Download or read book Neural Correlates of Temporal Processing written by Xu Cui and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Neural Correlates of Top down Musical Temporal Processing written by Emily Graber and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For performers and listeners, mentally processing time during musical sequences is essential for executing and understanding the underlying structure and expressive intention in music. In performing classical chamber music for example, the musicians must dynamically monitor their own playing as well as that of their group members for synchrony, they must collectively prepare for and perform rubato or explicit tempo changes, and they must actively track time even when the group has rests instead of notes. Audience members, too, can do such temporal processes as anticipate expressive or scored tempo changes (if they happen to have prior familiarity with the piece), make predictions about the development of a changing musical tempo, and expect certain continuations of the music in time. Notably, the temporal processes mentioned here for both performers and listeners are active, based on voluntary effort put into creating, conveying, or engaging with ongoing music. Moreover, these active temporal processes may be done on top of whatever automatic processes occur due to simply hearing sounds arranged in time. In order to characterize the neural activities that reflect automatic temporal processing, many previous studies have taken bottom-up approaches, driving fixed temporal expectations with fixed stimulus properties and measuring the brain responses elicited by expectation violations after deviating patterns. Only recently have some studies started to investigate the neural activities that result from active temporal processing without manipulating the stimuli. In this dissertation, top-down musical temporal processes were studied in particular by using a unique paradigm with controlled stimuli designed to drive the deliberate processes that musicians and audiences regularly engage in. Specifically, experienced musicians were required to listen to and anticipate tempo accelerations, decelerations, or steady beats after visual cues without knowing when the tempo changes would start. Their electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded during this anticipation task, while they continued to monitor the beat sequences for continuity and smoothness during the actual tempo changes, and after each sequence finished. This dissertation presents three studies based on the obtained EEG recordings. Dynamic power modulations of neural oscillations in the beta-band (13-30 Hz) and endogenous evoked response components were analyzed before, during, and after tempo changes. How the targeted neural responses reflected the top-down musical temporal processes of (1) anticipation, (2) temporal interval prediction, and (3) expectation strength are reported in detail. To the field of auditory cognition, this work contributes evidence in support of the hypothesis that the brain actively interacts and engages with stimuli based on top-down goals. Anticipation, direction-specific temporal predictions, and expectations in silence were able to be decoded from ongoing beta modulations and evoked responses, contributing to a neuroscientific understanding of the behavior of beta modulations as well as a musical understanding of what musical temporal processing entails. This work was also the first to document beta modulations during silence after auditory sequences. Finally, compared to standard methods of driving temporal expectation, the paradigm here introduced a more ecologically valid yet EEG-friendly approach to investigate musical temporal processing under experimentally controlled conditions.

Download or read book Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Human Time Perception Imagination and Production written by Tzu-Han Zoe Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rhythmicity is a key component that allows humans to attend to, predict, and respond to the environment. In particular, temporal processing is fundamental to the perception and production of complex sounds, such as speech and music. Neural entrainment hypothesizes that internal oscillators synchronize with external stimuli, providing a unified mechanism for supramodal temporal processing. Extensive research demonstrates the entrainment effect on human time perception for non-speech musical sounds; fewer studies have shown entrainment effects for duration perception in spoken language. To date, it remains unclear how humans encode temporal properties and generate rhythm according to them, and whether and how entrainment mechanisms represent timing information in the brain. My aim is to address these important open questions. In Chapter 1 of my thesis, I reviewed the existing literature and gaps therein. Chapter 2 compared whether entrainment or interval models more accurately predict human time perception. Entrainment models more accurately predicted duration discrimination, but the effect diminished after 2-4 cycles, while interval models predicted more accurately thereafter. Chapter 3 tested entrainment effects on more ecologically valid contexts--speech sounds, and found that entrainment can transfer from tones to speech sounds, suggesting a domain-general entrainment effect with a constraint by acoustical similarity. Chapter 4 examined neural evidence of entrainment in hierarchically organized drumming rhythm. The study found that both auditory and motor regions represent the rhythms imagined by the subjects. A motor-to-auditory information flow was found in all listening conditions without overt movements, suggesting that the motor system actively maintains hierarchical information and exerts a top-down influence on auditory processing and metrical imagery of rhythms. Chapter 5 further investigated rhythm production using self-paced tapping and synchronization, finding that synchronization relies on auditory-motor interaction in beta-band, only observed in individuals who tap relatively stably in the self-paced tapping task without external cues. In summary, this thesis work contributes to the theoretical understanding of how humans perceive, imagine and produce temporal events, particularly in a rhythmic context, at the behavioral and neural levels. My hope is that this work can improve real-life applications and inform work with clinical populations who have timing-related deficits.

Download or read book Neural Correlates of Auditory Cognition written by Yale E. Cohen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-19 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hearing and communication present a variety of challenges to the nervous system. To be heard and understood, a communication signal must be transformed from a time-varying acoustic waveform to a perceptual representation to an even more abstract representation that integrates memory stores with semantic/referential information. Finally, this complex, abstract representation must be interpreted to form categorical decisions that guide behavior. Did I hear the stimulus? From where and whom did it come? What does it tell me? How can I use this information to plan an action? All of these issues and questions underlie auditory cognition. Since the early 1990s, there has been a re-birth of studies that test the neural correlates of auditory cognition with a unique emphasis on the use of awake, behaving animals as model. Continuing today, how and where in the brain neural correlates of auditory cognition are formed is an intensive and active area of research. Importantly, our understanding of the role that the cortex plays in hearing has the potential to impact the next generation of cochlear- and brainstem-auditory implants and consequently help those with hearing impairments. Thus, it is timely to produce a volume that brings together this exciting literature on the neural correlates of auditory cognition. This volume compliments and extends many recent SHAR volumes such as Sound Source Localization (2005) Auditory Perception of Sound Sources (2007), and Human Auditory Cortex (2010). For example, in many of these volumes, similar issues are discussed such as auditory-object identification and perception with different emphases: in Auditory Perception of Sound Sources, authors discuss the underlying psychophysics/behavior, whereas in the Human Auditory Cortex, fMRI data are presented. The unique contribution of the proposed volume is that the authors will integrate both of these factors to highlight the neural correlates of cognition/behavior. Moreover, unlike other these other volumes, the neurophysiological data will emphasize the exquisite spatial and temporal resolution of single-neuron [as opposed to more coarse fMRI or MEG data] responses in order to reveal the elegant representations and computations used by the nervous system.

Download or read book Time Perception and Dysfunction Clinical and Practical Implications written by Deana Davalos and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Download or read book Windows to the Brain written by Robin A. Hurley and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2009-02-20 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Windows to the Brain is the only book to synthesize neuroanatomical and imaging research as it pertains to selected neuropsychiatric diseases, containing all of the "Windows to the Brain" papers published from 1999-2006 in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. These reader-friendly summaries by more than sixty contributors present modern imaging techniques that assist in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric illness, enhanced by easily understood color graphics of the neuroanatomical circuits of behavior, memory, and emotion. They provide a basic understanding of how to apply a variety of imaging techniques to the study of adult neuropsychiatric disease and how to use neuroimaging to assist in diagnostic work-ups for conditions ranging from sleep disorders to epilepsy to borderline personality. Integrated, color-coded graphics present functional anatomical information in a manner that promotes understanding and use in clinical practice, while the text encompasses a wide range of diseases and injuries across the adult lifespan. The book is organized into four sections that will help readers increase their appreciation of the wide range of research and clinical applications for imaging in neuropsychiatry: chapters on imaging techniques discuss underlying principles, strengths and weaknesses, and applications; chapters on specific diseases demonstrate a range of investigative techniques; anatomy/circuit chapters focus on particular brain structures or functional neuropsychiatric circuits; and final chapters present image-based approaches to understanding or selecting treatment options. Some of the applications described are: Use of fMRI in posttraumatic stress disorder to reveal the delicate balance between the structures of the emotion and memory tracks; Use of high-resolution MRI and nuclear imaging to distinguish between panic disorder and simple partial seizure disorder; Use of functional imaging studies to detect corticobasal degeneration, as a means of better understanding dementia; Use of newer imaging techniques in identifying progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, to enable more rapid and reliable tailoring of individual therapy for HIV; Use of functional neuroimaging in the study of fear, in order to better understand and treat anxiety-based psychiatric disorders; Use of neuroimaging studies in conversion disorder, showing implications for the disruption of selfhood in dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia; Use of FDG-PET scans to look for predictors of treatment response in childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Windows to the Brain can help bring less-experienced readers up to speed on advanced imaging and anatomical details that pertain to the modern practice of neuropsychiatry. It is must-reading for specialists in neuropsychiatry and cognitive/behavioral neurology, or for general psychiatrists with an interest in neuroimaging.

Download or read book Neural Correlates of Auditory Processing Following Exposure to an Augmented Acoustic Environment written by Adam Christopher Dziorny and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Each year as many as 3/1000 children are diagnosed with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Common in these children are delays in grammar comprehension, vocabulary retention and speech development, related to temporal processing abilities. Studies in a mouse model of congenital sensorineural hearing loss suggest that early exposure to an augmented acoustic environment (AAE) limits outer hair cell death and maintains peripheral auditory thresholds. However, there have been no studies on the effects of AAE on neural encoding in the central auditory system. The goal of these experiments is to investigate midbrain auditory processing in a mouse model (the DBA strain) of sensorineural hearing loss, and determine the effects of AAE exposure. It is clear that sound exposure during the early developmental period has profound effects on neural processing in the central auditory system of normal-hearing subjects. Questions remain on the effects of such sound exposure on a model of hearing impairment. In Aim I of this study we presented a novel temporal AAE containing silent gaps embedded in noise bursts to DBA mice and examined the frequency representation, intensity encoding and temporal processing in the auditory midbrain. Mice were exposed to a traditional AAE stimulus, a novel temporal AAE stimulus, or no stimulus from birth to P30. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were recorded to assess peripheral auditory function. To assess the effects on central auditory processing we recorded neural activity from a 16-channel electrode in the inferior colliculus (IC). We confirmed peripheral preservation with AAE exposure, and expanded these results to demonstrate outer hair cell functional preservation. In the midbrain we demonstrated that IC neurons showed decreased thresholds, that high best-frequency units were maintained, tuning sharpness was improved, excitatory drive was increased and most importantly, units displayed shorter neural gap thresholds. Additionally, only mice exposed to our novel temporal AAE demonstrated significantly shortened mean gap threshold at low carrier levels, and in the presence of continuous background noise. To be useful as a therapeutic intervention the effect of onset time on central auditory function must be examined. Additionally, it is not known if the improvements provided by AAE exposure will remain after exposure cessation. In Aim II of this study we asked whether delaying the exposure onset or altering its duration influence the improvements in neural processing noted above. Again DBA mice were exposed to a traditional AAE stimulus or no stimulus from birth to P60. Two additional groups were included, one exposed for 30 days followed by 30 days of no exposure (On/Off), the other not exposed until P30 followed by 30 days of exposure (Off/On). All animals were tested at P60. Again ABRs and DPOAEs were recorded to assess peripheral auditory function, and central auditory processing was measured using a 16-channel electrode in the IC. We determined that the onset time of exposure is of little importance in demonstrating improvements in both peripheral and central auditory system. However, continued exposure is essential to maintain the beneficial effects and limit functional loss. Our results demonstrate that AAE preserves peripheral structure and function and improves central auditory processing, that a targeted temporal AAE can improve neural correlates of temporal processing, and that the timing of AAE is essential in delaying the progression of sensorineural hearing loss. These experiments pave the way for possible therapeutic intervention in children suffering congenital sensorineural hearing loss."--Leaves v-vi.

Download or read book Characterization of the Neural Correlates Associated with Temporal Sequence Processing in the Human Brain written by Liang-Tien Hsieh and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One key feature of human episodic memory is our ability to engage in "mental time travel" to the past. Despite the consensus that temporal organization is a defining feature of human episodic memory, the neural mechanisms that underlie this ability remain largely unexplored. The present work aims to examine the neural underpinnings that support memory for temporal information in humans; using different approaches (i.e., scalp EEG and functional MRI) that each examines a specific aspect of the neural mechanisms associated with such ability. Chapter 1 of this dissertation presents an overview of this topic. A comprehensive literature review suggesting a role for low-frequency theta oscillations (4-8 Hz) in working memory and episodic memory encoding and retrieval processes is presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents findings from a scalp-EEG study, demonstrating that theta oscillations over frontal regions are particularly associated with the maintenance of temporal order, relative to item, information in working memory. To further delineate the neural substrates that support memory for temporal sequences, Chapters 4 and 5 present studies using functional MRI, along with multi-voxel pattern analysis techniques, to examine the contribution of distinct brain regions during retrieval of object sequences. Results in Chapter 4 demonstrate that hippocampal activity patterns represent a temporal signal that integrates object information, whereas activity patterns in the parahippocampal and perirhinal cortex are sensitive to temporal position and object information, respectively. Extending the findings in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 focuses on the involvement of the cortical "recollection network" that includes the medial prefrontal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, and angular gyrus during object sequence retrieval. The results clearly show that core regions of the recollection network schematically codes information about temporal positions of object sequences, irrespective of individual object information. The present work thus highlights the role of theta oscillations in retaining temporal order information in working memory, and further characterizes how brain regions that have been implicated in memory functions support memory for time.

Download or read book Understanding the Importance of Temporal Coupling of Neural Activities in Information Processing Underlying Action and Perception written by Daya Shankar Gupta and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-10-20 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Neural Correlates of Temporal Anticipation written by Matthias Grabenhorst and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Neural Correlates of Auditory Word Processing in Infants and Adults written by Katherine Elizabeth Travis and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the majority of people, words are first learned and are communicated in high proportions in the auditory modality. However, the neural dynamics underlying speech perception are poorly understood. Even more limited, is knowledge of the neurophysiological processes and neuroanatomical structures that afford developing language abilities in infants. This dissertation investigates these issues in a series of related studies that are aimed at characterizing the spatial and temporal neural dynamics of auditory word processing in both developing 12-19 month old infants and adults. The first study, performed in adults, reveals new evidence for a neural response that is selective for auditory words, relative to acoustically-matched control sounds. This response appears to index a stage in speech processing wherein an incoming word sound is translated from an acoustic signal into a linguistically relevant code. This information can then be passed along the speech processing stream so that eventually the appropriate meaning of a word can be selected amongst representations stored within associative left fronto-temporal networks. The second study, performed in both adults and 12-18 month old infants, demonstrates that the neural mechanism responsible for encoding lexico-semantic word information has similar spatial and temporal characteristics in infants and adults. Prior work has not been able to establish whether infants and adults share similar neural substrates for language, and these findings suggest that the neurophysiological processes important for word understanding reside within similar neural networks throughout the lifespan. Finally, to gain a better understanding of the regional neuroanatomical changes that take place in the developing cortex of 12-19 month old-infants, the third study examines age-related changes tissues signal properties assessed with magnetic resonance imaging. This a period in development that is pivotal for emerging linguistic, cognitive and sensorimotor behaviors, however, the maturational changes that occur brain structures are poorly understood at these ages. This study reveals large changes in structural measures within precisely the specific areas that were demonstrated to generate lexico-semantic activity in study two. Together, these studies help to advance current understanding of neurophysiological processing stages and neural structures involved in auditory word processing in both the developing and mature brain. These findings invite a host of new studies that will continue to further knowledge of how speech processing is instantiated within the brain. Finally, with the use of multimodal imaging techniques such as those described in the present studies, there is increasing potential for new research aimed at understanding the neurobiological underpinning of language and other cognitive behaviors.

Download or read book Temporal Processing In The Amygdalo Prefronto Dorsostriatal Network In Rats written by Lucille Tallot and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time is an essential dimension of life. It is necessary for coordinating movement, for communication, but also for decision-making. The principal goal of this work was to characterize the role of an amygdalo-prefronto-dorsostriatal network in the memorization and encoding of time in a rat model. Firstly, we described temporal behavior in a conditioned suppression task (i.e. the suppression of an instrumental lever-pressing response for food by the presentation of a cue associated with an aversive event), therefore showing a precise temporal control in Pavlovian aversive conditioning. Secondly, we measured local field potentials in our network of interest at the beginning of associative learning and after overtraining in the conditioned suppression task. In effect, motor temporal behavior requires a large number of training sessions to become optimum, but temporal learning happens very early in training. This study allowed us to characterize, using frequency analysis of oscillatory activities, neuronal correlates of time in this network both at the level of individual structures, but also in their interactions. Interestingly, these neural correlates were modified by the level of training. Finally, we demonstrated that juvenile rats (pre-weaning), with an immature prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum, can memorize and discriminate temporal intervals, raising questions on the role of this amygdalo-prefronto-dorsostriatal network in temporal learning during development.

Download or read book Neural Correlates of Self referential Processing written by Rebecca D. Ray and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Neural Correlates of Temporal Distance Traversal and Level of Construal written by Paul Edgar Stillman and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Planning and goal pursuit requires us to think about events in the future. For events in the near future, we generally have plentiful details and information to facilitate our planning. Events in the distant future, however, represent a challenge for the mind, as detailed specifics are generally unavailable or unreliable. Construal level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010) states that to address this challenge, people construct representations of distant objects or events based around the essential, primary features unlikely to change across instantiation, a process referred to as high-level construal. As events become more proximal to direct experience, details become more available and reliable, allowing individuals to incorporate these idiosyncrasies into their representations, a process referred to as low-level construal. In the present paper, we provide the first neurological evidence for this distance-construal link. While undergoing fMRI, participants completed tasks that either manipulated construal directly (a why-how task and a category-exemplars task) or manipulated temporal distance. We found, using both univariate analyses and multi-voxel pattern analyses, evidence for a distance-construal link when construal is measured using the why-how, but not category-exemplars, task. To the extent that the why-how is a better induction of construal, then, the present study offers the first neural evidence that we think about distant future events via high-level construal.

Download or read book Time to Speak written by Peter Indefrey and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-27 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time is a fundamental aspect of human cognition and action. Alllanguages have developed rich means to express various facets oftime, such as bare time spans, their position on the time line, ortheir duration. This volume explores what we know about the neuraland cognitive representations of time that speakers can draw on inlanguage. Considers the role time plays as an essential element of humancognition and action, providing important insights to inform andextend current studies of time in language and in languageacquisition Examines the main devices used to encode time in naturallanguage, such as lexical elements, tense, and aspect, and draws onthe latest psychological and neurobiological findings Addresses a range of issues, including: the relationshipbetween temporal language, culture, and thought; the relationshipbetween verb aspect and mental simulations of events; thedevelopment of temporal concepts; time perception; the storage andretrieval of temporal information in autobiographical memory; andneural correlates of tense processing and sequence planning

Download or read book Neural Correlates of Spectral Temporal and Spectro temporal Modulation written by Anusha Mohan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thus the current project reveals that a relationship exists between the behavioral measures and neural correlates and gives us hope to work towards establishing this relationship.

Download or read book The Merging of the Senses written by Barry E. Stein and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1993-01-22 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together neural, perceptual, and behavioral studies, The Merging of the Senses provides the first detailed review of how the brain assembles information from different sensory systems in order to produce a coherent view of the external world. Stein and Meredith marshall evidence from a broad array of species to show that interactions among senses are the most ancient scheme of sensory organization, an integrative system reflecting a general plan that supersedes structure and species. Most importantly, they explore what is known about the neural processes by which interactions among the senses take place at the level of the single cell.The authors draw on their own experiments to illustrate how sensory inputs converge (from visual, auditory, and somatosensory modalities, for instance) on individual neurons in different areas of the brain, how these neurons integrate their inputs, the principles by which this integration occurs, and what this may mean for perception and behavior. Neurons in the superior colliculus and cortex are emphasized as models of multiple sensory integrators.