Download or read book Taxing Blackness written by Norah L. A. Gharala and published by University Alabama Press. This book was released on 2019-02-19 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A definitive analysis of the most successful tribute system in the Americas as applied to Afromexicans During the eighteenth century, hundreds of thousands of free descendants of Africans in Mexico faced a highly specific obligation to the Spanish crown, a tax based on their genealogy and status. This royal tribute symbolized imperial loyalties and social hierarchies. As the number of free people of color soared, this tax became a reliable source of revenue for the crown as well as a signal that colonial officials and ordinary people referenced to define and debate the nature of blackness. Taxing Blackness: Free Afromexican Tribute in Bourbon New Spain examines the experiences of Afromexicans and this tribute to explore the meanings of race, political loyalty, and legal privileges within the Spanish colonial regime. Norah L. A. Gharala focuses on both the mechanisms officials used to define the status of free people of African descent and the responses of free Afromexicans to these categories and strategies. This study spans the eighteenth century and focuses on a single institution to offer readers a closer look at the place of Afromexican individuals in Bourbon New Spain, which was the most profitable and populous colony of the Spanish Atlantic. As taxable subjects, many Afromexicans were deeply connected to the colonial regime and ongoing debates about how taxpayers should be defined, whether in terms of reputation or physical appearance. Gharala shows the profound ambivalence, and often hostility, that free people of African descent faced as they navigated a regime that simultaneously labeled them sources of tax revenue and dangerous vagabonds. Some free Afromexicans paid tribute to affirm their belonging and community ties. Others contested what they saw as a shameful imposition that could harm their families for generations. The microhistory includes numerous anecdotes from specific cases and people, bringing their history alive, resulting in a wealth of rural and urban, gender, and family insight.

Download or read book Padr n de negros en Colima de la Nueva Espa a siglo XVI written by José Miguel Romero de Solís and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Moctezuma s Children written by Donald E. Chipman and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though the Aztec Empire fell to Spain in 1521, three principal heirs of the last emperor, Moctezuma II, survived the conquest and were later acknowledged by the Spanish victors as reyes naturales (natural kings or monarchs) who possessed certain inalienable rights as Indian royalty. For their part, the descendants of Moctezuma II used Spanish law and customs to maintain and enhance their status throughout the colonial period, achieving titles of knighthood and nobility in Mexico and Spain. So respected were they that a Moctezuma descendant by marriage became Viceroy of New Spain (colonial Mexico's highest governmental office) in 1696. This authoritative history follows the fortunes of the principal heirs of Moctezuma II across nearly two centuries. Drawing on extensive research in both Mexican and Spanish archives, Donald E. Chipman shows how daughters Isabel and Mariana and son Pedro and their offspring used lawsuits, strategic marriages, and political maneuvers and alliances to gain pensions, rights of entailment, admission to military orders, and titles of nobility from the Spanish government. Chipman also discusses how the Moctezuma family history illuminates several larger issues in colonial Latin American history, including women's status and opportunities and trans-Atlantic relations between Spain and its New World colonies.

Download or read book Bearing Arms for His Majesty written by Ben Vinson and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study uses the participation of free colored men, whether mulatos, pardos, or morenos (i.e., Afro-Spaniards, Afro-Indians, or "pure blacks"), in New Spain's militias as a prism for examining race relations, racial identity, racial categorization, and issues of social mobility for racially stigmatized groups in colonial Mexico. By 1793, nearly 10 percent of New Spain's population was made up of people who could trace some African ancestry—people subject to more legal disabilities and social discrimination than mestizos, who in turn fell below white creoles, who in turn fell below the Spanish-born, in the stratified and caste-like society of colonial Spanish America. The originality of this study lies in approaching race via a single, important institution, the military, rather than via abstractions or examples taken from particular regions or single runs of legal documents. By exploring the lives of tens of thousands of part-time and full-time free colored soldiers, who served the colony as volunteers or conscripts, and by adopting a multi-regional approach, the author is able not only to show how military institutions evolved with reference to race and vice versa, but to do so in a manner that reveals discontinuities and regional differences as well as historical trends. He also is able to examine black lives beyond the institution of slavery and to achieve a more nuanced impression of the meaning of freedom in colonial times. From the 1550s on, free colored forces figured prominently in the colony's military forces, and units of free colored soldiers evolved with increasing autonomy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The author concludes, however, that the Bourbon reforms of the 1760s—which clearly expanded the military establishment and the role of Spanish soldiers born in the New World—came at the expense of free colored companies, which experienced a reduction in both numbers and institutional privileges.

Download or read book Mexican Law written by Stephen Zamora and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to setting forth rules and legal doctrines (with reference to practical application of the law), this volume surveys the key institutions that make and enforce the law in Mexico, and places them in their historical and cultural context.

Download or read book The Republic of Mexico in 1876 written by Antonio García Cubas and published by . This book was released on 1876 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Danube Basin written by Antonín Basch and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Blackness and Mestizaje in Mexico and Central America written by Elisabeth Cunin and published by Africa Research and Publications. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beyond the ideal of a homogenised citizenship produced by the mixing of races - mestizaje - there are complex social dynamics based on difference and indifference, stigmatization and fascination, homogenization and othering. The contributors to this volume believe that mestizaje is more than a 'myth' and multiculturalism a 'challenge' to it. The essays in this book investigate the different processes of racialisation, ethnicisation and negotiation of the belongings that characterize mestizaje as multiculturalism.

Download or read book Mexico s Indigenous Communities written by Ethelia Ruiz Medrano and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2011-11-15 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rich and detailed account of indigenous history in central and southern Mexico from the sixteenth to the twenty-first centuries, Mexico's Indigenous Communities is an expansive work that destroys the notion that Indians were victims of forces beyond their control and today have little connection with their ancient past. Indian communities continue to remember and tell their own local histories, recovering and rewriting versions of their past in light of their lived present. Ethelia Ruiz Medrano focuses on a series of individual cases, falling within successive historical epochs, that illustrate how the practice of drawing up and preserving historical documents-in particular, maps, oral accounts, and painted manuscripts-has been a determining factor in the history of Mexico's Indian communities for a variety of purposes, including the significant issue of land and its rightful ownership. Since the sixteenth century, numerous Indian pueblos have presented colonial and national courts with historical evidence that defends their landholdings. Because of its sweeping scope, groundbreaking research, and the author's intimate knowledge of specific communities, Mexico's Indigenous Communities is a unique and exceptional contribution to Mexican history. It will appeal to students and specialists of history, indigenous studies, ethnohistory, and anthropology of Latin America and Mexico

Download or read book Compendium and Description of the West Indies Classic Reprint written by Antonio Vazquez de Espinoza and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-09-23 with total page 882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Compendium and Description of the West Indies This last is our present work, and so little known to the compiler of this sketch that he cites it with a Latin title. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book The Spanish Lake written by Oskar Hermann Khristian Spate and published by ANU E Press. This book was released on 2004-11-01 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is a history of the Pacific, the ocean that became a theatre of power and conflict shaped by the politics of Europe and the economic background of Spanish America. There could only be a concept of &�the Pacific once the limits and lineaments of the ocean were set and this was undeniably the work of Europeans. Fifty years after the Conquista, Nueva Espaą and Peru were the bases from which the ocean was turned into virtually a Spanish lake.

Download or read book Indian Population Decline written by Robert Howard Jackson and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico written by Tatiana Seijas and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-06-23 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a history of Asian slaves in colonial Mexico and their journey from bondage to freedom.

Download or read book A Population History of the Missions of the Jesuit Province of Paraquaria written by H. Robert Jackson and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2019-07 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scholars have debated the demographic consequences for the indigenous populations of the Americas of 1492, the beginning of sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds. Some have hypothesized an initial die-off of indigenous population resulting from the introduction of highly contagious crowd diseases such as smallpox and measles. So-called virgin soil epidemics caused catastrophic mortality that culled the indigenous populations, and some scholars such as the late Henry Dobyns hypothesized a rate of decline of around 90 percent as epidemics spread across the Americas like a miasmic cloud. However, over the course of generations, the indigenous populations developed immunities to the maladies, and recovered. This book presents a detailed case study of indigenous populations congregated on Jesuit missions in lowland South America that challenges the basic assumptions of the model of virgin soil epidemics. It shows that epidemic mortality varied between communities, and that catastrophic mortality occurred on some mission communities generations after first sustained contact. It concludes that patterns of demographic change among indigenous populations were far more complex than is often assumed. This study is of interest to specialists in historical demography, colonial Spanish America, Native American history, and the history of Spanish frontier missions.

Download or read book Genealogy Online written by Elizabeth Powell Crowe and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2008-01-25 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "With years of experience online, Elizabeth Powell Crowe has become an authority on online genealogical research. She explains how to trace your family tree in an easy-to-understand way that anyone can follow." --Terry Morgan, AOL Genealogy Forum

Download or read book Thirty Years in Mexico written by James Garvin Chastain and published by . This book was released on 1927 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Brings to the present time the story of Baptist work in the land of the Montezumas."--Page 10.

Download or read book The French Experience in Mexico 1821 1861 written by Nancy Nichols Barker and published by . This book was released on 2011-01-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: French Experience in Mexico, 1821-1861: A History of Constant Misunderstanding