Download or read book Progress in Mixed gas Joule Thomson Cryocooling written by Jennifer AmbeLyn Detlor and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Miniature Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocoolers are attractive for many applications due to their small size and resulting fast cool-down time. Finned-tube heat exchangers are the most widely used heat exchanger for miniature JT cryocoolers. The basic configuration, known as a Giauque-Hampson (GH) or coiled tube heat exchanger, involves the high-pressure stream flowing through a finned-tube that is helically coiled upon a cylindrical core while the low-pressure stream flows over the fins in the annular space created by the core and the inner diameter of a shell. Recent advances in technology have increased interest in JT cryocoolers that can provide cooling potential in the temperature ranges of 125 to 150 K. To achieve high efficiency and use a low-cost compressor, the JT cryocooler must provide cooling at low values of pressure ratios and operating pressure. To provide cooling under these conditions, a proper gas mixture must be selected as the working fluid. While it has been suggested that the heat transfer coefficient (htc) of the return stream is a key parameter affecting the behavior of the entire heat exchanger of a mixed-gas Joule-Thomson (MGJT) cryocooler, there is still no data or theory in open literature that characterizes the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of two-phase multi-component mixtures on the shell side in these heat exchangers. Beyond the broad goal of investigating gas mixture selection for MGJT cryocoolers, the experimental work in this study aimed to gain insight into these thermal characteristics by developing a test facility capable of measuring the two-phase htc for this geometry at operating conditions of interest to MGJT cryocooling. The capabilities of the test facility were demonstrated with a semi-flammable mixture. The size of the GH heat exchanger prototype and operating parameters of the test facility were consistent with those of interest for MGJT cryocoolers. Measurements of the two-phase htc of the mixed gas on the shell-side of the GH heat exchanger prototype were collected. For the mixture examined, the two-phase htc was found to be between 12 to 19 W/m2-K with uncertainties of approximately 12% for qualities in the range of 0.31 to 0.62. This data reveals that the shell side is the dominant thermal resistance for these operating conditions, even though the fins provide a larger surface area. Therefore, the htc of the mixed gas on the shell-side is crucial for cryocooler design and predicting the overall performance. While only a small amount of data was collected in this study, the data collected clearly demonstrates the need for and importance of developing accurate correlations for two-phase multi-component mixtures on the shell-side of GH heat exchangers for operating conditions consistent with MGJT cryocoolers. A large data collection campaign is proposed and enabled by the test facility developed in this work. Only with these correlations can the effects of the mixture selection on the pressure drop and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger be considered in the design of a MGJT cryocooler for optimal performance.
Download or read book Miniature Joule Thomson Cryocooling written by Ben-Zion Maytal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-18 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first in English being entirely dedicated to Miniature Joule-Thomson Cryocooling. The category of Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocoolers takes us back to the roots of cryogenics, in 1895, with figures like Linde and Hampson. The "cold finger" of these cryocoolers is compact, lacks moving parts, and sustains a large heat flux extraction at a steady temperature. Potentially, they cool down unbeatably fast. For example, cooling to below 100 K (minus 173 Celsius) might be accomplished within only a few seconds by liquefying argon. A level of about 120 K can be reached almost instantly with krypton. Indeed, the species of coolant plays a central role dictating the size, the intensity and the level of cryocooling. It is the JT effect that drives these cryocoolers and reflects the deviation of the "real" gas from the ideal gas properties. The nine chapters of the book are arranged in five parts. •The Common Principle of Cyrocoolers shared across the broad variety of cryocooler types •Theoretical Aspects: the JT effect and its inversion, cooling potential of coolants, the liquefaction process, sizing of heat exchangers, level of pressurization, discharge of pressure vessels • Practical Aspects: modes of operation (fast cooldown, continuous, multi-staging, hybrid cryocoolers), pressure sources, configuration, construction and technologies, flow adjustment, MEMS, open and closed cycle, cooldown process and similarity, transient behavior • Mixed Coolant cryocooling: theory, practice and applications • Special Topics: real gas choked flow rates, gas purity, clog formation, optimal fixed orifice, modeling, cryosurgical devices, warming by the inverse JT effect The theoretical aspects may be of interest not only to those working with cryocoolers but also for others with a general interest in "real" gas thermodynamics, such as, for example, the inversion of the JT effect in its differential and integral forms, and the exceptional behavior of the quantum gases. A detailed list of references for each chapter comprises a broad literature survey. It consists of more than 1,200 relevant publications and 450 related patents. The systematically organized content, arranged under a thorough hierarchy of headings, supported by 227 figures and 41 tables, and accompanied by various chronological notes of evolution, enables readers a friendly interaction with the book. Dr. Ben-Zion Maytal is a Senior Researcher at Rafael-Advanced Defense Systems, Ltd., and an Adjunct Senior Teaching Fellow at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Prof. John M. Pfotenhauer holds a joint appointment in the Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin - Madison.
Download or read book Numerical Modeling and Experimental Testing of a Mixed Gas Joule Thomson Cryocooler written by John Frank Pettitt and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Miniature Joule Thomson Cryocooling written by Ben-Zion Maytal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-18 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first in English being entirely dedicated to Miniature Joule-Thomson Cryocooling. The category of Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocoolers takes us back to the roots of cryogenics, in 1895, with figures like Linde and Hampson. The "cold finger" of these cryocoolers is compact, lacks moving parts, and sustains a large heat flux extraction at a steady temperature. Potentially, they cool down unbeatably fast. For example, cooling to below 100 K (minus 173 Celsius) might be accomplished within only a few seconds by liquefying argon. A level of about 120 K can be reached almost instantly with krypton. Indeed, the species of coolant plays a central role dictating the size, the intensity and the level of cryocooling. It is the JT effect that drives these cryocoolers and reflects the deviation of the "real" gas from the ideal gas properties. The nine chapters of the book are arranged in five parts. •The Common Principle of Cyrocoolers shared across the broad variety of cryocooler types •Theoretical Aspects: the JT effect and its inversion, cooling potential of coolants, the liquefaction process, sizing of heat exchangers, level of pressurization, discharge of pressure vessels • Practical Aspects: modes of operation (fast cooldown, continuous, multi-staging, hybrid cryocoolers), pressure sources, configuration, construction and technologies, flow adjustment, MEMS, open and closed cycle, cooldown process and similarity, transient behavior • Mixed Coolant cryocooling: theory, practice and applications • Special Topics: real gas choked flow rates, gas purity, clog formation, optimal fixed orifice, modeling, cryosurgical devices, warming by the inverse JT effect The theoretical aspects may be of interest not only to those working with cryocoolers but also for others with a general interest in "real" gas thermodynamics, such as, for example, the inversion of the JT effect in its differential and integral forms, and the exceptional behavior of the quantum gases. A detailed list of references for each chapter comprises a broad literature survey. It consists of more than 1,200 relevant publications and 450 related patents. The systematically organized content, arranged under a thorough hierarchy of headings, supported by 227 figures and 41 tables, and accompanied by various chronological notes of evolution, enables readers a friendly interaction with the book. Dr. Ben-Zion Maytal is a Senior Researcher at Rafael-Advanced Defense Systems, Ltd., and an Adjunct Senior Teaching Fellow at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Prof. John M. Pfotenhauer holds a joint appointment in the Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin - Madison.
Download or read book Empirical Model Improvements for a Mixed Gas Joule Thomson Cycle with Precooling for Cryosurgery written by Kendra L. Passow and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mixed gas Joule Thomson Sorption Cryocoolers written by Doctor Nir Tzabar and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cryocoolers written by Milind D. Atrey and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-24 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as an introduction to cryocooler technology and describes the principle applications of cryocoolers across a broad range of fields. It covers the specific requirements of these applications, and describes how the advantages and disadvantages of different cryocooler systems are taken into consideration. For example, Stirling coolers tend to be used only in space applications because of their high coefficient of performance, low weight and proven reliability, whilst Gifford-McMahon coolers are used for ground applications, such as in cryopumps and MRI shield cooling applications. Joule-Thomson cryocoolers are used in missile technology because of the fast cool down requirements. The cryocooler field is fast developing and the number of applications are growing because of the increasing costs of the cryogens such as Helium and Neon. The first chapter of the book introduces the different types of cryocoolers, their classification, working principles, and their design aspects, and briefly mentions some of the applications of these systems. This introductory chapter is followed by a number of contributions from prominent international researchers, each describing a specific field of application, the cooling requirements and the cryocooler systems employed. These areas of application include gas liquefaction, space technology, medical science, dilution refrigerators, missile systems, and physics research including particle accelerators. Each chapter describes the cooling requirements based on the end use, the approximate cooling load calculations, the criteria for cryocooler selection, the arrangement for cryocooler placement, the connection of the cooler to the object to be cooled, and includes genuine case studies. Intended primarily for researchers working on cryocoolers, the book will also serve as an introduction to cryocooler technology for students, and a useful reference for those using cryocooler systems in any area of application.
Download or read book Advances in Cryogenic Engineering written by Peter Kittel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 2054 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oregon Convention Center, Portland, Oregon, was the venue for the 1997 Cryogenic Engineering Conference. The meeting was held jointly with the International Cryogenic Materials Conference. John Barclay, of the University of Victoria, and David Smathers, of Cabot Performance Materials, were conference chairmen. Portland is the home of Northwest Natural Gas, a pioneer in the use of liquid natural gas, and Portland State University, where cryogenic research has long been conducted. The program consisted of 350 CEC papers, considerable more than CEC-95. This was the largest number of papers ever submitted to the CEC. Of these, 263 papers are published here, in Volume 43 of Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Once again the volume is published in two books. CEC PAPER REVIEW PROCESS Since 1954 Advances in Cryogenic Engineering has been the archival publication of papers presented at the biennial CEC!ICMC conferences. The publication includes invited, unsolicited, and government sponsored research papers in the research areas of cryogenic engineering and applications. All of the papers published must (1) be presented at the conference, (2) pass the peer review process, and (3) report previously unpublished theoretical studies, reviews, or advances in cryogenic engineering.
Download or read book Cryocoolers 10 written by Ronald G. Jr. Ross and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-08 with total page 850 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cryocoolers 10 is the premier archival publication of the latest advances and performance of small cryogenic refrigerators designed to provide localized cooling for military, space, semi-conductor, medical, computing, and high-temperature superconductor cryogenic applications in the 2-200 K temperature range. Composed of papers written by leading engineers and scientists in the field, Cryocoolers 10 reports the most recent advances in cryocooler development, contains extensive performance test results and comparisons, and relates the latest experience in integrating cryocoolers into advanced applications.
Download or read book Handbook of Superconducting Materials written by David A. Cardwell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 1136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Progress in Cryogenics written by and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cryocoolers written by Graham Walker and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-13 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Low Temperature Materials and Mechanisms written by Yoseph Bar-Cohen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-08-19 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the growing interest in low temperature technologies. Since the subject of low temperature materials and mechanisms is multidisciplinary, the chapters reflect the broadest possible perspective of the field. Leading experts in the specific subject area address the various related science and engineering chemistry, material science, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and physics.
Download or read book Bulletin de L Institut International Du Froid written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Superconductivity written by David A. Cardwell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-07-05 with total page 1292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second of three volumes of the extensively revised and updated second edition of the Handbook of Superconductivity. The past twenty years have seen rapid progress in superconducting materials, which exhibit one of the most remarkable physical states of matter ever to be discovered. Superconductivity brings quantum mechanics to the scale of the everyday world where a single, coherent quantum state may extend over a distance of metres, or even kilometres, depending on the size of a coil or length of superconducting wire. Viable applications of superconductors rely fundamentally on an understanding of this intriguing phenomena and the availability of a range of materials with bespoke properties to meet practical needs. While the first volume covers the fundamentals of superconductivity and the various classes of superconducting materials, Volume 2 covers processing of the desired superconducting materials into desired forms: bulks, films, wires and junction-based devices. The volume closes with articles on the refrigeration methods needed to put the materials into the superconducting state. Key Features: Covers the depth and breadth of the field Includes contributions from leading academics and industry professionals across the world Provides hands-on guidance to the manufacturing and processing technologies A comprehensive reference, the handbook is suitable for both graduate students and practitioners in experimental physics, materials science, and multiple engineering disciplines, including electronic and electrical, chemical, mechanical, metallurgy and others.
Download or read book Cryocoolers 11 written by Ronald G. Jr. Ross and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-08 with total page 797 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composed of papers written by leading engineers and scientists in the field, this valuable collection reports the most recent advances in cryocooler development, contains extensive performance test results and comparisons, and relates the latest experience in integrating cryocoolers into advanced applications.
Download or read book Advances in Cryogenic Engineering written by J. G. Weisend and published by American Institute of Physics. This book was released on 2008-04-17 with total page 952 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All papers have been peer-reviewed. This conference is the principal North American Conference on cryogenic engineering. It is attended by scientists and engineers from all over the world. The papers published here have been fully refereed and cover all aspects of cryogenic engineering including: refrigeration, superconductivity, cryocoolers, air liquefaction, heat and mass transfer, insulation systems, cryostat design and space cryogenics.
