Download or read book Nucleation of Gas Hydrates written by Nobuo Maeda and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-15 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to experimental techniques of general utility that can be used to practically and reliably determine nucleation rates. It also covers the basics of gas hydrates, phase equilibria, nucleation theory, crystal growth, and interfacial gaseous states. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in the field of hydrate nucleation. The formation of gas hydrates is a first-order phase transition that begins with nucleation. Understanding nucleation is of interest to many working in the chemical and petroleum industry, since nucleation, while beneficial in many chemical processes, is also a concern in terms of flow assurance for oil and natural gas pipelines. A primary difficulty in the investigation of gas hydrate nucleation has been researchers’ inability to determine and compare the nucleation rates of gas hydrates across systems with different scales and levels of complexity, which in turn has limited their ability to study the nucleation process itself. This book introduces readers to experimental techniques that can be used to practically and reliably determine the nucleation rates of gas hydrate systems. It also covers the basics of gas hydrates, phase equilibria, nucleation theory, crystal growth, and interfacial gaseous states. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in the field of hydrate nucleation.
Download or read book Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases written by E. Dendy Sloan Jr. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-09-07 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrate research has expanded substantially over the past decade, resulting in more than 4,000 hydrate-related publications. Collating this vast amount of information into one source, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, Third Edition presents a thoroughly updated, authoritative, and comprehensive description of all major aspects of natural gas cla
Download or read book Gas Hydrates 1 written by Daniel Broseta and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-08-07 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas hydrates, or clathrate hydrates, are crystalline solids resembling ice, in which small (guest) molecules, typically gases, are trapped inside cavities formed by hydrogen-bonded water (host) molecules. They form and remain stable under low temperatures – often well below ambient conditions – and high pressures ranging from a few bar to hundreds of bar, depending on the guest molecule. Their presence is ubiquitous on Earth, in deep-marine sediments and in permafrost regions, as well as in outer space, on planets or comets. In addition to water, they can be synthesized with organic species as host molecules, resulting in milder stability conditions: these are referred to as semi-clathrate hydrates. Clathrate and semi-clathrate hydrates are being considered for applications as diverse as gas storage and separation, cold storage and transport and water treatment. This book is the first of two edited volumes, with chapters on the experimental and modeling tools used for characterizing and predicting the unique molecular, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of gas hydrates (Volume 1) and on gas hydrates in their natural environment and for potential industrial applications (Volume 2).
Download or read book Advances in the Study of Gas Hydrates written by Charles E. Taylor and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-08 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book had its genesis in a symposium on gas hydrates presented at the 2003 Spring National Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. The symposium consisted of twenty papers presented in four sessions over two days. Additional guest authors were invited to provide continuity and cover topics not addressed during the symposium. Gas hydrates are a unique class of chemical compounds where molecules of one compound (the guest material) are enclosed, without bonding chemically, within an open solid lattice composed of another compound (the host material). These types of configurations are known as clathrates. The guest molecules, u- ally gases, are of an appropriate size such that they fit within the cage formed by the host material. Commonexamples of gas hydrates are carbon dioxide/water and methane/water clathrates. At standard pressure and temperature, methane hydrate contains by volume 180 times as much methane as hydrate. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has estimated that there is more organic carbon c- tained as methane hydrate than all other forms of fossil fuels combined. In fact, methane hydrates could provide a clean source of energy for several centuries. Clathrate compounds were first discovered in the early 1800s when Humphrey Davy and Michael Faraday were experimenting with chlorine-water mixtures.
Download or read book Prediction of Gas hydrate Equilibrium Stability and Kinetic Nucleation in Porous Media written by Yali Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Natural gas-hydrates are crystalline inclusion compounds with gas molecules (guest compounds) trapped within a host lattice formed by water molecules in an ice-like hydrogen-bonded framework. Natural gas-hydrates have the potential to become an important carbon-based resource addressing the increasing energy demand, and they pose a risk in terms of climate change. Accurate estimates of gas-hydrates global inventory, understanding of formation and dissociation processes of gas-hydrates, and evaluation of their environmental impact require models that accurately describe gas-hydrate stability in sediments and predict gas-hydrate kinetic nucleation processes. The hypothesis driving this work is that incorporation of selected sediment properties, i.e., surface energies and pore diameter, can lead to more accurate predictions of hydrate equilibrium, stability and nucleation in porous media. In this work, a model for gas-hydrate equilibrium in porous media was developed from basic thermodynamic principles and tested against available experimental data published in the scientific literature. The proposed model predicts reported experimental data with high accuracy for the range of pore sizes (3.4 ~ 24.75 nm) of different materials reported in the literature. It was found that the wettability of the pore surface affects the shape of the hydrate phase inside the pore and consequently influences the equilibrium pressures of gas-hydrates formed in porous media. A predictive macroscopic mathematical model describing the kinetic nucleation of gas-hydrates was developed based on Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) in order to formulate correction factors for three types of interfaces mostly encountered in natural sediments (gas-liquid interface, liquid-solid interface and three-phase boundary lines). This approach, which incorporates the interfacial properties of sediments, can efficiently provide a fundamental understanding on the dependence of the formation mechanism of gas hydrates on a wide range of interfacial properties (wettability, substrate size, interfacial tension). The model predicts that hydrate nucleation is energetically favorable on confined surfaces with smaller contact-angle values, i.e., hydrophilic surfaces. Comparison between different types of interfaces leads to the conclusion that the nucleation of gas hydrates preferentially occurs in larger sediment pores. At the beginning of methane hydrate formation, for example, hydrate will preferentially nucleate at the gas-liquid interface. With the increase of hydrate volume or growth of the hydrate phase, the center of crystal growth moves towards the liquid-solid interface. In natural systems, gas hydrates form first on the concave liquid/solid interface and gas/liquid interface in sandstone sediments, gas/liquid interface and gas/liquid/solid triple boundary line in clay sediments and gas/liquid interface in pipeline with oil droplets. The inclusion of sediment properties in the model for gas-hydrate equilibrium in sediments predict experimental data within a margin of %AAD lower than 2%, a significant improvement upon previous modeling attempts. Additionally, the inclusion of sediment properties in the models for kinetic nucleation of gas hydrates result in mathematical models that capture the qualitative information obtained from examination of gas-hydrate core samples. Therefore, the hypothesis of the present work was proven."--Abstract.
Download or read book Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases Second Edition Revised and Expanded written by E. Dendy Sloan, Jr. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1998-01-05 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Striking a balance between theoretical and experimental perspectives, this book presents a historical overview of clathrate hydrates and examines future trends, reviews crystal structures and properties, reveals industrial applications of clathrate hydrates in the production and processing of natural gas, discusses hydrate kinetics and elucidates the current status of hydrate time dependence, analyzes time-independent phase equilibria, and more. With nearly 300 tables and illustrations, the book is a practical guide for chemical, design, process, petroleum, and mechanical engineers; chemists and geochemists; geologists; geophysicists; and graduate-level students in these disciplines.
Download or read book Hydrates of Natural Gas written by I︠U︡riĭ Fedorovich Makogon and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Natural Gas Hydrates written by Yuguang Ye and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-14 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Natural Gas Hydrates: Experimental Techniques and Their Applications” attempts to broadly integrate the most recent knowledge in the fields of hydrate experimental techniques in the laboratory. The book examines various experimental techniques in order to provide useful parameters for gas hydrate exploration and exploitation. It provides experimental techniques for gas hydrates, including the detection techniques, the thermo-physical properties, permeability and mechanical properties, geochemical abnormalities, stability and dissociation kinetics, exploitation conditions, as well as modern measurement technologies etc. This book will be of interest to experimental scientists who engage in gas hydrate experiments in the laboratory, and is also intended as a reference work for students concerned with gas hydrate research. Yuguang Ye is a distinguished professor of Experimental Geology at Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, China. Professor Changling Liu works at the Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, China.
Download or read book An Experimental Study of the Nucleation and Growth of Gas Hydrates written by Martin Bylov and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gas Hydrates 2 written by Livio Ruffine and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-04-16 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas hydrates in their natural environment and for potential industrial applications (Volume 2).
Download or read book Carbon in Earth s Interior written by Craig E. Manning and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-03 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon in Earth's fluid envelopes - the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, plays a fundamental role in our planet's climate system and a central role in biology, the environment, and the economy of earth system. The source and original quantity of carbon in our planet is uncertain, as are the identities and relative importance of early chemical processes associated with planetary differentiation. Numerous lines of evidence point to the early and continuing exchange of substantial carbon between Earth's surface and its interior, including diamonds, carbon-rich mantle-derived magmas, carbonate rocks in subduction zones and springs carrying deeply sourced carbon-bearing gases. Thus, there is little doubt that a substantial amount of carbon resides in our planet's interior. Yet, while we know it must be present, carbon's forms, transformations and movements at conditions relevant to the interiors of Earth and other planets remain uncertain and untapped. Volume highlights include: - Reviews key, general topics, such as carbonate minerals, the deep carbon cycle, and carbon in magmas or fluids - Describes new results at the frontiers of the field with presenting results on carbon in minerals, melts, and fluids at extreme conditions of planetary interiors - Brings together emerging insights into carbon's forms, transformations and movements through study of the dynamics, structure, stability and reactivity of carbon-based natural materials - Reviews emerging new insights into the properties of allied substances that carry carbon, into the rates of chemical and physical transformations, and into the complex interactions between moving fluids, magmas, and rocks to the interiors of Earth and other planets - Spans the various chemical redox states of carbon, from reduced hydrocarbons to zero-valent diamond and graphite to oxidized CO2 and carbonates - Captures and synthesizes the exciting results of recent, focused efforts in an emerging scientific discipline - Reports advances over the last decade that have led to a major leap forward in our understanding of carbon science - Compiles the range of methods that can be tapped tap from the deep carbon community, which includes experimentalists, first principles theorists, thermodynamic modelers and geodynamicists - Represents a reference point for future deep carbon science research Carbon in Planetary Interiors will be a valuable resource for researchers and students who study the Earth's interior. The topics of this volume are interdisciplinary, and therefore will be useful to professionals from a wide variety of fields in the Earth Sciences, such as mineral physics, petrology, geochemistry, experimentalists, first principles theorists, thermodynamics, material science, chemistry, geophysics and geodynamics.
Download or read book Economic Geology of Natural Gas Hydrate written by Michael D. Max and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-07-09 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a companion to “Natural Gas Hydrate in Oceanic and Permafrost Environments” (Max, 2000, 2003), which is the first book on gas hydrate in this series. Although other gases can naturally form clathrate hydrates (referred to after as ‘hydrate’), we are concerned here only with hydrocarbon gases that form hydrates. The most important of these natural gases is methane. Whereas the first book is a general introduction to the subject of natural gas hydrate, this book focuses on the geology and geochemical controls of gas hydrate development and on gas extraction from naturally occurring hydrocarbon hydrates. This is the first broad treatment of gas hydrate as a natural resource within an economic geological framework. This book is written mainly to stand alone for brevity and to minimize duplication. Information in Max (2000; 2003) should also be consulted for completeness. Hydrate is a type of clathrate (Sloan, 1998) that is formed from a cage structure of water molecules in which gas molecules occupying void sites within the cages stabilize the structure through van der Waals or hydrogen bonding.
Download or read book Natural Gas Hydrates written by John Carroll and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2020-05-12 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Gas Hydrates, Fourth Edition, provides a critical reference for engineers who are new to the field. Covering the fundamental properties, thermodynamics and behavior of hydrates in multiphase systems, this reference explains the basics before advancing to more practical applications, the latest developments and models. Updated sections include a new hydrate toolbox, updated correlations and computer methods. Rounding out with new case study examples, this new edition gives engineers an important tool to continue to control and mitigate hydrates in a safe and effective manner. Presents an updated reference with structured comparisons on hydrate calculation methods that are supported by practical case studies and a current list of inhibitor patents Provides a comprehensive understanding of new hydrate management strategies, particularly for multiphase pipeline operations Covers future challenges, such as carbon sequestration with simultaneous production of methane from hydrates
Download or read book Natural Gas Hydrates in Flow Assurance written by Carolyn Ann Koh and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2010-10-12 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With millions of kilometres of onshore and offshore oil and gas pipelines in service around the world, pipelines are the life’s blood of the world. Notorious for disrupting natural gas production or transmission, the formation of natural gas hydrates can cost a company hundreds of millions and lead to catastrophic equipment breakdowns and safety and health hazards. Written by an international group of experts, Natural Gas Hydrates in Flow Assurance provide an expert overview of the practice and theory in natural gas hydrates, with applications primarily in flow assurance. Compact and easy to use, the book provides readers with a wealth of materials which include the key lessons learned in the industry over the last 20 years. Packed with field case studies, the book is designed to provide hands-on training and practice in calculating hydrate phase equilibria and plug dissociation. In addition readers receive executable programs to calculate hydrate thermodynamics. Case studies of hydrates in flow assurance The key concepts underlying the practical applications An overview of the state of the art flow assurance industrial developments
Download or read book Combining Novel Simulation Methods and Nucleation Theory to Uncover the Secrets of Gas Hydrates written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional computer simulation methods fail for some of the most important problems. With the design and application of innovative algorithms, this project achieved a breakthrough for the case of systems undergoing first-order phase transitions. We gave a complete simulation protocol based upon a well optimized version of our "generalized replica exchange method". The transition of primary interest was gas hydrate formation, a process of significance for climate science and natural gas retrieval. Since hydrates consist of guest molecules in the cages of a water matrix, [beta] ice, the freezing and melting of water was also studied. New information was uncovered about the transition pathways and thermodynamics. Some highlights are 1. the finding that in a very dilute solution without deep supercooling, representative of real-world conditions and very challenging to conventional algorithms, methane can act as a catalyst to drive the formation of large amounts of [beta] ice with empty cages as metastable intermediates, which might be filled by additional methane in a mechanism for hydrate formation, and 2. illumination of the role of metastable cubic ice in water freezing, with determination of the surface tensions of the cubic, hexagonal, and [beta] ices, and the free energy difference of cubic vs hexagonal ice. Work was begun on lipid systems, bilayers and nanoreactors promising for energy-related photoreductions, and targets for future research. Our methods yielded what is arguably the most complete description of the composite lipid/water phases and the transition pathways among them.
Download or read book Chemical Additives for Gas Hydrates written by Bhajan Lal and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a straightforward, informative guide to the chemicals used for gas hydrate formation and inhibition, providing the reader with the latest information on the definition, structure, formation conditions, problems, and applications of gas hydrates. The authors review not only the inhibitors used to prevent or mitigate hydrate formation, but also the conditions under which it is necessary to form hydrates quickly, which require the use of promoters. Various promoters are discussed, including their specifications, functions, advantages and disadvantages. The possibility of using natural reservoirs of gas hydrate as an energy source is also considered. Lastly, due to the difficulty of conducting experiments that reflect all conditions and concentrations, the book presents a number of models that can predict the basic parameters in the presence of the chemicals. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to professionals working in this field in an industrial context, as well as to researchers, undergraduate and graduate students of chemical engineering.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Salt Water Desalination written by H.T. El-Dessouky and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2002-03-20 with total page 691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Industrial desalination of sea and brackish water is becoming an essential part in providing sustainable sources of fresh water for a larger number of communities around the world. Desalination is a main source of fresh water in the Gulf countries, a number of the Caribbean and Mediterranean Islands, and several municipalities in a large number of countries. As the industry expands there is a pressing need to have a clear and well-written textbook that focuses on desalination fundamentals and other industrial aspects.This book focuses on the processes widely used in industry, which include multistage flash desalination and reverse osmosis. Also, other desalination processes with attractive features and high potential are featured. It includes a large number of solved examples, which are explained in simple and careful matter that allow the reader to follow and understand the development. The data used in the development of the examples and case studies are extracted from existing desalination plants.This title also includes comparisons of model predictions against results reported in literature as well as available experimental and industrial data. Several industries include similar unit operation processes, i.e., evaporators, condensers, flashing units, membrane separation, and chemical treatment. Examples of such industries include wastewater treatment, food, petroleum, petrochemical, power generation, and pulp and paper. Process fundamentals and design procedures of such unit processes follow the same procedures given in this textbook.
