Download or read book Optical Measurements of Sea Ice written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sea ice in its many stages of growth from frazil to multi-year ice affects the optics of the polar regions. To understand how the optical characteristics are affected by the physical and biological characteristics of the ice we have developed and utilized several optical measurement techniques. Technical objectives of this effort included the development of an in-ice spectral radiometer for measurement of the diffuse attenuation coefficient. We also developed and calibrated an optical instrument for the measurement of frazil ice concentrations. The scientific objectives were to make in-ice measurements of the beam spread function (BSF) using an instrument developed under this grant, the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient, and the diffuse attenuation coefficient of a beam source. These measurements are to study the effects of the anisotropic nature of sea ice on the directional optical properties and to be used in determining the asymptotic diffuse attenuation coefficient.
Download or read book Modelling of Optical Measurements on Sea Ice written by S. A. Brown and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Laboratory measurements of optical beams in young sea ice written by J.S. SCHOONMAKER and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of Salinity on the Optical Extinction of Sea Ice at 6328 written by Hurley T. Davis and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation is made into the determination of the relationship between the extinction coefficient and the salinity of sea ice. A HeNe laser is used to propagate a beam of red light, of wavelength 6328A, through a series of ice samples at -20C. The optical extinction coefficients were calculated and plotted against the measured salinities. The results of the experiment indicated an exponential relationship between extinction coefficient and salinity. The relationship may be described by the equation: y = 2.41 + 0.001 exp (1.19x) where y is the extinction coefficient and x is the salinity. (Author).
Download or read book Sea Ice written by David N. Thomas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-06 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past 20 years the study of the frozen Arctic and Southern Oceans and sub-arctic seas has progressed at a remarkable pace. This third edition of Sea Ice gives insight into the very latest understanding of the how sea ice is formed, how we measure (and model) its extent, the biology that lives within and associated with sea ice and the effect of climate change on its distribution. How sea ice influences the oceanography of underlying waters and the influences that sea ice has on humans living in Arctic regions are also discussed. Featuring twelve new chapters, this edition follows two previous editions (2001 and 2010), and the need for this latest update exhibits just how rapidly the science of sea ice is developing. The 27 chapters are written by a team of more than 50 of the worlds’ leading experts in their fields. These combine to make the book the most comprehensive introduction to the physics, chemistry, biology and geology of sea ice that there is. This third edition of Sea Ice will be a key resource for all policy makers, researchers and students who work with the frozen oceans and seas.
Download or read book Sea Ice written by Mohammed Shokr and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-05-16 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SEA ICE The latest edition of the gold standard in sea ice references In the newly revised second edition of Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an in-depth review of the features and structural properties of ice, as well as the latest advances in geophysical sensors, ice parameter retrieval techniques, and remote sensing data. The book has been updated to reflect the latest scientific developments in macro- and micro-scale sea ice research. For this edition, the authors have included high-quality photographs of thin sections from cores of various ice types, as well as a comprehensive account of all major field expeditions that have systematically surveyed sea ice and its properties. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to ice physics and physical processes, including ice morphology and age-based structural features Practical discussions of radiometric and radar-scattering observations from sea ice, including radar backscatter and microwave emission The latest techniques for the retrieval of sea ice parameters from space-borne and airborne sensor data New chapters on sea ice thermal microwave emissions and on the impact of climate change on polar sea ice Perfect for academic researchers working on sea ice, the cryosphere, and climatology, Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing will also benefit meteorologists, marine operators, and high-latitude construction engineers.
Download or read book Dielectric Measurement of Sea Ice in the Frequency Range 26 5 to 40GHz Using a Quasi optical Technique written by Robert Lewers Rennie and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Optics Abstract Book written by United States. Office of Naval Research. Ocean, Atmosphere and Space Modeling & Prediction Division and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sea Ice Analysis and Forecasting written by Tom Carrieres and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-05 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the science involved in automated prediction of sea ice, for sea ice analysts, researchers, and professionals.
Download or read book Optical Properties of Melting First year Arctic Sea Ice written by Donald K. Perovich and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The albedo and transmittance of melting, first‐year Arctic sea ice were measured during two cruises of the Impacts of Climate on the Eco‐Systems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment (ICESCAPE) project during the summers of 2010 and 2011. Spectral measurements were made for both bare and ponded ice types at a total of 19 ice stations in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. These data, along with irradiance profiles taken within boreholes, laboratory measurements of the optical properties of core samples, ice physical property observations, and radiative transfer model simulations are employed to describe representative optical properties for melting first‐year Arctic sea ice. Ponded ice was found to transmit roughly 4.4 times more total energy into the ocean, relative to nearby bare ice. The ubiquitous surface‐scattering layer and drained layer present on bare, melting sea ice are responsible for its relatively high albedo and relatively low transmittance. Light transmittance through ponded ice depends on the physical thickness of the ice and the magnitude of the scattering coefficient in the ice interior. Bare ice reflects nearly three‐quarters of the incident sunlight, enhancing its resiliency to absorption by solar insolation. In contrast, ponded ice absorbs or transmits to the ocean more than three‐quarters of the incident sunlight. Characterization of the heat balance of a summertime ice cover is largely dictated by its pond coverage, and light transmittance through ponded ice shows strong contrast between first‐year and multiyear Arctic ice covers.
Download or read book Multiple Light Scattering written by H Van de Hulst and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple Light Scattering: Tables, Formulas, and Applications, Volume 1 serves to give concise and handy information related to multiple scattering theory in such a way that the reader would not have to rely on extensive literature on the subject. The book is divided into two parts. Part I: General Theory covers the basic concepts, terms, and notations related to multiple scattering theory; exponential integrals and related functions; reciprocity and detailed balance; different related methods; and homogenous atmospheres with arbitrary phase function and single-scattering albedo. Part II: Isotropic Scattering discusses related concepts such as solutions using the Milne operator; semi-infinite atmospheres; the H-functions; and finite slabs. The text is recommended for practitioners in optics, atmospheric physics, astronomy, and other fields that need a reference book in the subject of multiple light scattering.
Download or read book Field Techniques for Sea Ice Research written by Hajo Eicken and published by University of Alaska Press. This book was released on 2010-03-15 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As much as one-tenth of the world’s oceans are covered with sea ice, or frozen ocean water, at some point during the annual cycle. Sea ice thus plays an important, often defining, role in the natural environment and the global climate system. This book is a global look at the changes in sea ice and the tools and techniques used to measure and record those changes. The first comprehensive research done on sea-ice field techniques, this volume will be indispensable for the study of northern sea ice and a must-have for scientists in the field of climate change research.
Download or read book Optical Remote Sensing of Snow on Sea Ice written by Xiaobing Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Optical Properties of Sea Ice written by Donald K. Perovich and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sea ice is a translucent material with an intricate structure and complex optical properties. Understanding the reflection, absorption, and transmission of shortwave radiation by sea ice is important to a diverse array of scientific problems, including those in ice thermodynamics and polar climatology. Radiative transfer in sea ice is a combination of absorption and scattering. Differences in the magnitude of sea ice optical properties are due primarily to differences in scattering. Spectral variations are mainly a result of absorption. Changes in such optical properties as the albedo, reflectance, transmittance, and extinction coefficient are directly related to changes in the state and structure of the ice. Physical changes that enhance scattering, such as the formation of air bubbles due to brine drainage, result in larger albedos and extinction coefficients. The albedo is quite sensitive to the surface state. If the ice has a snow cover, albedos are large. In contrast, the presence of liquid water on a bare ice surface causes a decrease in albedo, which is more pronounced at longer wavelengths. Sea-ice optical properties depend on the volume of brine and air and on how the brine and air are distributed.
Download or read book Optical Properties and Remote Sensing of Multicomponental Water Bodies written by Kh. I︠U︡ Arst and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-04-29 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The text covers the problems concerning optical properties and remote sensing of turbid and surface-polluted oceans and lakes. In four chapters Helgi Arst compares remote sensing data with data collected from similar examination of clean waters. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the main radiative and remote sensing characteristics and provides discussion on the properties of optically active substances (OAS) in the water and their variability and concentration, drawing on original data obtained in the Baltic Sea region. Chapter 2 focuses on the investigation of the influence of surface oil slicks on the reflection and absorption of solar radiation for both calm and ruffled sea surfaces. A model is provided for determining the temperature and the reflected component in upwelling rough seas. Chapter 3 provides remote sensing results obtained mainly for the Baltic Sea region, including some lakes. Correlations between the concentrations of OAS, water transparency and total remote sensing reflectance are investigated. Chapter 4 deals with subsurface irradiance and optical classification of turbid waters. This chapter analyses the different criteria of the euphotic depth, drawing on a semi-empirical model for the estimation of underwater light scattering. The conclusion provides discussion on the results obtained.
Download or read book Sea Ice Bridging Spatial Temporal Scales and Disciplines written by Hauke Flores and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-06-25 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Download or read book Modeling of Optical Beam Spread in Sea Ice written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two year theoretical investigation of the optical properties of first year sea ice yielded several important results: (1) beam spread function measurements provide an important constraint on inversion of optical data to obtain ice scattering properties; (2) several hundred optical path lengths can be required to approach the asymptotic radiance distribution for point light sources, even though the ice is highly scattering; (3) photon diffusion theory gives a reasonably good description of light propagation deep within sea ice and, more importantly, shows that sea ice scattering phase functions are highly peaked near the forward scattering direction; (4) classical radiative transfer theory is adequate for prediction of light propagation within sea ice, and (5) it is possible to begin with sea ice physical properties and proceed in a rigorous fashion to predict sea ice inherent and apparent optical properties.
