Download or read book Optical Measurements on Snow written by Malcolm Mellor and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spectral extinction measurements for the visual range were made on homogeneous snow samples prepared under controlled conditions, with snow density and grain size as variables. Comparative measurements were made on coarse-grained natural snow. Extinction coefficient nu was in the range 0.8 to 1.7/cm for fine-grained dense snow, and 0.16 to 0.37/cm for the coarse-grained snow. In the fine-grained snow, where scattering is thought to be the dominant attenuating process, there is a general decline in nu as wavelength lambda increases from 0.4 to 0.7 microns. In the coarse-grained snow, where absorption becomes significant, spectral selection was slight, with a weak minimum in the region 0.5 to 0.6 microns. When nu is related to density it must have a maximum value; limited data for fine-grained snow show this maximum in the density range 0.45 to 0.60 g/cc, and the density for maximum extinction is inversely related to wavelength. For a given density nu decreases as grain size increases, the rate of change varying with wavelength. Spectral reflectance measurements on natural snow are reported, and attenuation data are interpreted to give surface reflectivity for fine-grained snow. Diffuse reflection from fine-grained snow is believed to have little spectral dependence in the visual range, but with coarse-grained snow reflectance is expected to become inversely dependent on wavelength. It is suggested that optical principles might be applied in the measurement of snow structure, and also for remote sensing of snow-covered terrain. (Author).
Download or read book Research Report Corps of Engineers U S Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory written by Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Special Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Technical Report written by Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Snow Optics written by Alexander Kokhanovsky and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-27 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first book of its kind, focusing exclusively on the optical properties of snow. As a complex and turbid medium, snow is approached as a strongly light-scattering (in the visible spectrum) medium with large, nonspherical ice grains. The book discusses both experimental and theoretical results, as well as the remote sensing of snow using ground-based, airborne and satellite optical instrumentation. The book will be of particular importance for researchers studying snow characteristics (the size of grains, snow pollution and albedo) using various remote-sensing techniques.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 1126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Download or read book Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements written by Thomas Foken and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 1761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical handbook provides a clearly structured, concise and comprehensive account of the huge variety of atmospheric and related measurements relevant to meteorologists and for the purpose of weather forecasting and climate research, but also to the practitioner in the wider field of environmental physics and ecology. The Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements is divided into six parts: The first part offers instructive descriptions of the basics of atmospheric measurements and the multitude of their influencing factors, fundamentals of quality control and standardization, as well as equations and tables of atmospheric, water, and soil quantities. The subsequent parts present classical in-situ measurements as well as remote sensing techniques from both ground-based as well as airborn or satellite-based methods. The next part focusses on complex measurements and methods that integrate different techniques to establish more holistic data. Brief discussions of measurements in soils and water, at plants, in urban and rural environments and for renewable energies demonstrate the potential of such applications. The final part provides an overview of atmospheric and ecological networks. Written by distinguished experts from academia and industry, each of the 64 chapters provides in-depth discussions of the available devices with their specifications, aspects of quality control, maintenance as well as their potential for the future. A large number of thoroughly compiled tables of physical quantities, sensors and system characteristics make this handbook a unique, universal and useful reference for the practitioner and absolutely essential for researchers, students, and technicians.
Download or read book CRREL Report written by Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Journal of the Optical Society of America written by Optical Society of America and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Separately paged supplements accompany a few issues.
Download or read book Thermal Microwave Radiation written by Institution of Engineering and Technology and published by IET. This book was released on 2006-05-19 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combines theoretical concepts with experimental results on thermal microwave radiation to increase the understanding of the complex nature of terrestrial media. Emphasising on radiative transfer models, this book covers the terrestrial aspects, from clear to cloudy atmosphere, precipitation, ocean and land surfaces, vegetation, snow and ice.
Download or read book Measuring the Natural Environment written by Ian Strangeways and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-10-23 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measurements of natural phenomena are vital for any type of environmental monitoring, from the practical day-to-day management of rivers and agriculture, and weather forecasting, through to longer-term assessment of climate change and glacial retreat. This book looks at past, present and future measurement techniques, describing the operation of the instruments used and the quality and accuracy of the data they produce. The book will be important for all those who use or collect such data, whether for pure research or day-to-day management of the environment. It will be useful for students and professionals working in a wide range of environmental science: meteorology, climatology, hydrology, water resources, oceanography, civil engineering, agriculture, forestry, glaciology, ecology. The first edition received excellent reviews and this new edition has been expanded considerably, through the addition of six new chapters and the extension and modification of many of the existing chapters.
Download or read book Antarctic Journal of the United States written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Remote Sensing of the Cryosphere written by Marco Tedesco and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-01-27 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cryosphere, that region of the world where water is temporarily or permanently frozen, plays a crucial role on our planet. Recent developments in remote sensing techniques, and the acquisition of new data sets, have resulted in significant advances in our understanding of all components of the cryosphere and its processes. This book, based on contributions from 40 leading experts, offers a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the methods, techniques and recent advances in applications of remote sensing of the cryosphere. Examples of the topics covered include: • snow extent, depth, grain-size and impurities • surface and subsurface melting • glaciers • accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets • ice thickness and velocities • gravimetric measurements from space • sea, lake and river ice • frozen ground and permafrost • fieldwork activities • recent and future cryosphere-oriented missions and experiments All figures are in color and provide an excellent visual accompaniment to the technical and scientific aspect of the book. Readership: Senior undergraduates, Masters and PhD Students, PostDocs and Researchers in cryosphere science and remote sensing. Remote Sensing of the Cryosphere is the significant first volume in the new Cryosphere Science Series. This new series comprises volumes that are at the cutting edge of new research, or provide focussed interdisciplinary reviews of key aspects of the science.
Download or read book USA CRREL Technical Publications written by Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book CRREL Technical Publications 1950 1975 written by Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Remote Sensing of Drought written by Brian D. Wardlow and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-04-24 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remote Sensing of Drought: Innovative Monitoring Approaches presents emerging remote sensing-based tools and techniques that can be applied to operational drought monitoring and early warning around the world. The first book to focus on remote sensing and drought monitoring, it brings together a wealth of information that has been scattered throughout the literature and across many disciplines. Featuring contributions by leading scientists, it assembles a cross-section of globally applicable techniques that are currently operational or have potential to be operational in the near future. The book explores a range of applications for monitoring four critical components of the hydrological cycle related to drought: vegetation health, evapotranspiration, soil moisture and groundwater, and precipitation. These applications use remotely sensed optical, thermal, microwave, radar, and gravity data from instruments such as AMSR-E, GOES, GRACE, MERIS, MODIS, and Landsat and implement several advanced modeling and data assimilation techniques. Examples show how to integrate this information into routine drought products. The book also examines the role of satellite remote sensing within traditional drought monitoring, as well as current challenges and future prospects. Improving drought monitoring is becoming increasingly important in addressing a wide range of societal issues, from food security and water scarcity to human health, ecosystem services, and energy production. This unique book surveys innovative remote sensing approaches to provide you with new perspectives on large-area drought monitoring and early warning.
Download or read book Light Scattering Reviews Vol 6 written by Alexander A. Kokhanovsky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-22 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the next volume in series of Light Scattering Reviews. Volumes 1-5 have already been printed by Springer. The volume is composed of several papers ( usually, 10) of leading researchers in the respective field. The main focus of this book is light scattering, radiative transfer and optics of snow.
