Download or read book Qtl Analysis and Evaluation of Seed Production Environment for Maize Zea Mays L Seedling Emergence and Characterization of Sugary1 Alleles for Seed Composition Seedling Emergence and ISA1 Activity written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) was domesticated from a lowland race of teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) in a single domestication event approximately 9,000 years ago in central Mexico. Through the process of domestication, maize experienced a genetic bottleneck and selection that caused a loss of allelic variation across the whole genome and at potentially important loci in modern maize. Seedling emergence is one trait associated with a domestication syndrome, however, its underlying genetic structure and importance during domestication of maize is unknown. Analysis of the nucleotide diversity of genes in the starch synthesis pathway has identified a signature of selection at sugary1 (su1) indicating that the locus was putatively important for the domestication of maize. At least five naturally occurring alleles at the su1 locus have been identified. The first research chapter uses two maize by teosinte NIL populations (W22 and B73) to evaluate seedling emergence from multiple seed production environments. Analysis of both populations identified significant seed production and genotype by seed production effects for seedling emergence traits. Use of multiple seed production environments is important for the evaluation of seedling emergence traits and in studies to identify their genetic structure. Further research is necessary to confirm the identified QTL as loci putatively important for seedling emergence during maize domestication. The second research chapter characterized five naturally occurring su1 mutant alleles for seedling emergence, field traits, mature kernel composition, and ISA1 enzyme activity. These five alleles were backcrossed to A619 and A632, two modern maize inbred lines. The su1 mutant lines were grown in three seed production environments to evaluate seedling emergence, field traits, and mature kernel composition. Immature kernels were used for analysis of starch composition and enzymatic activity. Significant differences were identified among the su1 mutant lines for the evaluated germination and emergence traits. Differences were observed in the presence of ISA1 enzyme; however, no functional ISA1 enzyme activity was observed. Further research is necessary to elucidate the differences for appearance, starch composition, and seed germination and emergence traits in lines with no functional ISA1 enzyme activity.
Download or read book Genetics and Biochemistry of Native Su1 Alleles and Modifiers of the Sugary1 Phenotype written by Stacie L. Shuler and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of wild type starch in maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm is contingent on debranching enzymes (DBE) in starch biosynthesis. Two types of DBE are conserved in maize endosperm, pullulanase-type and isoamylase-type. Pullulanase is encoded by Zpu1 and uses the substrate pullulan. Three isoforms of isoamylase exist in maize endosperm and include Su1 (Sugary1= Isoamylase1), Isa2 (Isoamylase2), and Isa3 (Isoamylase 3). Su1 is associated with three enzymatic protein complexes. One complex is homomeric and contains exclusively ISA1, and two complexes are heteromeric ISA1/ISA2. None of the three complexes are active in the presence of su1-ref thus resulting in significantly reduced starch concentrations and greater quantities of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP), in the developing endosperm. WSP are composed of both highly branched structures known as phytoglycogen and mato-triose. While su1-ref does not form a protein complex with Zpu1, the presence of su1-ref significantly reduces pullulanase activity. Five recessive su1 alleles were characterized as having differences in starch and WSP compositions in endosperm. Each allele was backcrossed into a common inbred background and immature endosperms were evaluated for differences in isoamylase and pullulanase DBE activity. No significant differences in DBE activity were found. Of the five alleles, the northeastern allele accumulated the greatest quantities of WSP and the least starch while the Peruvian allele was indifferent from wild type. The northeastern allele is used in commercial sweet maize production and is referred to as su1-ref. Pseudostarchy maize inbreds (su1-ref/su1-ref) were selected to accumulate wild type starch concentrations despite the su1-ref allele. Evaluation of starch modifying enzymes via zymography determined that the pseudostarchy inbreds have partially restored activity in the ISA1/ISA2 heteromeric complexes as well as fully restored pullulanase activity. Additionally, the amylopectin structure associated with the pseudostarchy inbreds is indifferent from the structure associated with Su1. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a bi-parental cross between a pseudostarchy inbred and an extreme sugary inbred reveal that five quantitative trait loci (QTL) have significant associations with the pseudostarchy phenotype. To further explore the role of Isa2 in the presence of su1-ref, immature endosperm from isogenic double mutant isa2-339, su1-ref and single mutant Isa2, su1-ref inbred lines were evaluated for carbohydrate composition and glucan structure. The isa2-339, su1-ref endosperms had significantly less starch and a greater abundance of WSP compared to the Isa2, su1-ref suggesting that Isa2 may play a prominent role in starch biosynthesis. Additionally, the isa2-339, su1-ref endosperms had a greater abundance of short chain lengths in both amylopectin and WSP structure compared to Isa2, su1-ref suggesting Isa2 plays a significant role in glucan structure. Lastly, to differentiate the role of Isa2 and the presence of starch modifying loci present in a population, immature endosperms containing the isa2-339 allele were evaluated in differing genetic backgrounds fixed for su1-ref. No background effects were observed suggesting Isa2 may play significant role in starch biosynthesis independent of ISA1 enzymatic activity.
Download or read book Maize Germplasm written by Mohamed A. El-Esawi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-05-09 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize is an important staple food crop worldwide. It is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice and is economically used for both livestock feeds and human consumption. The latest maize research has opened up new opportunities for crop improvement. This book brings together recent work and advances that have recently been made in the dynamic fields of genetic characterization, molecular breeding, genetic engineering technologies, and mapping of agronomic traits of global maize germplasm. It also provides new insights into and sheds new light regarding the current research trends and future research directions in maize. This book will provoke interest in many readers, researchers, and scientists, who can find this information useful for the advancement of their research works toward maize improvement.
Download or read book Genetics Genomics and Breeding of Maize written by Ramakrishna Wusirika and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-08-05 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sequencing of the maize genome has opened up new opportunities in maize breeding, genetics and genomics research. This book highlights modern trends in development of hybrids, analysis of genetic diversity, molecular breeding, comparative and functional genomics, epigenomicsand proteomics in maize. The use of maize in biofuels, phytoremediation and
Download or read book Phenotypic Analysis and Genetic Dissection of Seed Imbibition and Early Germination in Maize Zea Maize L written by Scott Clarence Stelpflug and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The success of seed germination and the establishment of a normal seedling are fundamental in the propagation of plant species grown from seed, having both economic and ecological importance. Imbibition, the first phase of germination, involves a rapid uptake of water by the dry seed, and has been shown to affect germination rate, overall stand count, and seedling vigor, all of which are important pre-requisites ultimately affecting optimum yield potential. The genetic architecture of maize seed traits is incredibly complex due to the lack of correspondence between transcriptional, proteomic, and metabolome levels attributable to dynamic post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation in maize seed tissues. Additionally, maize seed traits are influenced by the effects of seed production environment, seed parent genetic effects due to differential gene dosages in unique seed compartments, and/or parental imprinting of alleles, further adding to their genetic complexity. Hence, the goal of this thesis was to utilize of a systems-based 'omics' approach, integrating image-based phenomics, quantitative genetics, transcriptomics and proteomics to dissect the genetic architecture of seed imbibition and early germination in maize. To accomplish these goals, we first created and evaluated the efficacy of a semi-automated, high-throughput image-based seed imbibition phenotyping platform across time to measure initial seed size, imbibition rate K, and percent increase in seed surface area 24 hours post-imbibing (%ISSA). Second, we identified sources of variance for these traits due to experimental design, seed production environmental effects, and genetic combining ability. Third, we evaluated the relationships among these seed imbibition traits, as well as their repeatabilities and heritabilities. Subsequently, the genetic architecture of quantitative variation in maize seed imbibition traits was dissected in a diverse maize population using genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic datasets, identifying putative candidate genes and molecular pathways associated with maize seed imbibition. Finally, we also demonstrated a highly significant relationship of imbibition rate with radicle emergence time and total germination percentage, indicating that our rapid phenotyping platform exhibits potential agronomic utility. In summary, this thesis constitutes a substantial effort towards establishing research and breeding strategies expected to improve early germination characteristics of maize.
Download or read book Starch in Food written by Lars Nilsson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-05-15 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Starch in Food: Structure, Function and Applications, Third Edition is now fully updated with eleven new chapters covering "hot" areas for starch applications, such as starch-based pickering emulsifiers, starch for structuring gluten-free bread products, and starch microspheres for encapsulation of probiotic bacteria. Sections illustrate how plant starch can be analyzed and modified, including chapters on analysis of starch molecular structure, molar mass and size, the relationship between structure and digestion of starch, sources of starch, including new chapters on cereal, root and tuber and pulse starches, and starch applications, with a new chapter on utilizing starches in product development, in baked products and in gluten-free bread. Starch selection is one of the most complex areas for a product developer, yet starch is key to solving formulation challenges when developing products to meet many of the emerging consumer trends. This book aids the end user on acquiring knowledge on fundamental starch aspects, such as granular and molecular structure and properties, analysis, biosynthesis and general functionality of starch in foods. - Thoroughly revised edition bringing updated and new chapters covering the fundamentals of starch applications - Explores starch aspects such as granular and molecular structure and properties, analysis, biosynthesis, and general functionality of starch in foods - Offers insight into how starch-related formulation challenges can be addressed
Download or read book Seeds written by J. Derek Bewley and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-23 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This updated and much revised third edition of Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy provides a thorough overview of seed biology and incorporates much of the progress that has been made during the past fifteen years. With an emphasis on placing information in the context of the seed, this new edition includes recent advances in the areas of molecular biology of development and germination, as well as fresh insights into dormancy, ecophysiology, desiccation tolerance, and longevity. Authored by preeminent authorities in the field, this book is an invaluable resource for researchers, teachers, and students interested in the diverse aspects of seed biology.
Download or read book Predictive Equations for Maize Inbred Emergence written by Robert Joel Navratil and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accurate estimation of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred seedling emergence are currently unavailable. Inbred planting rates are therefore adjusted using criteria normally applied to hybrid seed. In this study, temperature dependent predictive equations that would assist the seedsman in estimating planting rates to obtain acceptable stands during the planting season were developed for 15 maize inbreds. The equations were developed based on the regression of the difference of the laboratory germination minus field emergence on days to 50% emergence for all dates of planting. The slope of the regression differed among inbreds. The equations are applied by calculating the days to 50% emergence based on the known number of growing-degree units a particular inbred would require to reach 50% emergence. Past meteorological data would be used to estimate the probable number of days required to accumulate the growing-degree units for any planting date. It was initially assumed that growing-degree units to 50% emergence would remain constant while days to 50% emergence could vary for each onbred and would vary for different field plantings. Unfortunately, growing-degree units to 50% emergence for lots within inbreds, field plantings, and the field plantings by inbreds interactions were all significant at the .01 probebiblity level. The growing-degree units to 50% emergence for the 15 inbreds in this study may be of additional value in estimating emergence and subsequent silking dates in the production of hybrid seed.
Download or read book Prediction of Field Emergence of Maize Zea Mays L Hybrids Exposed to Cold and Wet Conditions written by Pieter Hermanus Maree and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cold test is one of the oldest and most acceptable vigour tests as it is used to simulate stress conditions commonly occurring in the field. In recent years, some of South Africa's top maize hybrids, with high cold test scores, have shown emergence problems under cold, wet planting conditions. It resulted in major complaints from commercial maize producers with sizable claims involved. Therefore, the need arose to find a more sensitive vigour test that takes into account cold, wet conditions. In practice, South African maize producers would not plant if it is too cold and wet. However, cold, wet conditions are commonly experienced during planting time in the main maize production regions of South Africa, especially during October and even November. Furthermore, in most of the commercial maize production areas, such as the western Free State, chances of thunder and hailstorms are high during the planting period. These weather conditions are major causes for sudden drops in temperature and flooding which can expose maize seed and emerging maize seedlings to stress conditions The effects of cold, wet conditions on germination and emergence of nine maize hybrids were investigated in laboratory, glasshouse and field experiments. Growth chamber and glasshouse experiments were conducted under 10ʻC, 20ʻC and 30ʻC and 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours flooding. Field experiments were conducted under different climatic conditions, resulting in cool and wet, cold and wet and favourable conditions during planting. The objectives were to investigate the correlations between different laboratory vigour tests and field emergence of maize hybrids under cold, wet conditions in order to identify the most suitable laboratory vigour test for predicting field emergence under cold, wet conditions. Eight different vigour tests were conducted and each was compared with field emergence under cold, wet conditions. The eight tests conducted, were the cold test, soak test, complex stressing vigour test, electrical conductivity test, accelerated ageing test, tetrazolium test, fast green test and emergence rate test. The soak test was the most sensitive vigour test when considering cold, wet conditions, as it measures seed germination, based on the warm test, after a 48 hour soak in water at 27ʻC. Correlations found between the soak test and field emergence (53%) under cold, wet conditions was unexpected, since the soak test does not account for low temperatures. The complex stressing vigour test was conducted to study the effect of fluctuating soaking temperatures on germination of maize seed. Seeds of nine maize hybrids were soaked for 48 hours at a moderate temperature (25ʻC), followed by another 48 hours soak at a low temperature (5ʻC), and then planted in sand and grown for 4 days at 25ʻC, before evaluation. Highly significant correlations were found between the complex stressing vigour test and simulated field emergence under both controlled conditions in a glasshouse (89.9%) and cold, wet conditions in the field (90.0%). The complex stressing vigour test was the best test to predict field performance under a wide range of climatic conditions, especially cold, wet conditions. Implementation of the complex stressing test as a routine vigour test, will be to the advantage of maize seed companies, especially in being proactive in predicting emergence of maize hybrids under cold, wet conditions. Copyright.
Download or read book Seeds written by J. Derek Bewley and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to enormous recent advances, particularly in molecular biology, the authors have revised their warmly received work. This new edition includes updates on seed development, gene expression, dormancy, and other subjects. It will serve as the field's standard textbook and reference source for many years to come.
Download or read book Seed Development OMICS Technologies toward Improvement of Seed Quality and Crop Yield written by Ganesh K. Agrawal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is about the seed development in the model and crop plants. Seed development is a key step of the plant life cycle that determines the nutrient value of seeds – the life for human civilization, growth, and development. The nutrient value of seeds is mainly due to storage reserve products such as carbohydrates, lipids (triacylglycerols), and proteins. The book primarily focuses on application of the 21st century high-throughput technologies transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and systems biology in near complete understanding of the various processes involved in seed development in different crop plants. The book reveals how such technologies have revolutionized our understanding of the multilayer processes and regulations involved therein by generating large-scale datasets. Accumulated datasets provide basic knowledge to develop integrated strategies to eventually improve the nutritional value of plant seed and crop yield, a critical goal in food security issues around the globe.
Download or read book Starch written by Yasunori Nakamura and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-07 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed overview of the current understanding of the metabolic system of starch biosynthesis and degradation in plants. The focus is on new topics regarding the functional interaction between multiple enzymes and the initiation process of starch biosynthesis, which are essential for further understanding of related metabolic features. The book also explains and discusses the distinct structures of amylopectin and amylose and the crystalline structure of starch granules. At the same time, readers will be made aware of areas where further research remains to be done, such as the regulation of starch metabolism, the fine structure of starch molecules, and the manipulation of the structure and functional properties of starch by genetic and molecular technology. Also described are aspects of the biosynthetic machinery of starch, the structure and metabolism of which have developed and been refined during the process of plant evolution. In addition, recent approaches to producing novel starches with distinct physicochemical and functional properties in gene-modified mutants and transgenic plants for industrial applications are introduced. Finally, the book elaborates on the unresolved topics, necessary approaches and future prospects to achieve a complete understanding of the regulation of starch metabolism. This volume is of great value for general scientists, students and anyone wishing to understand the specific and complicated events of starch metabolism and biotechnology. It will be especially useful for food scientists and engineers in academia and industry.
Download or read book The Encyclopedia of Seeds written by J. Derek Bewley and published by CABI. This book was released on 2006 with total page 858 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first scholarly reference work to cover all the major scientific themes and facets of the subject of seeds. It outlines the latest fundamental biological knowledge about seeds, together with the principles of agricultural seed processing, storage and sowing, the food and industrial uses of seeds, and the roles of seeds in history, economies and cultures. With contributions from 110 expert authors worldwide, the editors have created 560 authoritative articles, illustrated with plentiful tables, figures, black-and-white and color photographs, suggested further reading matter and 670 supplementary definitions. The contents are alphabetically arranged and cross-referenced to connect related entries.
Download or read book Specialty Corns written by Arnel R. Hallauer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-08-23 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely revised and updated, the Second Edition of Specialty Corns includes everything in the first edition and more. Considered the standard in this field, significant changes have been made to keep all the information current and bring the references up-to-date. Two new chapters have been added to keep up with the latest trends: Blue Corn and
Download or read book Rice Genetics IV written by Gurdev S. Khush and published by Int. Rice Res. Inst.. This book was released on 2001 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geneticists contribute on a wide range of topics in this book, from classical genetics to the most advanced research on sequencing of the rice genome and functional genomics. They review advances in rice research and discuss molecular markers, genome organization and gene isolation.
Download or read book Annual Plant Reviews Seed Development Dormancy and Germination written by Kent Bradford and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formation, dispersal and germination of seeds are crucial stages in the life cycles of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants. The unique properties of seeds, particularly their tolerance to desiccation, their mobility, and their ability to schedule their germination to coincide with times when environmental conditions are favorable to their survival as seedlings, have no doubt contributed significantly to the success of seed-bearing plants. Humans are also dependent upon seeds, which constitute the majority of the world’s staple foods (e.g., cereals and legumes). Seeds are an excellent system for studying fundamental developmental processes in plant biology, as they develop from a single fertilized zygote into an embryo and endosperm, in association with the surrounding maternal tissues. As genetic and molecular approaches have become increasingly powerful tools for biological research, seeds have become an attractive system in which to study a wide array of metabolic processes and regulatory systems. Seed Development, Dormancy and Germination provides a comprehensive overview of seed biology from the point of view of the developmental and regulatory processes that are involved in the transition from a developing seed through dormancy and into germination and seedling growth. It examines the complexity of the environmental, physiological, molecular and genetic interactions that occur through the life cycle of seeds, along with the concepts and approaches used to analyze seed dormancy and germination behavior. It also identifies the current challenges and remaining questions for future research. The book is directed at plant developmental biologists, geneticists, plant breeders, seed biologists and graduate students.
Download or read book Surface Modification of Biopolymers written by Vijay Kumar Thakur and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-04-27 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses surface modification techniques, which are critical for tailoring and broadening the applications of naturally occurring biopolymers. Biopolymers represent a sustainable solution to the need for new materials in the auto, waste removal, biomedical device, building material, defense, and paper industries. Features: First comprehensive summary of biopolymer modification methods to enhance compatibility, flexibility, enhanced physicochemical properties, thermal stability, impact response, and rigidity, among others Address of a green, eco-friendly materials that is increasing in use, underscoring the roles of material scientists in the future of new "green" bioolymer material use Coverage applications in automotive development, hazardous waste removal, biomedical engineering, pulp and paper industries, development of new building materials, and defense-related technologies Facilitation of technology transfer
