Download or read book Quantifying the Effects of Freeze thaw Processes on Riverbank Erosion in the White Clay Creek Watershed Pa written by Zachary Cannon and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Subaerial erosion of riverbank sediments in the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States is of particular concern with regard to sediment supply and water quality. One process heretofore understudied in this region that may play a role in erosion is the freezing and thawing of riverbank sediments, a process that occurs repeatedly as a consequence of the region's temperate winters. Over the last two years, observations of needle, segregated, and pore-space ice on riverbanks of the White Clay Creek suggest that the region's silty and sandy soils are prone to riverbank erosion and sediment entrainment related to soil freeze-thaw processes. Prior studies have acknowledged that soil freeze-thaw likely contributes to riverbank erosion but without direct quantification. To better understand the climatic conditions driving these processes and to attempt to quantify their effect on sediment erosion, an array of techniques were employed, including measurement of near-surface temperature and soil water content, erosion pins, and close-range digital photogrammetry surveying to monitor change over days to weeks for two vertical riverbanks. Through the winters of 2017 to 2019, periods of rapid freezing followed by significant thawing of water-saturated banks were repeatedly observed. The applied photogrammetry surveying techniques allowed for topographic models with sufficient resolution to quantify centimeter-scale retreat and expansion over the course of freeze-thaw events, fluxes which were validated by traditional erosion pin surveying measurements. These observations help to quantify the heretofore underestimated importance of soil freeze-thaw processes to an overall sediment budget. Additionally, the techniques presented herein lay the groundwork for further study to examine the contribution of freeze-thaw cycling to overall bank erosion rates for the White Clay Creek.
Download or read book Riverbank Erosion Rates in the White Clay Creek Watershed PA written by Kristen McCarthy and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The supply of sediment to stream channels and estuaries is currently a concern in the Christina River basin. The goal of this study is to provide one component of the sediment budget for the White Clay Creek watershed, a primary watershed in the Christina basin, by quantifying the rates of stream bank erosion and factors that control bank erosion rates. At carefully chosen field sites, bank erosion rates have been estimated using historical aerial imagery and exposed tree root dendrochronology techniques. To explain variations in measured bank erosion rates, a variety of controls are considered including riparian vegetation, near-bank velocity, bank material strength, and the effects of freeze-thaw processes. Results show that for banks with a considerable number of riparian trees the bank erosion rates stay below 12.5 cm/yr, while banks with either no trees, smaller trees, or a small number of trees have erosion rates that vary from 9.9 cm/yr to 36.1 cm/yr. No correlation can be found between near-bank velocity or bank strength versus erosion rates, and the same applies for those sites not dominated by riparian trees. There seems to be some correlation between the material in the basal layer of the bank and bank erosion rates with an average bank erosion rate of 17.0 cm/yr for banks with a basal layer of mostly mud, and 9.5 cm/yr for banks with a basal layer of mostly sand and gravel. The results of this study will later be used to estimate bank erosion rates for the entire White Clay Creek watershed.
Download or read book Soil Freeze Thaw Effects on Bank Erosion and Stability Connecticut River Field Site Norfolk Vermont written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bank recession resulting from surficial erosion and mass failure is a consequence of hydraulic forces and geotechnical processes. One important set of geotechnical processes in regions where seasonal frost forms is soil freeze-thaw (FT) cycling and associated ground-ice growth and melt. In cold regions soil FT processes usually cause more bank recession annually than other processes. The magnitude of FT effects is variable, depending on soil type, water content, and freezing rate. The banks along the Connecticut River at Norwich, Vermont are unstable and receding in certain locations. A 40-m-long segment of unstable east-facing bank was selected for intensive monitoring along with nearby north- and south-facing bank locations. This technical note documents our field observations, measurements, and analysis encompassing three years of monitoring. Our data acquisition equipment, focusing on FT processes, was installed in November through December 2002, and data collection continued through July 2005. The primary purposes of the field program were to evaluate: 1) the depth and duration of soil FT, and the effect of orientation and soil moisture on these parameters, 2) the effects of FT on soil strength and erosional processes, 3) the timing and depth of any slope failures of the east-facing bank, and 4) the hypothesis of soil FT as a primary contributor to slope failure. Results indicate that bank orientation and soil moisture can have dramatic effects on the depth, extent, and duration of soil freezing. FT of the monitored banks generally affected the soil to a depth of 0.75 m below the surface. The shallow nature of the bank erosion at this site is consistent with FT weakening of near surface soils. Subsequent rainfall and runoff are then able to readily move these sediments down slope causing progressive bank recession.
Download or read book Soil Freeze thaw Effects on Bank Erosion and Stability written by Michael G. Ferrick and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Impact of Scale on River Bank Erosion Processes written by Neil Maxwell Harris and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling Winter Hydrological Processes Under Differing Climatic Conditions written by Shuhui Dun and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Processes and Mechanisms of River Bank Erosion written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book River Ice Breakup written by S. Beltaos and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The breakup of a river ice cover can be both fascinating and perilous, owing to ever-changing ice conditions and dynamic processes that sometimes lead to extreme flood events caused by ice jams. Though much progress has been made recently in the study of ice jams, less has been achieved on the more general, and more complex, problem of how to predict the entire breakup process, from the first ice movement to the last ice effect on river stage. This type of knowledge is essential to determining when and where ice jam threats may develop and when they may release and generate steep flood waves that can trigger ice runs and jamming further downstream. In turn, such understanding is invaluable to natural hazard reduction, ecosystem conservation and protection, and adaptation to climatic impacts. This book combines the existing information, previously scattered in various journals, conference proceedings, and technical reports. It contains contributions by several authors to achieve a comprehensive and balanced coverage, including qualitative and quantitative descriptions of relevant physical processes, forecasting methods and flood-frequency assessments, as well as ecological impacts and climatic considerations. The book should be of interest to readers of different backgrounds, both beginners and specialists. -- Publisher's website.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Geomorphology written by Richard John Huggett and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2011-03-15 with total page 909 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively revised, restructured, and updated edition continues to present an engaging and comprehensive introduction to the subject, exploring the world’s landforms from a broad systems perspective. It covers the basics of Earth surface forms and processes, while reflecting on the latest developments in the field. Fundamentals of Geomorphology begins with a consideration of the nature of geomorphology, process and form, history, and geomorphic systems, and moves on to discuss: structure: structural landforms associated with plate tectonics and those associated with volcanoes, impact craters, and folds, faults, and joints process and form: landforms resulting from, or influenced by, the exogenic agencies of weathering, running water, flowing ice and meltwater, ground ice and frost, the wind, and the sea; landforms developed on limestone; and landscape evolution, a discussion of ancient landforms, including palaeosurfaces, stagnant landscape features, and evolutionary aspects of landscape change. This third edition has been fully updated to include a clearer initial explanation of the nature of geomorphology, of land surface process and form, and of land-surface change over different timescales. The text has been restructured to incorporate information on geomorphic materials and processes at more suitable points in the book. Finally, historical geomorphology has been integrated throughout the text to reflect the importance of history in all aspects of geomorphology. Fundamentals of Geomorphology provides a stimulating and innovative perspective on the key topics and debates within the field of geomorphology. Written in an accessible and lively manner, it includes guides to further reading, chapter summaries, and an extensive glossary of key terms. The book is also illustrated throughout with over 200 informative diagrams and attractive photographs, all in colour.
Download or read book Modeling and Practice of Erosion and Sediment Transport under Change written by Mohamed Meddi and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-09-17 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate and anthropogenic changes impact the conditions of erosion and sediment transport in rivers. Rainfall variability and, in many places, the increase of rainfall intensity have a direct impact on rainfall erosivity. Increasing changes in demography have led to the acceleration of land cover changes in natural areas, as well as in cultivated areas, and, sometimes, in degraded areas and desertified landscapes. These anthropogenized landscapes are more sensitive to erosion. On the other hand, the increase in the number of dams in watersheds traps a great portion of sediment fluxes, which do not reach the sea in the same amount, nor at the same quality, with consequences on coastal geomorphodynamics. This book is dedicated to studies on sediment fluxes from continental areas to coastal areas, as well as observation, modeling, and impact analysis at different scales from watershed slopes to the outputs of large river basins. This book is concentrated on a number of keywords: “erosion” and “sediment transport”, “model” and “practice”, and “change”. The keywords are briefly discussed with respect to the relevant literature. The contributions in this book address observations and models based on laboratory and field data, allowing researchers to make use of such resources in practice under changing conditions.
Download or read book Sampling Surface and Subsurface Particle size Distributions in Wadable Gravel and Cobble bed Streams for Analyses in Sediment Transport Hydraulics and Streambed Monitoring written by Kristin Bunte and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Root Engineering written by Asunción Morte and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-12 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume illustrates the complex root system, including the various essential roles of roots as well as their interaction with diverse microorganisms localized in or near the root system. Following initial chapters describing the anatomy and architecture as well as the growth and development of root systems, subsequent chapters focus on the various types of root symbiosis with bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere. A third section covers the physiological strategies of roots, such as nitrate assimilation, aquaporins, the role of roots in plant defense responses and in response to droughts and salinity changes. The book’s final chapters discuss the prospects of applied engineering of roots, i.e., inventing new root structures or functions through genetic modification, but also with conventional breeding and manipulation of root symbionts. The budding field of root engineering is expected to promote a second green revolution.
Download or read book Climatic Change and Global Warming of Inland Waters written by Charles R. Goldman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-11-20 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effects of global warming on the physical, chemical, ecological structure and function and biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems are not well understood and there are many opinions on how to adapt aquatic environments to global warming in order to minimize the negative effects of climate change. Climatic Change and Global Warming of Inland Waters presents a synthesis of the latest research on a whole range of inland water habitats – lakes, running water, wetlands – and offers novel and timely suggestions for future research, monitoring and adaptation strategies. A global approach, offered in this book, encompasses systems from the arctic to the Antarctic, including warm-water systems in the tropics and subtropics and presents a unique and useful source for all those looking for contemporary case studies and presentation of the latest research findings and discussion of mitigation and adaptation throughout the world. Edited by three of the leading limnologists in the field this book represents the latest developments with a focus not only on the impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems but also offers a framework and suggestions for future management strategies and how these can be implemented in the future. Limnologists, Climate change biologists, fresh water ecologists, palaeoclimatologists and students taking relevant courses within the earth and environmental sciences will find this book invaluable. The book will also be of interest to planners, catchment managers and engineers looking for solutions to broader environmental problems but who need to consider freshwater ecology.
Download or read book Field Techniques for Estimating Water Fluxes Between Surface Water and Ground Water written by Donald O. Rosenberry and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-06-16 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in the use and development of our Nation's surface - and ground-water resources has increased significantly during the past 50 years. This work discusses field techniques for estimating water fluxes.
Download or read book Stormwater Management Alternatives written by Joachim Toby Tourbier and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Coastal Science written by M. Schwartz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-11-08 with total page 1243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new Encyclopedia of Coastal Science stands as the latest authoritative source in the field of coastal studies, making it the standard reference work for specialists and the interested lay person. Unique in its interdisciplinary approach. This Encyclopedia features contributions by 245 well-known international specialists in their respective fields and is abundantly illustrated with line-drawings and photographs. Not only does this volume offer an extensive number of entries, it also includes various appendices, an illustrated glossary of coastal morphology and extensive bibliographic listings.
Download or read book Building Resilience to Climate Change written by Angela Andrade Pérez and published by IUCN. This book was released on 2010 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With climate change now a certainty, the question is how much change there will be and what can be done about it. One of the answers is through adaptation. Many of the lessons that are being learned in adaptation are from success stories from the field. This publication contains eleven case studies covering different ecosystems and regions around the world. Its aim is to summarize some current applications of the Ecosystem-Based Adaptation concept and its tools used around the world, and also draw lessons from experiences in conservation adaptation.
