Download or read book Nanostructured Energetic Materials with Sol Gel Methods written by R. Simpson and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The utilization of sol-gel chemical methodology to prepare nanostructured energetic materials as well as the concepts of nanoenergetics is described. The preparation and characterization of two totally different compositions is detailed. In one example, nanostructured aerogel and xerogel composites of sol-gel iron (III) oxide and ultra fine grained aluminum (UFG Al) are prepared, characterized, and compared to a conventional micron-sized Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}/Al thermite. The exquisite degree of mixing and intimate nanostructuring of this material is illustrated using transmission and scanning electron microscopies (TEM and SEM). The nanocomposite material has markedly different energy release (burn rate) and thermal properties compared to the conventional composite, results of which will be discussed. Small-scale safety characterization was performed aerogels and xerogels of the nanostructured thermite. The second nanostructured energetic material consists of a nanostructured hydrocarbon resin fuel network with fine ammonium perchlorate (NH{sub 4}ClO{sub 4}) oxidizer present.

Download or read book Nanostructured Energetic Materials Using Sol gel Methodologies written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fundamental differences between energetic composites and energetic materials made from a monomolecular approach are the energy density attainable and the energy release rates. For the past 4 years, we have been exploiting sol-gel chemistry as a route to process energetic materials on a microstructural scale. At the last ISA conference, we described four specific sol-gel approaches to fabricating energetic materials and presented our early work and results on two methods - solution crystallization and powder addition. Here, we detail our work on a third approach, energetic nanocomposites. Synthesis of thermitic types of energetic nanocomposites are presented using transition and main group metal-oxide skeletons. Results on characterization of structure and performance will also be given.

Download or read book Nanostructured Energetic Materials Derived from Sol gel Chemistry written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Initiation and detonation properties are dramatically affected by an energetic material's microstructural properties. Sol-gel chemistry allows intimacy of mixing to be controlled and dramatically improved over existing methodologies. One material goal is to create very high power energetic materials which also have high energy densities. Using sol-gel chemistry we have made a nanostructured composite energetic material. Here a solid skeleton of fuel, based on resorcinol-formaldehyde, has nanocrystalline ammonium perchlorate, the oxidizer, trapped within its pores. At optimum stoichiometry it has approximately the energy density of HMX. Transmission electron microscopy indicated no ammonium perchlorate crystallites larger than 20 nm while near-edge soft x-ray absorption microscopy showed that nitrogen was uniformly distributed, at least on the scale of less than 80 nm. Small-angle neutron scattering studies were conducted on the material. Those results were consistent with historical ones for this class of nanostructured materials. The average skeletal primary particle size was on the order of 2.7 nm, while the nanocomposite showed the growth of small 1 nm size crystals of ammonium perchlorate with some clustering to form particles greater than 10 nm.

Download or read book Formulation and Performance of Novel Energetic Nanocomposites and Gas Generators Prepared by Sol Gel Methods written by R. L. Simpson and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the field of composite energetic materials, properties such as ingredient distribution, particle size, and morphology affect both sensitivity and performance. Since the reaction kinetics of composite energetic materials are typically controlled by the mass transport rates between reactants, one would anticipate new and potentially exceptional performance from energetic nanocomposites. We have developed a new method of making nanostructured energetic materials, specifically explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, using sol-gel chemistry. A novel sol-gel approach has proven successful in preparing nanostructured metal oxide materials. By introducing a fuel metal, such as aluminum, into the nanostructured metal oxide matrix, energetic materials based on thermite reactions can be fabricated. Two of the metal oxides are tungsten trioxide and iron(III) oxide, both of which are of interest in the field of energetic materials. Due to the versatility of the preparation method, binary oxidizing phases can also be prepared, thus enabling a potential means of controlling the energetic properties of the subsequent nanocomposites. Furthermore, organic additives can also be easily introduced into the nanocomposites for the production of nanostructured gas generators. The resulting nanoscale distribution of all the ingredients displays energetic properties not seen in its micro-scale counterparts due to the expected increase of mass transport rates between the reactants. The unique synthesis methodology, formulations, and performance of these materials will be presented. The degree of control over the burning rate of these nanocomposites afforded by the compositional variation of a binary oxidizing phase will also be discussed. These energetic nanocomposites have the potential for releasing controlled amounts of energy at a controlled rate. Due to the versatility of the synthesis method, a large number of compositions and physical properties can be achieved, resulting in energetic nanocomposites that can be fabricated to meet specific safety and environmental considerations.

Download or read book Sol gel Based Nanoceramic Materials Preparation Properties and Applications written by Ajay Kumar Mishra and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-10 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes recent research and development in the field of nanostructured ceramics and their composites. It presents selected examples of ceramic materials with special electronic, catalytic and optical properties and exceptional mechanical characteristics. A special focus is on sol-gel based and organic-inorganic hybrid nanoceramic materials. The book highlights examples for preparation techniques including scale-up, properties of smart ceramic composites, and applications including e.g. waste water treatment, heavy metal removal, sensors, electronic devices and fuel cells. Recent challenges are addressed and potential solutions are suggested for these. This book hence addresses chemists, materials scientists, and engineers, working with nanoceramic materials and on their applications.

Download or read book Nanostructured Energetci Matreials with Sol gel Chemistry written by R. Simpson and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The utilization of nanomaterials in the synthesis and processing of energetic materials (i.e., pyrotechnics, explosives, and propellants) is a relatively new area of science and technology. Previous energetic nanomaterials have displayed new and potentially beneficial properties, relative to their conventional analogs. Unfortunately some of the energetic nanomaterials are difficult and or expensive to produce. At LLNL we are studying the application of sol-gel chemical methodology to the synthesis of energetic nanomaterials components and their formulation into energetic nanocomposites. Here sol-gel synthesis and formulation techniques are used to prepare Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}/Al pyrotechnic nanocomposites. The preliminary characterization of their thermal properties and the degree of mixing between fuel and oxidizer phases is contrasted with that of a conventional pyrotechnic mixture.

Download or read book Recent Applications in Sol Gel Synthesis written by Usha Chandra and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Versatility, extended compositional ranges, better homogeneity, lesser energy consumption, and requirement of nonexpensive equipments have boosted the use of sol-gel process on top of the popularity in the synthesis of nanosystems. The sol-gel technique has not only revolutionized oxide ceramics industry and/or material science but has also extended widely into multidimensional applications. The book Recent Applications in Sol-Gel Synthesis comprises 14 chapters that deal mainly with the application-oriented aspects of the technique. Sol-gel prepared metal oxide (MO) nanostructures like nanospheres, nanorods, nanoflakes, nanotubes, and nanoribbons have been employed in biomedical applications involving drug deliveries, mimicking of natural bone, and antimicrobial activities. The possibility of controlling grain size in aerogel and preparation of ultrahigh-temperature ceramic (UHTC)-based materials, fluorescent glasses, ultraviolet photosensors, and photocatalysts have been discussed in detail by the experts in the field. The usefulness of sol-gel materials as active GRIN, as textile finisher, and as leather modifier with water-repellent and oil-resistive properties would be an incentive for researchers keen to pursue the field.

Download or read book Novel Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Materials written by Annelise Kopp Alves and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-18 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanostructured materials have been largely studied in the last few years. They have great potential of applications in different fields such as materials science, physics, chemistry, biology, mechanic and medicine. Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials is a subject of great interest involving science, market, politicians, government and society. Based on results obtained by the authors' research group during the past decade, this book comes to present novel techniques to synthesize nanostructured materials and characterize their properties such as crystallinity and crystallite size, specific surface area, particle size, morphology and catalytic activity. This book is aimed for students, researchers and engineers searching for methodologies to obtain and characterize nanostructures in details.

Download or read book The Sol Gel Handbook written by David Levy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-08-28 with total page 1616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive three-volume handbook brings together a review of the current state together with the latest developments in sol-gel technology to put forward new ideas. The first volume, dedicated to synthesis and shaping, gives an in-depth overview of the wet-chemical processes that constitute the core of the sol-gel method and presents the various pathways for the successful synthesis of inorganic and hybrid organic-inorganic materials, bio- and bio-inspired materials, powders, particles and fibers as well as sol-gel derived thin films, coatings and surfaces. The second volume deals with the mechanical, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of sol-gel derived materials and the methods for their characterization such as diffraction methods and nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The third volume concentrates on the various applications in the fields of membrane science, catalysis, energy research, biomaterials science, biomedicine, photonics and electronics.

Download or read book Sol Gel Materials for Energy Environment and Electronic Applications written by Suresh C. Pillai and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-16 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides expert coverage of the state-of-the-art in sol-gel materials for functional applications in energy, environment and electronics. The use of sol-gel technology has become a hotbed for cutting edge developments in many fields due to the accessibility of advanced materials through low energy processes. The book offers a broad view of this growing research area from basic science through high-level applications with the potential for commercialization and industrial use. Taking an integrated approach, expert chapters present a wide range of topics, from photocatalysts, solar cells and optics, to thin films and materials for energy storage and conversion, demonstrating the combined use of chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering in the search for solutions to some of the most challenging problems of our time.

Download or read book Making Nanostructured Pyrotechnics in a Beaker written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Controlling composition at the nanometer scale is well known to alter material properties in sometimes highly desirable and dramatic ways. In the field of energetic materials component distributions, particle size, and morphology, effect both sensitivity and reactivity performance. To date nanostructured energetic materials are largely unknowns with the exception of nanometer-sized reactive powders now being produced at a number of laboratories. We have invented a new method of making nanostructured energetic materials, specifically explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, using sol-gel chemistry. The ease of this synthetic approach along with the inexpensive, stable, and benign nature of the metal precursors and solvents permit large-scale syntheses to be carried out. This approach can be accomplished using low cost processing methods. We will describe here, for the first time, this new synthetic route for producing metal-oxide-based pyrotechnics. The procedure employs the use of stable and inexpensive hydrated-metal inorganic salts and environmentally friendly solvents such as water and ethanol. The synthesis is straightforward and involves the dissolution the metal salt in a solvent followed by the addition of an epoxide, which induces gel formation in a timely manner. Experimental evidence suggests that the epoxide acts as an irreversible proton scavenger that induces the hydrated-metal species to undergo hydrolysis and condensation to form a sol that undergoes. further condensation to form a metal-oxide nanostructured gel. Both critical point and atmospheric drying have been employed to produce monolithic aerogels and xerogels, respectively. Using this method we have synthesized metal-oxide nanostructured materials using Fe{sup 3+}, Cr{sup 3+}, Al{sup 3+}, Ga{sup 3+}, In{sup 3+}, Hf{sup 4+}, Sn{sup 4+} and Zr{sup 4+} inorganic salts. Using related methods we have made nanostructured oxides of Mo, Ti, V, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Ta, W, Pb, B, Pr, Er, Nd and Si. These materials have been characterized using optical and electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, surface area, pore size, and pore volume analyses. The epoxide addition sol-gel technique is amenable the addition of insoluble materials (e.g., metals or polymers) to the viscous sol, just before gelation, to produce a uniformly distributed and energetic nanocomposite upon gelation. As an example energetic nanocomposites of Fe(subscript x)O{sub y} and metallic aluminum are easily synthesized. The compositions are stable, safe and can be readily ignited. Production and characterization data of these novel energetic materials will be presented.

Download or read book The Chemistry of Nanostructured Materials written by Peidong Yang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2011 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a sequel to the first volume of The Chemistry of Nanostructured Materials. It covers the most exciting developments in the nanostructured materials field for the past five to ten years, with a particular focus on their applications in energy conversion and energy storage. Prominent authors of recognized authority in the field contribute their expertise in the review chapters.

Download or read book Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical Energy Production and Storage written by Edson Roberto Leite and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-20 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is an authoritative reference from world-renowned research groups for those working in materials science and electrochemistry. The authors describe properties of nanostructured materials that can improve performance in alternative energy devices.

Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Energetic Materials written by R. Simpson and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the field of composite energetic materials, properties such as ingredient distribution, particle size, and morphology affect both sensitivity and performance. Since the reaction kinetics of composite energetic materials are typically controlled by the mass transport rates between reactants, one would anticipate new and potentially exceptional performance from energetic nanocomposites. We have developed a new method of making nanostructured energetic materials, specifically explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, using sol-gel chemistry. A novel sol-gel approach has proven successful in preparing metal oxide/silicon oxide nanocomposites in which the metal oxide is the major component. By introducing a fuel metal, such as aluminum, into the metal oxide/silicon oxide matrix, energetic materials based on thermite reactions can be fabricated. Two of the metal oxides are tungsten trioxide and iron(III) oxide, both of which are of interest in the field of energetic materials. In addition, due to the large availability of organically functionalized silanes, the silicon oxide phase can be used as a unique way of introducing organic additives into the bulk metal oxide materials. These organic additives can cause the generation of gas upon ignition of the materials, therefore resulting in a composite material that can perform pressure/volume work. Furthermore, the desired organic functionality is well dispersed throughout the composite material on the nanoscale with the other components, and is therefore subject to the same increased reaction kinetics. The resulting nanoscale distribution of all the ingredients displays energetic properties not seen in its microscale counterparts due to the expected increase of mass transport rates between the reactants. The synthesis and characterization of iron(III) oxide/organosilicon oxide nanocomposites and their performance as energetic materials will be discussed.

Download or read book Aerogels Handbook written by Michel Andre Aegerter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-10 with total page 929 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerogels are the lightest solids known. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density as low as only four times that of air, they show very high thermal, electrical and acoustic insulation values and hold many entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal and ceramic materials, etc. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation and household uses are being developed with an estimated annual market growth rate of around 70% until 2015. The Aerogels Handbook summarizes state-of-the-art developments and processing of inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels, including the most important methods of synthesis, characterization as well as their typical applications and their possible market impact. Readers will find an exhaustive overview of all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and most recent advances towards applications and commercial products, some of which are commercially available today. Key Features: •Edited and written by recognized worldwide leaders in the field •Appeals to a broad audience of materials scientists, chemists, and engineers in academic research and industrial R&D •Covers inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels •Describes military, aerospace, building industry, household, environmental, energy, and biomedical applications among others

Download or read book Nanostructured Materials written by Carl C. Koch and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2006-12-01 with total page 785 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanostructured materials are one of the highest profile classes of materials in science and engineering today, and will continue to be well into the future. Potential applications are widely varied, including washing machine sensors, drug delivery devices to combat avian flu, and more efficient solar panels. Broad and multidisciplinary, the field includes multilayer films, atomic clusters, nanocrystalline materials, and nanocomposites having remarkable variations in fundamental electrical, optic, and magnetic properties. Nanostructured Materials: Processing, Properties and Applications, 2nd Edition is an extensive update to the exceptional first edition snapshot of this rapidly advancing field. Retaining the organization of the first edition, Part 1 covers the important synthesis and processing methods for the production of nanocrystalline materials. Part 2 focuses on selected properties of nanostructured materials. Potential or existing applications are described as appropriate throughout the book. The second edition has been updated throughout for the latest advances and includes two additional chapters.

Download or read book Molecular Chemistry of Sol Gel Derived Nanomaterials written by Robert Corriu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-02-18 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the wide range of synthetic possibilities opened by sol-gel processes in the field of organic-inorganic materials, Molecular Chemistry of Sol-Gel Derived Nanomaterials discusses the state of the art in the synthesis of the various nanomaterials. The text includes examples of applications, including photoluminescent nanocomposites, grafted nanomaterials for selective separations of ions or isotopes, for cascade syntheses, chelation of transition metals and lanthanides by lamellar structured nanomaterials, and immobilized enzymes on mesoporous nanomaterials. This indispensable text for graduate students, engineers, and scientists concludes with a look toward future developments.