentenced to either youth detention or a community-based sanction.
Download or read book Kids Will be Kids written by Rachel Phillips Gandy and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The federal government draws the boundary between childhood and adulthood at age 18 for activities such as casting a ballot, joining the military, buying a cigarette, and serving time in adult prisons. Texas, however, defies this guideline in one significant respect. Here, the age of criminal responsibility is 17 years old. Thus, Texas lawmakers consider 17-year-olds mature enough to serve time in adult prisons but too immature to sit on the juries that send them there. The departure of Texas statute from federal policies ignores the science of brain development and contradicts cost-benefit analyses. Most importantly, the Texas law jeopardizes the lives of vulnerable youth and fails to improve public safety within local communities. Though the vast majority of arrested 17-year-olds commit minor crimes, the consequences of an adult conviction are far from minor. This report examines the impacts of treating 17-year-olds as adults in the criminal justice system. Impacts include higher risks of physical and sexual victimization, psychological trauma, developmental delays, and long-run economic losses. Together, these effects reach far beyond a teenager’s stay in prison to inflict damage across families, communities, and generations of Texans. Fortunately, there is a better way to manage 17-year-olds who are highly susceptible to the negative impacts of incarceration. In recent years, several states raised their ages of criminal responsibility to divert teens away from the dangers of adult correctional facilities. These states then experienced three levels of benefits: 1. Micro-level improvements to each teenager’s neurological and psychosocial development; 2. Mezzo-level public safety advantages; and 3. Macro-level increases to state and county coffers. This report analyzes the benefits that teens, communities, and budgets could accrue by aligning Texas’ age of criminal responsibility with federal standards. Finally, the report outlines practical recommendations for raising the age of criminal responsibility in Texas. Only then will vulnerable 17-year-olds receive the protection and opportunities that they require to become productive community residents.
Download or read book Internet Law in China written by Guosong Shao and published by Chandos Publishing. This book was released on 2012-03-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, structured, and up-to-date introduction to the law governing the dissemination of information in a computer-mediated world in China, Internet Law in China stresses the practical applications of the law that are encountered by all individuals and organizations in Chinese cyberspace, but always in the light of theoretical underpinnings. Among the overarching topics treated in the Chinese context are the following: intellectual property protection in cyberspace; privacy of communication and data privacy; electronic contract forming and electronic signature; personal, domestic and international jurisdiction; and free expression in cyberspace. This book is particularly valuable to legal, business, and communication professionals, academics, and students concerned with the regulation of the Internet and related activities in China. It is the first book to focus solely on Chinese Internet law.
Download or read book Juvenile Crime Juvenile Justice written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-06-05 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even though youth crime rates have fallen since the mid-1990s, public fear and political rhetoric over the issue have heightened. The Columbine shootings and other sensational incidents add to the furor. Often overlooked are the underlying problems of child poverty, social disadvantage, and the pitfalls inherent to adolescent decisionmaking that contribute to youth crime. From a policy standpoint, adolescent offenders are caught in the crossfire between nurturance of youth and punishment of criminals, between rehabilitation and "get tough" pronouncements. In the midst of this emotional debate, the National Research Council's Panel on Juvenile Crime steps forward with an authoritative review of the best available data and analysis. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents recommendations for addressing the many aspects of America's youth crime problem. This timely release discusses patterns and trends in crimes by children and adolescentsâ€"trends revealed by arrest data, victim reports, and other sources; youth crime within general crime; and race and sex disparities. The book explores desistanceâ€"the probability that delinquency or criminal activities decrease with ageâ€"and evaluates different approaches to predicting future crime rates. Why do young people turn to delinquency? Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents what we know and what we urgently need to find out about contributing factors, ranging from prenatal care, differences in temperament, and family influences to the role of peer relationships, the impact of the school policies toward delinquency, and the broader influences of the neighborhood and community. Equally important, this book examines a range of solutions: Prevention and intervention efforts directed to individuals, peer groups, and families, as well as day care-, school- and community-based initiatives. Intervention within the juvenile justice system. Role of the police. Processing and detention of youth offenders. Transferring youths to the adult judicial system. Residential placement of juveniles. The book includes background on the American juvenile court system, useful comparisons with the juvenile justice systems of other nations, and other important information for assessing this problem.
Download or read book Offenders in Juvenile Court written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The New Youth Justice written by Barry Goldson and published by Russell House Publishing Limited. This book was released on 2000 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text provides an analysis of the most recent developments in state policy response to youth crime, in tandem with the implementation of the far-reaching provision of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998.
