Download or read book Quantifying Impact of Diet on Enteric Methane Emissions and Manure Nutrient Dynamics in Dairy Cattle written by Mutian Niu and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global food demand is increasing with the greater population in the world, and people are at risk of hunger without climate change mitigation. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) have a significant impact on climate change globally, which poses a major and growing threat to global food security. The GHG emissions from livestock account for 14.5% of global anthropogenic emission, in which, enteric methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants (mainly from beef and dairy cattle production) are shown to be the major contributors (Gerber et al., 2013). In addition, production of CH4 and nitrous oxide from manure storage, grazing, and forage production. According to 2013 estimates, dairy cattle generated approximate 13% of agricultural GHG emission through enteric CH4 production and manure management along in U.S. (USDA, 2016). Furthermore, dairy production also contributes to the release of reactive nitrogen (N) into the environment, which can have negative impacts on water quality and alter the physical structure of ecosystems, which can have cascading effects in the environment (Pardo et al., 2015). Therefore, research is required to have a further understanding in this area, in order to take proper mitigation actions. In this context, the author approached such goals through five research studies including both animal or field experiments and statistical modeling projects. A brief description of each research experiment is given as follow. The objective of the first experiment was to determine the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) and forage contents on enteric CH4 emissions and N excretion from dairy cows simultaneously as described in Chapter 1. In particular, the interaction between dietary CP and energy on enteric CH4 emission and N excretion in lactating dairy cows fed a total mixed ration based on alfalfa hay was investigated. The experiment demonstrated no interactions between dietary CP and forage contents on enteric CH4 production of dairy cows, however, CH4 production and N excretions in lactating dairy cows can be independently reduced by reducing dietary forage and dietary CP contents, respectively. Following the in vivo experiment, fresh fecal samples were collected directly from dairy cows. The objective of the second experiment was to quantify the impacts of dietary forage and CP levels on the excretion and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria spp. in dairy cattle feces as describe in Chapter 2. In addition, the concentration of different pathogens over the course of a day was characterized. The experiment demonstrated that dietary forage and CP content in animal feed have the potential to influence the fecal shedding of pathogens in dairy cattle. Carryover from the in vivo experiment, all available manure from the sample collection periods were stored using different manure storage methods for 6 months in the third experiment as stated in Chapter 3. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary mitigation strategies to reduce both enteric CH4 production and N excretion on nutrient dynamics of manures stored in common western production practices. In addition, the short-term nutrient availability and update in soil amended with manures following storage, by barley, was evaluated. Furthermore, the overall system N use efficiencies of the dietary changes were determined. Turning manures during storage reduced the loss of both C and N, compared to both slurry and static piled manures, however, the availability of the N in the turned pile treatment was less than from the static pile and slurry treatments. In addition, feeding a lower CP diet increased the system N use efficiency when accounting for losses during excretion and storage in dairy farming system. The fourth project is outlined in Chapter 4. In this project, we collated a global database of enteric CH4 production containing more than 5,000 lactating dairy cow records from 15 countries around the world, consequently, developed both global and regional prediction equations for CH4 production (g/d per cow), CH4 yield (g/kg dry matter intake [DMI]), and CH4 intensity (g/kg energy corrected milk [ECM]) of different complexities. We aimed to identify key predictor variables for CH4 emissions and characterize their relationships to CH4 production, yield, and intensity were identified. In addition, the trade-off between model complexity and prediction accuracy of enteric CH4 production in dairy cows was assessed. Furthermore, robust enteric CH4 inventory and mitigation options for dairy farming system were provided through the prediction modeling outcomes. The study demonstrated an increasing trend of model predictive ability for enteric CH4 production of lactating dairy cows with increasing model complexity. For enteric CH4 production, DMI is the most important predictor variable, whereas its impact on CH4 yield and CH4 intensity is insignificant. In addition, results also indicated that the development of enteric CH4 prediction models should be made on regional basis. The fifth project was a follow-up modeling project of the previous study which is outlined in Chapter 5. The objective of this project is to develop regional enteric CH4 production prediction (g/d per cow) models of multiple complexities and study the trade-off between model complexity and their predictive ability using non-parametric statistical models and to characterize the potential nonlinear relationships between predictor variables and enteric CH4 production of lactating dairy cattle. The improvement on model predictive ability on enteric CH4 production was not observed by using generalized additive mixed model compared to linear mixed effect model approach.

Download or read book Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Livestock Production written by Pierre J. Gerber and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2013 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential of nutritional, manure and animal husbandry practices for mitigating methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) - i.e. non-carbon dioxide (CO2) - GHG emissions from livestock production. These practices were categorized into enteric CH4, manure management and animal husbandry mitigation practices. Emphasis was placed on enteric CH4 mitigation practices for ruminant animals (only in vivo studies were considered) and manure mitigation practices for both ruminant and monogastric species. Over 900 references were reviewed; simulation and life cycle assessment analyses were generally excluded

Download or read book Sustainable Animal Agriculture written by Ermias Kebreab and published by CABI. This book was released on 2013-12-13 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to meet increasing global demand for meat and animal by-products increasingly intensive animal production is necessary. Creating a sustainable system in animal agriculture that works in different production environments is a major challenge for animal scientists. This book draws together themes on sustainability that have emerged as the most pressing in recent years. Addressing practical topics such as air quality, manure management, animal feeds, production efficiency, environmental sustainability, biotechnology issues, animal welfare concerns, societal impacts and an analysis of the data used to assess the economic sustainability of farms.

Download or read book Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2013 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Greenhouse gas emissions by the livestock sector could be cut by as much as 30 percent through the wider use of existing best practices and technologies. FAO conducted a detailed analysis of GHG emissions at multiple stages of various livestock supply chains, including the production and transport of animal feed, on-farm energy use, emissions from animal digestion and manure decay, as well as the post-slaughter transport, refrigeration and packaging of animal products. This report represents the most comprehensive estimate made to-date of livestocks contribution to global warming as well as the sectors potential to help tackle the problem. This publication is aimed at professionals in food and agriculture as well as policy makers.

Download or read book World Livestock 2011 written by Anni McLeod and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although much has been said about livestock's role in achieving food security in reality, the subject has been only partially addressed and no current document fully covers the topic. Recognizing that food security is central to international development - and to the mandate of FAO - this report tells story of livestock and food security from three perspectives. It begins by presenting a global overview, examining the role that livestock play in human nutrition, the world food supply access to food particularly for poor families. Next it moves from the global level to a human perspective, examining the way in which livestock contributes to the food security of three different human populations-livestock-dependent societies, small-scale mixed farmers and urban dwellers. The final part of the report looks to the future. It discusses the expected demand for livestock source food and the way that increased demand can be met with ever more limited resources. It reviews the drivers that led to the livestock revolution, how these have changed and what the implications will be for livestock contributing to resilient food systems of the future. Book jacket.

Download or read book Climate Change Impact on Livestock Adaptation and Mitigation written by Veerasamy Sejian and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-31 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses in detail both livestock’s role in climate change and the impacts of climate change on livestock production and reproduction. Apart from these cardinal principles of climate change and livestock production, this volume also examines the various strategies used to mitigate livestock-related GHG emissions, and those which can reduce the impacts of climate change on livestock production and reproduction. Presenting information and case studies collected and analyzed by professionals working in diversified ecological zones, the book explores the influence of climate change on livestock production across the globe. The most significant feature of this book is that it addresses in detail the different adaptation strategies and identifies targets for different stakeholders in connection with climate change and livestock production. Further, it puts forward development plans that will allow the livestock industries to cope with current climate changes and strategies that will mitigate the effects by 2025. Lastly, it provides researchers and policymakers several researchable priorities to help develop economically viable solutions for livestock production with less GHG emissions, promoting a cleaner environment in which human beings and livestock can live in harmony without adverse effects on productivity. Given that livestock production systems are sensitive to climate change and at the same are themselves a contributor to the phenomenon, climate change has the potential to pose an increasingly formidable challenge to the development of the livestock sector. However, there is a dearth of scientific information on adapting livestock production to the changing climate; as such, well-founded reference material on sustaining livestock production systems under the changing climate scenarios in different agro-ecological zones of the world is essential. By methodically and extensively addressing all aspects of climate change and livestock production, this volume offers a valuable tool for understanding the hidden intricacies of climatic stress and its influence on livestock production.

Download or read book NorFor written by Harald Volden and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-05 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NorFor is a semi-mechanistic feed evaluation system for cattle, which is used by advisors in Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. This book describes in detail the system and it covers five main sections. The first is concerned with information on feed characteristics, feed analysis and feed digestion methods. The second section describes the digestion and metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and the supply and requirement of energy and metabolizable amino acids. The third section considers the prediction of feed intake and physical structure of the diet. The fourth section focuses on model evaluation and the final section provides information on the IT solutions and feed ration formulation by a non-linear economical optimization procedure. This book will be of significant interest to researchers, students and advisors of cattle nutrition and feed evaluation.

Download or read book Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-04-07 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.

Download or read book Livestock s Long Shadow written by Henning Steinfeld and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2006 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The assessment builds on the work of the Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative"--Pref.

Download or read book Alfalfa Silage written by Ollie Ezekiel Reed and published by . This book was released on 1917 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Quantification and Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock Production Systems written by Mizeck Chagunda and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-06-17 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ruminants contribute significantly to human food security. However, the production of ruminants contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are responsible for climate change. GHGs such as methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide are produced from different processes of ruminant production. Ruminant enteric methane is a substantial component of methane produced by agriculture. This book presents novel and established methods in quantifying and reducing enteric methane emission from ruminants in different production systems. The book covers different types of ruminants including cattle, sheep, and goats. The chapters are contributed by scientists and authors from different parts of the world, demonstrating the importance of this problem and the universal drive for immediate and sustainable solutions. Although, biologically speaking, the production of enteric methane cannot be reduced to zero, high emissions are an indicator of inefficient digestion of feed in the rumen and low utilisation of feed energy. By presenting research that could lead to robust and yet practical quantification methods and mitigation strategies, this book not only contributes to the discourse and new knowledge on the magnitude of the problem but also brings forward potential solutions in different livestock production systems.

Download or read book Biology of Domestic Animals written by Colin G. Scanes and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is increasing interest in the biology of domestic animals ranging from genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, nutritional physiology, and systems biology. This book touches on all of these, with a particular focus on topics such as domestic animals as comparative models to humans, molecular regulation of growth, metabolic efficiency, reproduction, and the impact of stress on growth and development. The book concludes with a discussion on the current and future directions for researchers.

Download or read book Modeling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism written by R.L. Baldwin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1995-05-31 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Role of mminants in human food production; Whyan animal scientist would choose to model animal systems; Basic organization of this book; Modeling principIes and terminology; Classification of models; Objectives in modeling; The modeling process I objective statements, block diagrams, equation forms and parameterization; Steps in modeling; Setting the modeling objective; Block diagrams; Formulation of mathematical statements; Development of numerical inputs; The modeling process II - solution algorithms, model evaluations and parameter estimation; Model solution algorithms; Evaluation of management and research models; Evaluation and use of analytical models for parameter estimation; Decision support software; Animal energetic models; Thermodynamic concepts in nutrition; Historical development of bases for feeding system models; Energy requirements for maintenance and production; Equations used to estimate maintenance and costs of production; Components of maintenanace; Protein and amino acid models; Current protein and amino acid systems; Analytic models of amino aicd and protein metabolism; Dynamic modeling; Biology and algebraic models of ruminant digestion; The rumen microbes and their metabolism; Balance models of ruminant digestion; An analytical model of rumen digestion; Microbial growth elements; Biology and algebraic models of growth; Classical equations for growth; Nutritional models of growth; Concepts of lhe basic biology of growth used in mechanistic models; Biology of lactation; Decent evolution of feeding systems for lactating dairy cattle; An analytical model of nutrient transactions during lactation; Dynamic models of ruminant digestion; Early dynamic models; Current dynamic models; Dynamic models of ruminant adipose tissue metabolism; Evolution of steady-state balance model; Radioisotope tracer elemets; Dynamic models of ruminant mammary metabolism; Development of model inputs and initial parameters; Descriptions of a model of mammary gland metabolism; Dynamic models of liver and viscera metabolism; Overall structure and notation; Mechanistic, dynamic models of growth; Beef growth models; Sheep growth and metabolism model; Lactation Background on MOLL Y. CSL; The program MOLL Y. CSL; Evaluation and use of a growth and lactation model; Behavioral analyses; Sensitivity analyses; Bioeconomic analyse.

Download or read book Reducing Methane Emissions from Livestock written by Michael J. Gibbs and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-03-31 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By 2050 the world's population is projected to grow by one-third, reaching between 9 and 10 billion. With globalization and expected growth in global affluence, a substantial increase in per capita meat, dairy, and fish consumption is also anticipated. The demand for calories from animal products will nearly double, highlighting the critical importance of the world's animal agriculture system. Meeting the nutritional needs of this population and its demand for animal products will require a significant investment of resources as well as policy changes that are supportive of agricultural production. Ensuring sustainable agricultural growth will be essential to addressing this global challenge to food security. Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability identifies areas of research and development, technology, and resource needs for research in the field of animal agriculture, both nationally and internationally. This report assesses the global demand for products of animal origin in 2050 within the framework of ensuring global food security; evaluates how climate change and natural resource constraints may impact the ability to meet future global demand for animal products in sustainable production systems; and identifies factors that may impact the ability of the United States to meet demand for animal products, including the need for trained human capital, product safety and quality, and effective communication and adoption of new knowledge, information, and technologies. The agricultural sector worldwide faces numerous daunting challenges that will require innovations, new technologies, and new ways of approaching agriculture if the food, feed, and fiber needs of the global population are to be met. The recommendations of Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability will inform a new roadmap for animal science research to meet the challenges of sustainable animal production in the 21st century.

Download or read book Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture written by Todd S. Rosenstock and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​​This book provides standards and guidelines for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and removals in smallholder agricultural systems and comparing options for climate change mitigation based on emission reductions and livelihood trade-offs. Globally, agriculture is directly responsible for about 11% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and induces an additional 17% through land use change, mostly in developing countries. Farms in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are predominately managed by smallholders, with 80% of land holdings smaller than ten hectares. However, little to no information exists on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potentials in smallholder agriculture. Greenhouse gas measurements in agriculture are expensive, time consuming, and error prone, challenges only exacerbated by the heterogeneity of smallholder systems and landscapes. Concerns over methodological rigor, measurement costs, and the diversity of approaches, coupled with the demand for robust information suggest it is germane for the scientific community to establish standards of measurements for quantifying GHG emissions from smallholder agriculture. Standard guidelines for use by scientists, development organizations will help generate reliable data on emissions baselines and allow rigorous comparisons of mitigation options. The guidelines described in this book, developed by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) and partners, are intended to inform anyone conducting field measurements of agricultural greenhouse gas sources and sinks, especially to develop IPCC Tier 2 emission factors or to compare mitigation options in smallholder systems.

Download or read book Dairy Cattle Feeding and Management written by and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: