Download or read book Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Methodologies for the Analysis of Biological Samples written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Separation techniques such as capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography have found application in the analysis of biological samples. In capillary electrophoresis charged species are separated based on their mass to charge ratios under the influence of an applied electric field. In liquid chromatography, analytes are separated based on their partition between a stationary and mobile phase. Separation techniques when combined with a variety of detection techniques such as ultraviolet, laser induced fluorescence, mass spectrometry and electrochemical detection have been very successful in the quantification of analytes comprised in complex mixtures (e.g., biological samples). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was used to separate different bioconjugated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs). The QD nanocrystals studied were conjugated to the biomolecules streptavidin, biotin, and immunoglobulin G. The bioconjugated QDs showed different electrophoretic mobilities, which appear to depend upon the biomolecule that is attached to the QD and the buffer solution used. The use of a polymeric additive into the CE run buffer improved the resolution of the bioconjugates. Under CE conditions, the interaction between QD bioconjugates containing streptavidin (QDSt) and biotin (QDBi) was monitored. In a two color experiment, two different sizes of QD (i.e., 585 nm and 655 nm) were used to monitor the interaction between 655 nm QDBi and 585 nm QDSt. The use of QDs with different emission properties allows the selective monitoring of two different wavelengths while using one single excitation source. This in turn, allowed the monitoring of overlapping peaks in the electropherogram when newly formed products resulting from the interaction of the two bioconjugated QDs appeared. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are a class of compounds that are used in the treatment of patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These drugs inhibit the HIV-1 protease, acting on the production of viral proteins essential for the completion of the viral replication process. Monitoring free drug concentration is necessary to establish the dosage that would result in optimum free drug concentration in blood for a given patient. We developed methodology to analyze free protease inhibitor lopinavir in plasma samples. Ultrafiltration was used to isolate the free drug; then LC/MS/MS was used for sample analysis. Restrictive access media columns have been developed to simplify sample preparation processes. These columns allow the direct injection of untreated biological samples. Restrictive access media columns exclude macromolecules such as proteins, while retaining small molecules such as drugs. Two restrictive access material columns were evaluated for the direct injection of plasma for analysis of the protease inhibitor lopinavir. In the columns studied the interaction of plasma components with the material inside the column was more than expected. Glucose monitoring and insulin therapy are becoming a standard of care in patients in the intensive care unit. In order to control glycemic levels, frequent glucose monitoring is required. The use of tear fluid glucose concentrations was evaluated as a non-invasive sampling strategy for monitoring glucose in intensive care unit patients. Glucose in tear fluid samples from intensive care unit patients were analyzed using anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. The results did not show a correlation between tear fluid and blood glucose concentrations.

Download or read book The Analysis of Biological Samples Using Capillary Electrophoresis and HPLC Technologies written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are two very important separation techniques. CE is a microseparation technique in which an electric field is applied to perform the separation. In CE, charged species are separated based on their charge/mass ratio, making this technique useful for separating a wide variety of components, including those found in biological samples. HPLC is the most widely used separation technique due to the ease of use and wide variety of components that can be separated. HPLC employs the use of pressure to push mobile phase through an analytical column containing a stationary phase that interacts with the solutes to effect the separation. Both CE and HPLC can use a number of different detection schemes to monitor the separated species, including ultra-violet (UV), laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), and mass spectrometry (MS). Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) combines the separation power of CE with the selectivity of immunoassays. A fluorescein labeled estradiol derivative was evaluated for potential use as a competitive inhibitor in ACE. The labeling procedure rendered multiple components with the fluorescein label. Two of the components were identified as active estradiol species against the anti-estradiol antibody, examined by CE-LIF. Since only one active species had been predicted, both species were characterized using CE-MS and MS/MS, in addition to testing them in the ACE format. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are one class of anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) drugs. Because HIV is considered a pandemic, the analysis of NRTIs in human samples is very important; people all over the world are using these drugs. Currently, multiple NRTIs are given for treatment; however, there are few methods to date that separate and detect multiple NRTIs in a single run. NRTIs are metabolized in the body into their active triphosphate form. Two approaches can be followed for their separation and detection. The first approach was an indirect method, in which the active triphosphate form was dephosphorylated into the parent form of the NRTIs. HPLC with UV detection was utilized to establish an optimized separation method prior to using LC-MS/MS for the analysis of the following NRTIs in human peripheral blood monunclear cells (PBMCs): stavudine (D4T), lamivudine (3TC), the metabolized form of didanosine (ddA), zidovudine (ZDV), and the internal standard. The second approach was a direct method, in which analysis of the triphosphate form of the NRTIs was performed without dephosphorylation of the drugs. A capillary eletrophoretic method was developed that allows separation of the triphosphate NRTIs of interest: zidovudine triphosphate (ZDV-TP), stavudine triphosphate (D4T-TP), lamivudine triphosphate (3TC-TP), 2',3'-dideoxyadenoine triphosphate (ddA-TP), tenofivir diphosphate (TFV-DP), and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP). The separation was optimized using UV detection. Since UV detection does not offer appropriate detection limits, we studied the native fluorescence spectroscopic characteristics of the triphosphate NRTIs. We constructed an in-house CE-LIF system to explore LIF detection of the phosphorylated NRTIs. The system employed the use of a deep-UV laser with excitation at 224 nm. A sheath-flow cuvette was integrated into the design to improve detectability. The CE-LIF system was aligned and tested using the native fluorescence of tryptophan. The CE-LIF system was then used for the analysis of the active metabolized forms of NRTIs. With this system, we were able to separate and detect ZDV-TP, D4T-TP, 3TC-TP, ddA-TP, and the internal standard using a modification of the separation conditions previously optimized with UV detection. The detection limits obtained are not sufficiently low for the analysis of human PBMCs.

Download or read book High Performance Liquid Chromatography Capillary Electrophoresis written by Andrea Weston and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1997-07-21 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HPLC and CE: Principles and Practice presents the latest information on the most powerful separation techniques available: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Fundamental theory, instrumentation, modes of operation, and optimization of separations are presented in a concise, non-technical style to help the user in choosing the appropriate technique quickly and accurately. Well- illustrated and containing convenientend-of-chapter summaries of the major concepts, the book provides in-depth coverage of trouble-shooting, improvement of resolution, data manipulation, selectivity, and sensitivity.Graduate students, technicians, and researchers who must use separations with little or no background in analytical chemistry can overcome separation anxiety and get started in obtaining the best possible separations in minimal time. The book will alsobe useful to analytical chemists who need a better understanding of theory and processes. Fully up-to-date information on both HPLC and CE includes troubleshooting and comparisons of the two techniques Applicable to a wide variety of separation problems Covers basic concepts governing any separation as well as instrumentation and how to use it Helps the user to obtain optimal resolution in minimal time Contains information on special procedures such as chiral separations, affinity chromatography, and sample preparation Includes information on upcoming trends such as miniaturization Major concepts in each chapter are organized to allow access to information easily and quickly Contains practical bibliography for accessing the literature

Download or read book Nanochromatography and Nanocapillary Electrophoresis written by Imran Ali and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-01 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Detection of drugs at low concentration is required in a variety of biological and medical situations, in order to avoid harmful side effects posed by some drug residues. The book details the instrumentation, detection, and application of nano chromatography (that is, any chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic method dealing with the detection of a sample at nano gram per liter or lower) and capillary electrophoresis in the analyses of biological and environmental samples. Methods discussed include: Nano Gas Chromatography, Nano Capillary Electrophoresis, Nano Chiral Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, and Nano High Performance Liquid Chromatography.

Download or read book Analytical Biotechnology written by Csaba Horváth and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents accounts of some of the recent advances in high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis with regard to biotechnology. Four of its 11 chapters present an introduction to capillary electrophoresis and discuss its application to various analytical problems ranging from the analysis of cyclic nucleotides to quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. Subsequent chapters cover recent developments in HPLC, with emphasis on analysis of pharmaceutical proteins; the problems associated with the use of HPLC as a detection method in preparative chromatography; the use of mass spectrometry in the structure determination of peptides; and the use of the displacement mode of chromatography.

Download or read book Capillary Electrophoresis in the Early Twenty first Century written by Dr. Oscar Núñez and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) comprises a family of related separation techniques in which an electric field is used to achieve the separation of components in a mixture. One of the key features of CE is the simplicity of the instrumentation required, and today, these techniques have become powerful analytical tools for high efficiency separation, and the identification of a variety of ionic and neutral compounds. Moreover, the versatility of CE operational modes (capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, capillary isoelectric focusing, isotachophoresis, non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis, etc.) and detection systems (ultraviolet, fluorescence, amperometric, mass spectrometry...) make CE useful for applications in many fields such as environmental, food, pharmaceutical, and forensic analysis. The typcial drawback of CE techniques, based on their low sensitivity when dealing with conventional UV-detection, due to their short detection pathways and the short sample volume introduced into the capillary, has been largely resolved not only by using more sensitive detectors like fluorescence, amperometric, or mass spectrometry, but by the employment of both off-line and on-line enrichment procedures. The aim of this present book is to address the state-of-the art of capillary electrophoresis techniques within this early twenty-first century, by reviewing new trends and the most relevant applications described in the literature. Uses in fields such as food, environmental, forensic and biological analysis are addressed by means of relevant application. The scope of this book is intentionally broad and is aimed at worldwide analytical laboratories, both public and private, at acadamic institutions, as well as researchers.

Download or read book Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis in Food Analysis written by Hilmer Sorensen and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the rapidly developing field of analysis it is important to be aware of the newest methods within available techniques. Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis in Food Analysis describes chromatographic and electrophoretic principles and procedures for analyses of various amphiphilic and hydrophilic biomolecules, particularly for food analysis. Providing basic information, including general sample preparation, the book then goes on to describe individual analytical methods and exemplify the strategy and methodologies employed for the analyses. The theory necessary to understand the methods and interpretation of results is also included, as are numerous detailed instructions on experiments. Tables, figures and references are included to give a complete picture. Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis in Food Analysis will be especially valuable for students and more experienced researchers interested in analysis of natural products, both inside and outside the field of food chemistry.

Download or read book Capillary Gel Electrophoresis written by Andras Guttman and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2021-12-04 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Related Microseparation Techniques covers all theoretical and practical aspects of capillary gel electrophoresis. It also provides an excellent overview of the key application areas of nucleic acid, protein and complex carbohydrate analysis, affinity-based methodologies, micropreparative aspects and related microseparation methods. It not only gives readers a better understanding of how to utilize this technology, but also provides insights into how to determine which method will provide the best technical solutions to particular problems. This book can also serve as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses in analytical chemistry, analytical biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology courses. Covers all theoretical and practical aspects of capillary gel electrophoresis Excellent overview of the key applications of nucleic acid, protein and complex carbohydrate analysis, affinity-based methodologies, micropreparative aspects and related microseparation methods Teaches readers how to use the technology and select methods that are ideal for fundamental problems Can serve as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses in analytical chemistry, analytical biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology courses

Download or read book Chiral Pollutants written by Imran Ali and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-07-15 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, among the various chiral discrimination methods, chromatography and capillary electrophoresis techniques have become powerful tools in environmental analysis. Therefore, there is a need to describe the art of the determination of the chiral pollutants in the environmental matrices. This book provides the complete information on the types of the chiral pollutants, their toxicities and methods of determination by chromatography and capillary electrophoresis.

Download or read book High Resolution Separation and Analysis of Biological Macromolecules written by Barry L. Karger and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1996 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The critically acclaimed laboratory standard for more than forty years, Methods in Enzymology is one of the most highly respected publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and reviewers alike. More than 260 volumes have been published (all of them still in print) and much of the material is relevant even today--truly an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life sciences. Key Features * Liquid chromatography * Electrophoresis * Mass spectrometry.

Download or read book Green Analytical Chemistry written by Mihkel Koel and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-11-09 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concerns about environmental pollution, global climate change and hazards to human health have increased dramatically. This has led to a call for change in chemical processes including those that are part of chemical analysis. The development of analytical chemistry continues and every new discovery in chemistry, physics, molecular biology, and materials science brings new opportunities and challenges. Yet, contemporary analytical chemistry does not consume resources optimally. Indeed, the usage of toxic chemical compounds is at the highest rate ever. All this makes the emerging field of green chemistry a “hot topic” in industrial, governmental laboratories as well as in academia. This book starts by introducing the twelve principles of green chemistry. It then goes on to discuss how the principles of green chemistry can be used to assess the ‘greenness’ of analytical methodologies. The ‘green profile’ proposed by the ACS Green Chemistry Institute is also presented. A chapter on “Greening” sample preparation describes approaches to minimizing toxic solvent use, using non-toxic alternatives, and saving energy. The chapter on instrumental methods describes existing analytical approaches that are inherently green and making non-green methods greener. The final chapter on signal acquisition describes how quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) ideas could reduce experimental work thus making analysis greener. The book concludes with a discussion of how green chemistry is both possible and necessary. Green Analytical Chemistry is aimed at managers of analytical laboratories but will also interest teachers of analytical chemistry and green public policy makers.

Download or read book Capillary Electrophoresis written by Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-25 with total page 808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a selection of current capillary electrophoresis methods used to separate representative types of molecules and particles and in combination with different detection techniques. It includes practical details which are hard to find elsewhere. The volume is intended for beginners in the field and provides an overview of the technique and a starting point for the exploration of the defined literature on different application topics.

Download or read book HPLC in Enzymatic Analysis written by Edward F. Rossomando and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-25 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) techniques in the study of enzymatic reactions has grown significantly since the publication of the first edition of this highly successful book: the role of enzymes in biological research has expanded; the application of HPLC and enzymes has extended to more disciplines; advances in separation techniques and instrumentation have increased the capability of HPLC; and the discovery of new enzymes has spawned new methods of analysis. High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Enzymatic Analysis, Second Edition addresses these developments in its coverage of the refinements of HPLC methods and their use in a wide range of laboratory applications. It offers the same practical approach found in the first edition, incorporates a wealth of new information into existing chapters, and adds new chapters to deal with new applications, including capillary electrophoresis, forensic chemistry, microdialysis, and the polymerase chain reaction. Topics include: * Application of HPLC to the assay of enzymatic activities * Concepts and principles of HPLC, including the latest technological advances * Concepts and principles of capillary electrophoresis (CE) * Strategy for design of an HPLC/CE system for assay of enzyme activity * Preparation of enzymatic activities from tissues and single cells * Analysis of enzymatic activities in body fluids, including chromatobiosis * HPLC for the identification of new enzymatic activities * Fundamentals of the polymerase chain reaction * HPLC in forensics * Survey of enzymatic activities assayed by the HPLC method, including many new categories * Multienzyme systems, including many new examples * HPLC in the analysis of contaminated food "It is the ability of HPLC to accomplish separations completely and rapidly that led to its original application to problems in the life sciences, particularly those related to purification. An analysis of the literature revealed that this technique was used primarily for the purification of small molecules, macromolecules such as peptides and proteins, and more recently, antibodies. This application to purification has all but dominated the use of the method, and there has been a plethora of books, symposia, and conferences on the use of HPLC for these purposes. However, it was only a matter of time before others began to look beyond and to explore the possibilities that result from the capacity to make separations quickly and efficiently." --from the preface to the First Edition Easy to read and full of practical advice and hundreds of diagrams and examples, High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Enzymatic Analysis, Second Edition is an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and laboratory workers in analytical chemistry and biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology, and for anyone interested in keeping up with this fast-growing field.

Download or read book Analytical and Preparative Separation Methods of Biomacromolecules written by Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-15 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reports up-to-date research developments on purifying and isolation large organic molecules. The text provides information on high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis (CE) as tools for analyzing biomacromolecules and developing new biochemical and medicinal compounds. It applies biochemical separation technology to the study of macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and more.

Download or read book Capillary Electrophoresis Methods for Pharmaceutical Analysis written by Satinder Ahuja and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-08-09 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful analytical technique that is widely used in research and development and in quality control of pharmaceuticals. Many reports of highly efficient separations and methods have been published over the past 15 years. CE offers several advantages over high-pressure or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These include simplicity, rapid analysis, automation, ruggedness, different mechanisms for selectivity, and low cost. Moreover, EC requires smaller sample size and yet offers higher efficiency and thus greater resolution power over HPLC. These characteristics are very attractive in research and development, even more so in pharmaceutical quality control (QC) and stability monitoring (SM) studies. This book will provide busy pharmaceutical scientists a complete yet concise reference guide for utilizing the versatility of CE in new drug development and quality control. - Provides current status and future developments in CE analysis of pharmaceuticals. - Explains how to develop and validate methods. - Includes major pharmaceutical applications including assays and impurity testing.

Download or read book Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry CE MS written by Gerhardus de Jong and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-09-13 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diese Monographie bietet einen vollständigen Überblick über die Prinzipien und Anwendungen der Kapillarelektrophorese (CE) und der Massenspektrometrie (MS) und legt den Nachdruck insbesondere auf Kopplungsschnittstellen. Ausführlich erläutert werden auch alle relevanten Substanzklassen. Ein einzigartiges Wissenskompendium für alle, die sich CE-MS beschäftigen!

Download or read book Sample Preparation for Hyphenated Analytical Techniques written by Jack Rosenfeld and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-02-12 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linking “standard” but often mutually incompatible analytical techniques – so called hyphenation – generally leads to enhanced analytical performance, so hyphenated techniques are widely used in areas where samples are presented in complex matrices, eg environmental, pharmaceutical and biochemical analysis. With these hyphenated techniques, sample preparation is often the most time-consuming step in analysis, particularly where compounds are present in low concentration, and it has a huge influence on the quality of the analytical results. Sample preparation is still not given the importance it deserves, however. The purpose of this book is to demonstrate the sample preparation chemistry that has enabled the present sensitivity, specificity and high throughput available across a range of hyphenated analytical techniques, and to illustrate the successful utilization of existing sample preparation methodologies in various analytical applications. It identifies the problems in biology, environmental science and pharmaceutical chemistry that require new ideas in chemistry and provides considered opinion on those newer techniques that may address these problems. By dealing with wider issues than is generally found in review papers, this book will provide analytical chemists with insights that are not available by searching the literature for papers on a specific topic.