Download or read book Investigating Gender Wage Gap in Employment written by Taoufiki Mbratana and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gender wage disparity in paid-employment and self-employment. To achieve this objective, the Cameroon Household Consumption Survey of 2007 was used. The main question considered in this paper is why women paid-employment and self-employment wages are relatively low. In a whole, what are the underlying factors that generate and explains wage gap between men and women householders in employment?The topic of this paper helps to explain and analyse the functioning of the Cameroonian labour market. Using available data survey, this paper is the first to identify and decompose the causes of paid-employment and self-employment gender wage gap in Cameroon. Firstly, the paper uses the Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition to explain wage gap. Thereafter, the Quantile Regression Decomposition using Machado and Mata approach is applied in order to see the gap at different levels of wage distribution. The main finding indicate that; in both methods, the wage gap is due to unexplained component in self-employment and explained component in paid-employment, particularly with strong effects at the extreme of wage distribution. Narrowing the gender wage gap by eliminating discrimination and approving the principle of equal opportunity; supporting policies that reduce obstacles preventing women from starting and developing their businesses to encourage more women to become entrepreneurs; achieving harmonization between work and family life.

Download or read book Gender Equality and the Labor Market written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2017-08-01 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The People's Republic of China (PRC) has made advances in narrowing gender gaps in its labor market. It has one of the highest female labor force participation rates in Asia and the Pacific at around 64% in 2013, and one of the narrowest earnings gender gaps. This study investigates how women are faring in the transition to the PRC's new growth model, and what can be done to promote women's participation. It shows how the PRC is undergoing multiple transitions that have implications for gender equality and work. For example, during the market transition, gender wage gaps and gender wage discrimination increased, reaching 33% in urban areas and 44% in rural areas. Find out how evidenced-based gender analysis can foster gender responsive policy approaches to promote women's equality in the labor market.

Download or read book Gender Equality at Work Pay Transparency Tools to Close the Gender Wage Gap written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite big societal changes, and many labour market, educational and public policy initiatives, women are still paid less than men. This report presents the first stocktaking of pay transparency tools across OECD countries and explores how such policies can help level the playing field for women and men at work.

Download or read book An Investigation of the Relationship Between Job Charactiristics and the Gender Wage Gap written by Jaume García and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Female Employment and Gender Gaps in China written by Xinxin Ma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-05 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book investigates female employment and the gender gap in the labor market and households during China’s economic transition period. It provides the reader with academic evidence for understanding the mechanism of female labor force participation, the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market, and the impact of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment in China from an economics perspective. The main content of this book includes three parts―women’s family responsibilities and women’s labor supply (child care, parent care, and women’s employment), the gender gap in the labor market and society (gender gaps in wages, Communist Party membership, and participation in social activity), and the impacts of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment (the social security system and the educational expansion policy on women’s wages and employment) in China. This book provides academic evidence about these issues based on economics theories and econometric analysis methods using many kinds of long-term Chinese national survey data. This book is highly recommended to readers who are interested in up-to-date and in-depth empirical studies of the gender gap and women’s employment in China during the economic transition period. This book is of interest to various groups such as readers who are interested in the Chinese economy, policymakers, and scholars with econometric analysis backgrounds.

Download or read book Gender Convergence in the Labor Market written by Solomon W. Polachek and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2015-01-29 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains new and innovative research articles on issues related to gender convergence in the labor market. Topics include patterns in lifetime work, earnings and human capital investment, the gender wage gap, gender complementarities, career progression, the gender composition of top management and the role of parental leave policies.

Download or read book Gender Education and Employment written by Hans-Peter Blossfeld and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2015-10-30 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For much of the twentieth century, women lagged considerably behind men in their educational attainment. However, in recent decades, young women have become an important source of human capital for labor markets in modern societies, as well as potential competitors to the male workforce. This book asks whether or not women have been able to convert their educational success into gains on the labor market. The expert contributors address the topic on a comparative level with discussions centred on gendered school-to-work transitions and gendered labor market outcomes. Thereafter they analyze the country-specific implications of the gender redress from a wide range of countries including the USA, Russia and Australia. This enlightening book will appeal to graduates and postgraduates studying social policy, education, the labor market, inequality and gender. It will also be of interest to experts in the fields of sociology, education, political science and economics and those interested in educational research.

Download or read book Gender in the Labor Market written by Solomon W. Polachek and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2015-08-20 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why in 2015 are there still large gender differences in economic success? This volume consists of a set of state of the art research articles to answer this question. Focus areas include educational attainment, financial risk management, bargaining power, social mobility, and intergenerational transfers in the US and abroad.

Download or read book The Early Career Gender Wage Gap Among University Graduates in the Finnish Private Sector written by Sami Napari and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the Finnish private sector, the gender wage gap increases significantly during the first 10 years after labour market entry, accounting for most of the lifetime increase in the gender wage differentials. This paper investigates the reasons for this gender difference in early-career wage development. By focusing on university graduates the paper considers several explanations based on the human capital theory, job mobility, and labour market segregation. The results suggest that only about 20-26 per cent of the average early-career gender wage gap is explained by gender differences in experience, the field of education, employer characteristics, and mobility. A substantial unexplained gap thus remains. Of the investigated factors gender differences in the field of education and work experience matter most.

Download or read book Gender based Wage Discrimination written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Political Economy of Higher Education Finance written by Julian L. Garritzmann and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2018-06-09 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes the political economy of higher education finance across a range of OECD countries, exploring why some students pay extortionate tuition fees whilst for others their education is free. What are the redistributional consequences of these different tuition-subsidy systems? Analysing the variety of existing systems, Garritzmann shows that across the advanced democracies “Four Worlds of Student Finance” exist. Historically, however, all countries’ higher education systems looked very much alike in the 1940s. The book develops a theoretical model, the Time-Sensitive Partisan Theory, to explain why countries have evolved from a similar historical starting point to today’s very distinct Four Worlds. The empirical analyses combine a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative evidence, studying higher education policies in all advanced democracies from 1945-2015.

Download or read book Women s Work and Wages written by Christina Jonung and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2002-09-11 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a time when women in industrialized countries have a stronger and more permanent presence in the labour market than ever before, why does the gender pay gap differ so greatly between countries? The contributors to this book use empirical studies of gender differences in family responsibilities and time allocation to demonstrate how such differences affect women's wages and analyse pay structures and wage mobility throughout Europe.

Download or read book The Gender Pay Gap written by Fatma Abdel-Raouf and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-10-01 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Closing the gender pay gap begins with awareness and understanding of the state of the gap. This hybrid book that serves as a resource for both the academic and corporate communities, builds the reader’s awareness of the gender pay gap, its magnitude and ramifications, and provides action plans to address the challenge. Much of the existing literature on the gender pay gap provides an excellent foundation in stating facts and inferences; yet, the reader is often left wondering "now what?" This book tells the story of the state of the gap by the numbers and then offers specific actions that can be taken to achieve equity. The authors combine backgrounds in statistics and management/HR to provide a unique perspective in painting a broader overview of the issue, examining the history of the gender pay gap, its global impact, and how nations are addressing the issue. The book shines a light on the wide-ranging effects of the gap, including women’s poverty rates, student loans, economic growth, childhood poverty, and corporate profits, and offers insights to help close it with best practices of select organizations. Upper-level undergraduate, postgraduate, and executive education students will appreciate the clarity and conciseness of this guide to understanding and solving an important human resources issue. The inclusion of a brief instructor’s manual and PowerPoint slides for each chapter differentiates this book and adds to the ease of adoption in both the academic and corporate setting.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.

Download or read book Gendered Tradeoffs written by Becky Pettit and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2009-12-04 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender inequality in the workplace persists, even in nations with some of the most progressive laws and generous family support policies. Yet the dimensions on which inequality is measured—levels of women's employment, number of hours worked, sex segregation by occupations and wages—tell very different stories across industrialized nations. By examining federally guaranteed parental leave, publicly provided child care, and part-time work, and looking across multiple dimensions of inequality, Becky Pettit and Jennifer Hook document the links between specific policies and aggregate outcomes. They disentangle the complex factors, from institutional policies to personal choices, that influence economic inequality. Gendered Tradeoffsdraws on data from twenty-one industrialized nations to compare women's and men's economic outcomes across nations, and over time, in search of a deeper understanding of the underpinnings of gender inequality in different labor markets. Pettit and Hook develop the idea that there are tradeoffs between different aspects of gender inequality in the economy and explain how those tradeoffs are shaped by individuals, markets, and states. They argue that each policy or condition should be considered along two axes—whether it promotes women's inclusion in or exclusion from the labor market and whether it promotes gender equality or inequality among women in the labor market. Some policies advance one objective while undercutting the other. The volume begins by reflecting on gender inequality in labor markets measured by different indicators. It goes on to develop the idea that there may be tradeoffs inherent among different aspects of inequality and in different policy solutions. These ideas are explored in four empirical chapters on employment, work hours, occupational sex segregation, and the gender wage gap. The penultimate chapter examines whether a similar framework is relevant for understanding inequality among women in the United States and Germany. The book concludes with a thorough discussion of the policies and conditions that underpin gender inequality in the workplace. The central thesis of Gendered Tradeoffs is that gender inequality in the workplace is generated and reinforced by national policies and conditions. The contours of inequality across and within countries are shaped by specific aspects of social policy that either relieve or concentrate the demands of care giving within households—usually in the hands of women—and at the same time shape workplace expectations. Pettit and Hook make a strong case that equality for women in the workplace depends not on whether women are included in the labor market but on how they are included.

Download or read book An Investigation of the relationship between job characteristics and the gender wage gap written by Jaume García Villar and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Compensating Your Employees Fairly written by Stephanie R. Thomas and published by Apress. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compensation fairness is a universal preoccupation in today’s workplace, from whispers around the water cooler to kabuki in the C-suite. Gender discrimination takes center stage in discussions of internal pay equity, but many other protected characteristics may be invoked as grounds for alleging discrimination: age, race, disability, physical appearance, and more. This broad range of vulnerability to discrimination charges is often neglected in corporate assessments of how well compensation systems comply with the law and satisfy employee norms of fairness. Blind spots in general equity constitute a serious threat to organizational performance and risk management. In Compensating Your Employees Fairly, a respected practitioner and consultant lays out in practical terms everything you need to know to protect your company along the full spectrum of internal pay equity issues, including all the technical methods you need to optimize compliance and minimize risk. Compensating Your Employees Fairly is a timely survey and comprehensive handbook for compensation specialists, HR professionals, EEO compliance officers, and in-house counsel. It provides all the information you need to ensure that compensation systems are equitable, auditable, internally consistent, and externally compliant with equal employment opportunity laws and regulations. The author presents technical information—both legal and statistical—in common-sense terms. Her non-technical breakdown of complex statistical concepts distills just as much as practitioners need to know in order to effectively deploy and interpret the standard applications of statistical analysis to internal pay equity. The focus throughout the book is on real-world application, current examples, and up-to-the-minute information on recent and pending wrinkles in the evolving legal landscape. Readers of Compensating Your Employees Fairly will learn: Why internal equity in compensation matters How to detect intentional and non-intentional discrimination in compensation The basics of statistical inference and multiple regression analysis The essentials of data availability, measurability, and collection The criteria for assessing compensation systems for internal equity How to investigate potential problems and react to formal complaints and actions How to avoid litigation and put in place ongoing measures for proactive self-auditing What you’ll learn Readers of Compensating Your Employees Fairly will learn: Why internal equity in compensation matters How to detect intentional and non-intentional discrimination in compensation How to investigate potential problems and react to formal complaints and actions How to avoid litigation and put in place ongoing measures for proactive self-auditing Who this book is for HR professionals, compensation specialists, EEO compliance officers, in-house counsel, and employment attorneys will find invaluable the expert author’s non-technical treatment of the technical issues that are essential to understanding all facets of internal pay equity. Without a working understanding of how to make their data tell a clear story, these various professionals cannot ensure that their compensation systems are equitable, auditable, and demonstrably compliant with equal employment opportunity laws and regulations. Table of Contents Why Equity in Compensation Matters Types of Discrimination in Compensation Multiple Regression Analysis The Data Regression Models of Equal Pay Other Tests of Equal Pay Analysis Follow-Up The Changing Landscape of Pay Equity Enforcement Causes of the Gender Pay Gap Litigation Avoidance and Proactive Self-Analysis The Basics of Statistical Inference