Download or read book Mechanisms of Myelination It s All about the Matrix written by Sarah Degenova Ackerman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Myelin, the lipid-rich sheath that insulates axons to facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials, is generated by specialized glial cells -- oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells (SCs) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The importance of myelin is underscored by the devastating symptoms experienced by patients who suffer from demyelinating diseases of the PNS (e.g., Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease) and CNS (e.g., multiple sclerosis, MS). The molecular mechanisms governing myelination are not fully understood, yet several studies implicate extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their receptors as important regulators of these processes (reviewed in Chapter 1 of this thesis). In my thesis work, I used both forward and reverse genetics to define two new regulators of myelination with links to the ECM: GPR56 and ADAMTS9. GPR56 belongs to a specialized class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called the adhesion GPCRs (aGCPRs). aGPCRs mediate both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and thus could play a role in myelinating glial cells. I used zebrafish and mouse models to define the function of GPR56 in both OL and SC development and myelination. First, I explore the function of Gpr56 in the CNS in zebrafish and show that gpr56 is robustly expressed in early stages of OL development. In addition, I demonstrate that impaired Gpr56 function results in a significant reduction of OL number and of myelination due to decreased proliferation of OL precursor cells, and that these functions of Gpr56 are mediated via interactions with G[alpha]12/13 proteins and RhoA activation (Ackerman et al. 2015, Nat Commun; Chapter 2 of this thesis). In contrast, diminished GPR56 function in the PNS of zebrafish and mouse mutants does not result in hypomyelination. Instead, loss of Gpr56 causes defects in axon-SC interactions during development, myelin structural abnormalities, and impaired myelin maintenance. Importantly, these developmental defects result in axon degeneration and progressive neuropathy in adult Gpr56 mutants (Ackerman et al., in revision; Chapter 3 of this thesis). As mutations in GPR56 in humans cause neurological disorders that can present with PNS pathology, my work defines Gpr56 as a novel, clinically relevant regulator of nervous system health. In a separate yet complimentary line of work, I conducted a large scale forward genetic screen in zebrafish in collaboration with members of the Monk and Solnica-Krezel laboratories and identified the secreted matrix metalloprotease ADAMTS9 as a critical new regulator of OL myelination. ADAMTS9 normally functions to cleave chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the ECM, and accumulation of CSPGs is a major cause of failed axon regrowth and remyelination after CNS injury and in demyelinating plaques of MS brains. Excitingly, I find that myelin is lost in adamts9 zebrafish mutants concurrently with engulfment of OL lineage cells (including mature, myelinating OLs) by phagocytic immune cells, and that these phenotypes can be ameliorated upon removal of CSPGs from the ECM (Ackerman et al., in preparation; Chapter 4 of this thesis). MS is a complex, autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the OL myelin sheath, and the cause of this attack is unknown. Thus, the identification of ADAMTS9 as a critical regulator of OL-immune cell interactions represents a major advancement in our understanding of CNS demyelination, and may present a new therapeutic target for MS. In sum, my thesis work defined the roles of two previously unappreciated regulators of myelination, GPR56 and ADAMTS9, and further emphasized the importance of the extracellular matrix in modulating the development of myelinating glial cells.

Download or read book Mechanisms Underlying the CNS Myelination written by Nicolas Snaidero and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Central nervous system myelin is a multilayered membrane sheath generated by oligodendrocytes for rapid axonal electrical impulse propagation. Both light and electron microscopy have been used to describe morphological features of the myelin sheath. However, the underlying mechanisms of myelin wrapping are still unclear and remain under debate. To investigate the morphology of the CNS myelin sheath during its formation we made use of multiple imaging techniques such as focus ion beam milling coupled to scanning electron microscopy, live imaging, transmission electron microscopy, cryo-immuno ...

Download or read book Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System written by Norman Saunders and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System brings together an international team of contributors to produce a series of critical reviews appraising key papers in the field. The pace of research on brain and spinal cord injury quickened considerably in the last ten years and there is much that is new and important that is covered in this book. However, there is still a long way to go before our knowledge will explain fully why the central nervous system has such a limited capacity for regeneration, and before experimental solutions can be applied to the patient. With emphasis on actual and therapeutic importance of the work reviewed, Degeneration and Regeneration in the Nervous System is a useful overview for graduate students, their teachers and researchers working in this field.

Download or read book Netter s Atlas of Neuroscience written by David L. Felten and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-11-30 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal for students of neuroscience and neuroanatomy, the new edition of Netter's Atlas of Neuroscience combines the didactic well-loved illustrations of Dr. Frank Netter with succinct text and clinical points, providing a highly visual, clinically oriented guide to the most important topics in this subject. The logically organized content presents neuroscience from three perspectives: an overview of the nervous system, regional neuroscience, and systemic neuroscience, enabling you to review complex neural structures and systems from different contexts. You may also be interested in: A companion set of flash cards, Netter's Neuroscience Flash Cards, 3rd Edition, to which the textbook is cross-referenced. Coverage of both regional and systemic neurosciences allows you to learn structure and function in different and important contexts. Combines the precision and beauty of Netter and Netter-style illustrations to highlight key neuroanatomical concepts and clinical correlations. Reflects the current understanding of the neural components and supportive tissue, regions, and systems of the brain, spinal cord, and periphery. Uniquely informative drawings provide a quick and memorable overview of anatomy, function, and clinical relevance. Succinct and useful format utilizes tables and short text to offer easily accessible "at-a-glance" information. Provides an overview of the basic features of the spinal cord, brain, and peripheral nervous system, the vasculature, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, and basic development. Integrates the peripheral and central aspects of the nervous system. Bridges neuroanatomy and neurology through the use of correlative radiographs. Highlights cross-sectional brain stem anatomy and side-by-side comparisons of horizontal sections, CTs and MRIs. Features video of radiograph sequences and 3D reconstructions to enhance your understanding of the nervous system. Student Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience includes access -- on a variety of devices -- to the complete text, 14 videos, and images from the book. Expanded coverage of cellular and molecular neuroscience provides essential guidance on signaling, transcription factors, stem cells, evoked potentials, neuronal and glial function, and a number of molecular breakthroughs for a better understanding of normal and pathologic conditions of the nervous system. Micrographs, radiologic imaging, and stained cross sections supplement illustrations for a comprehensive visual understanding. Increased clinical points -- from sleep disorders and inflammation in the CNS to the biology of seizures and the mechanisms of Alzheimer's -- offer concise insights that bridge basic neuroscience and clinical application.

Download or read book The Neocortex written by Wolf Singer and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2019-10-29 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts review the latest research on the neocortex and consider potential directions for future research. Over the past decade, technological advances have dramatically increased information on the structural and functional organization of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex. This explosion of data has radically expanded our ability to characterize neural circuits and intervene at increasingly higher resolutions, but it is unclear how this has informed our understanding of underlying mechanisms and processes. In search of a conceptual framework to guide future research, leading researchers address in this volume the evolution and ontogenetic development of cortical structures, the cortical connectome, and functional properties of neuronal circuits and populations. They explore what constitutes “uniquely human” mental capacities and whether neural solutions and computations can be shared across species or repurposed for potentially uniquely human capacities. Contributors Danielle S. Bassett, Randy M. Bruno, Elizabeth A. Buffalo, Michael E. Coulter, Hermann Cuntz, Stanislas Dehaene, James J. DiCarlo, Pascal Fries, Karl J. Friston, Asif A. Ghazanfar, Anne-Lise Giraud, Joshua I. Gold, Scott T. Grafton, Jennifer M. Groh, Elizabeth A. Grove, Saskia Haegens, Kenneth D. Harris, Kristen M. Harris, Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos, Tarik F. Haydar, Takao K. Hensch, Wieland B. Huttner, Matthias Kaschube, Gilles Laurent, David A. Leopold, Johannes Leugering, Belen Lorente-Galdos, Jason N. MacLean, David A. McCormick, Lucia Melloni, Anish Mitra, Zoltán Molnár, Sydney K. Muchnik, Pascal Nieters, Marcel Oberlaender, Bijan Pesaran, Christopher I. Petkov, Gordon Pipa, David Poeppel, Marcus E. Raichle, Pasko Rakic, John H. Reynolds, Ryan V. Raut, John L. Rubenstein, Andrew B. Schwartz, Terrence J. Sejnowski, Nenad Sestan, Debra L. Silver, Wolf Singer, Peter L. Strick, Michael P. Stryker, Mriganka Sur, Mary Elizabeth Sutherland, Maria Antonietta Tosches, William A. Tyler, Martin Vinck, Christopher A. Walsh, Perry Zurn

Download or read book Pediatric Neurology Part III written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-04-24 with total page 731 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The child is neither an adult miniature nor an immature human being: at each age, it expresses specific abilities that optimize adaptation to its environment and development of new acquisitions. Diseases in children cover all specialties encountered in adulthood, and neurology involves a particularly large area, ranging from the brain to the striated muscle, the generation and functioning of which require half the genes of the whole genome and a majority of mitochondrial ones. Human being nervous system is sensitive to prenatal aggression, is particularly immature at birth and development may be affected by a whole range of age-dependent disorders distinct from those that occur in adults. Even diseases more often encountered in adulthood than childhood may have specific expression in the developing nervous system. The course of chronic neurological diseases beginning before adolescence remains distinct from that of adult pathology – not only from the cognitive but also motor perspective, right into adulthood, and a whole area is developing for adult neurologists to care for these children with persisting neurological diseases when they become adults. Just as pediatric neurology evolved as an identified specialty as the volume and complexity of data became too much for the general pediatician or the adult neurologist to master, the discipline has now continued to evolve into so many subspecialties, such as epilepsy, neuromuscular disease, stroke, malformations, neonatal neurology, metabolic diseases, etc., that the general pediatric neurologist no longer can reasonably possess in-depth expertise in all areas, particularly in dealing with complex cases. Subspecialty expertise thus is provided to some trainees through fellowship programmes following a general pediatric neurology residency and many of these fellowships include training in research. Since the infectious context, the genetic background and medical practice vary throughout the world, this diversity needs to be represented in a pediatric neurology textbook. Taken together, and although brain malformations (H. Sarnat & P. Curatolo, 2007) and oncology (W. Grisold & R. Soffietti) are covered in detail in other volumes of the same series and therefore only briefly addressed here, these considerations justify the number of volumes, and the number of authors who contributed from all over the world. Experts in the different subspecialties also contributed to design the general framework and contents of the book. Special emphasis is given to the developmental aspect, and normal development is reminded whenever needed – brain, muscle and the immune system. The course of chronic diseases into adulthood and ethical issues specific to the developing nervous system are also addressed. - A volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, which has an unparalleled reputation as the world's most comprehensive source of information in neurology - International list of contributors including the leading workers in the field - Describes the advances which have occurred in clinical neurology and the neurosciences, their impact on the understanding of neurological disorders and on patient care

Download or read book Physiology of Myelin Forming Cells from Myelination to Neural Modulators written by Mauricio Antonio Retamal and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-16 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Myelin Mediated Inhibition of Axonal Regeneration Past Present and Future written by Sari Hannila and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-07-06 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pioneering studies conducted in the 1980’s laid the foundation for the hypothesis that axonal regeneration is limited by CNS myelin, and the identification of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), Nogo, and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) as inhibitors of neurite outgrowth firmly established myelin as a key factor in regenerative failure. Mechanistically, it has been shown that MAG, Nogo, and OMgp mediate inhibition by binding to either Nogo receptor (NgR) or paired immunoglobulin receptor B (PirB), and initiating a signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of RhoA. Since the discovery of these proteins, there has been tremendous interest in identifying compounds and molecular mechanisms that are capable of overcoming myelin-mediated inhibition. Many studies have focused on pharmacological antagonism of receptors and signaling intermediates, while others have sought to identify and enhance endogenous pro-regenerative pathways. The most notable example of the latter is the conditioning lesion effect, which led to the discovery of cyclic AMP’s ability to overcome inhibition by MAG and myelin. Many of the agents tested in these studies have been shown to promote axonal regeneration in vivo, and this research topic allows researchers to share information about new treatments that have been developed in both academia and industry. As we look toward the future, it is becoming increasingly clear that reversal of myelin-mediated inhibition alone will not be sufficient to produce functional recovery from spinal cord injury, and that other factors, such as astroglial scarring, the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, neuronal cell death, and lack of neurotrophic support, must also be taken into consideration. Combinatorial approaches therefore hold a great deal of promise, and we hope to initiate a dialogue on how stem cell transplantation, chondroitinase ABC, gene therapy, growth-promoting agents, and other methods can be combined to optimize functional recovery. We introduce this topic in honor of the life and work of Dr. Marie T. Filbin (1955-2014). Through these articles, we highlight past achievements in the field, novel findings, unanswered questions and innovative ideas that we hope will lead to new advances in axonal regeneration.

Download or read book Recent Advances in Myelin Plasticity written by Domna Karagogeos and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-07-22 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Decipher Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of the Development and Degeneration of Functional Spinal Unit with Potential Therapeutic Approaches written by Bo Gao and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-09 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Multiple Sclerosis written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-08-10 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and often disabling disease of the nervous system, affecting about 1 million people worldwide. Even though it has been known for over a hundred years, no cause or cure has yet been discovered-but now there is hope. New therapies have been shown to slow the disease progress in some patients, and the pace of discoveries about the cellular machinery of the brain and spinal cord has accelerated. This book presents a comprehensive overview of multiple sclerosis today, as researchers seek to understand its processes, develop therapies that will slow or halt the disease and perhaps repair damage, offer relief for specific symptoms, and improve the abilities of MS patients to function in their daily lives. The panel reviews existing knowledge and identifies key research questions, focusing on: Research strategies that have the greatest potential to understand the biological mechanisms of recovery and to translate findings into specific strategies for therapy. How people adapt to MS and the research needed to improve the lives of people with MS. Management of disease symptoms (cognitive impairment, depression, spasticity, vision problems, and others). The committee also discusses ways to build and financially support the MS research enterprise, including a look at challenges inherent in designing clinical trials. This book will be important to MS researchers, research funders, health care advocates for MS research and treatment, and interested patients and their families.

Download or read book Myelin written by Russell E. Martenson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-02-20 with total page 1006 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Myelin: Biology and Chemistry provides in-depth reviews and discussions regarding recent findings in the biology and chemistry of myelin. Topics are interdisciplinary and carry readers from the cellular level to that of the gene. Research in demyelinating diseases (naturally occurring and experimentally produced) is described and emphasizes autoimmune and virally induced mechanisms. Advances in molecular biology, such as those that provide details of the structures of the major myelin proteins, demonstrate the control of their synthesis, and explore the mutations within their genes that disrupt the process of myelination, are discussed in depth. Myelin: Biology and Chemistry will be an important addition to the libraries of molecular biologists, biochemists, cell biologists, physical chemists, immunologists, virologists, and pathologists involved in the study of myelin.

Download or read book Neuroprotection in Alzheimer s Disease written by Illana Gozes and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-12-30 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s Disease offers a translational point-of-view from both basic and clinical standpoints, putting it on the cusp for further clinical development with its emphasis on nerve cell protection, including the accumulation of knowledge from failed clinical trials and new advances in disease management. This book brings together the latest findings, both basic, and clinical, under the same cover, making it easy for the reader to obtain a complete overview of the state-of-the-field and beyond. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. It is a progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory, thinking skills, and eventually, even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. It is characterized by death of synapses coupled to death nerve cells and brain degeneration which is manifested by loss of cognitive abilities. Understanding neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease will pave the path to better disease management and novel therapeutics. Comprehensive reference detailing neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s Disease, with details on nerve cell protection and new advances in disease management Combines the knowledge and points-of-view of both medical doctors and basic scientists, putting the subject at the forefront for further clinical development Edited by one of the leading researchers in Alzheimer’s Disease

Download or read book Advances in brain disorders From mechanisms to therapeutic targets written by Arianna Bellucci and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-12-20 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Multidisciplinary Approach to Myelin Diseases II written by S. Salvati and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diseases that fall under the generalized group of demyelinating diseases -Multiple Sclerosis, Leukodystrophyes, Encephalomyelitis-are the focus of worldwide concern. This volume contains papers presented by leading scientists who attended the NATO Advanced Research Workshop held at the Istituto Superiore di SanitA, Rome, March 1-4, 1993. This book is an update of the previous one published in 1987 of the research discussed at a similar meeting held in 1986. It was decided to hold this 2nd meeting since there has been great progress in the advances in understanding the myelinogenesis process in the last five years. The workshop gathered together scientists from many fields such as cellular and molecular biology, immunology, pathology, virology and of course clinical neurology. Stimulating ideas were exchanged in the hope that more knowledge of demyelinating diseases can lead to new theraupetic approaches. Although the workshop was on the whole similar to the previous one, this time there was more emphasis on experimental models and clinical aspects. In the former the use of animal and cellular models as tools for understanding the pathological mechanisms linked to human disease were discussed; in the latter the clinicians described the filtering down of basic research to clinical treatment The publication of this interdisciplinary exchange is to make known the results of the most recent research among the investigators from allover the world involved in these studies.

Download or read book Magnetic Resonance of Myelination and Myelin Disorders written by Marjo S. van der Knaap and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-08-15 with total page 1097 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our thanks go to our colleagues at the VU Univer- Preface to the Third Edition sity Medical Center and to those in other hospitals Reading through the prefaces of the two previous edi- who referred their patients to us. We are indebted to tions,we can say that much of what was said there still all colleagues who allowed us to use their MR images, holds. At the same time,however,much has changed. published or unpublished,making it possible for us to There has been immense progress in the technical present illustrations of nearly all known white matter possibilities of magnetic resonance and in the know- disorders. Two colleagues were particularly helpful ledge of genetic defects, biochemical abnormalities, and provided us with essential and unpublished f- and cellular processes underlying myelin disorders. ures: our friends Susan Blaser,from the Hospital for This immense progress has prompted us to embark Sick Children in Toronto,and Zoltán Patay,from the upon the enormous task of rewriting the previous King Faisal Hospital in Riyadh. edition and adding 40 chapters. In doing so we have Many people at the VU University Medical Center tried to cover most white matter disorders,hereditary have been of great technical help to us in producing and acquired,and to present a collection of images to high quality images and in providing secretarial illustrate the field to the fullest possible extent. This assistance. The contributions of these people are edition will therefore be more complete than the pre- mentioned separately in the acknowledgements.