Download or read book Invasion Control and Distribution of Medusahead Taeniatherum Caput medusae L Nevski in California Grasslands written by Corey Matthew Cherr and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological invasion of ecosystems by alien species is a phenomenon of global importance and can have dramatic effects on ecological services, species diversity and economic productivity across many scales of space and time. Given its biological, physical and socio-economic diversity, California has been particularly impacted by waves of biological invaders. One such invader is medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski], an invasive annual grass that infests rangelands in California. Medusahead (Mh) usually reproduces two to four weeks after the other annual grasses and forbs commonly found in California grasslands. Medusahead invasion is often believed to result from some combination of its reproductive timing (which usually occurs two to four weeks after the other annual grasses and forbs commonly found in California grasslands), its relatively low palatability (especially during its late vegetative and reproductive stages) and/or the accumulation of its thatch over time - but these theories have generally not been tested. Additionally, the spatial distribution of Mh across California is not well resolved. As with other invasive species, management of Mh requires an understanding of the ecological processes related to its invasion and control as well as improved knowledge of Mh distribution patterns across the invaded region. Using Mh as an important example, we conducted studies to test (1) the effect of small-scale (10−1 m2) environmental change (accumulation or loss of thatch) on potential for Mh invasion and control, (2) the efficacy of Mh control through field-scale (103-104 m2) changes in grazing management, and (3) the use of remote sensing technologies to determine the intensity of Mh presence across California's Central Valley and surrounding foothills (1011-1012 m2). These studies not only evaluated average effects environmental and management changes on Mh and the total area infested by Mh across the state, but also provided insight into the dynamics of individual small-scale "hotspots" of Mh seed productivity, spatial and temporal "escape" of Mh from grazing treatment within the field scale, and regional "epicenters" of Mh infestation.
Download or read book Genetic and Morphological Variation in Taeniatherum Caput medusae medusahead written by Morgan Lindsey Peters and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Invasive species are novel to a region, thus their timely and accurate identification is a critical first step in recognizing and managing the threats that they may present in their new habitats. Accurate identification of an introduced species in its new range can prove difficult however for a species that displays taxonomic complexity in its native range, i.e. consists of multiple, morphologically similar subspecies. Across its native range, Taeniatherum caput-medusae (medusahead) exhibits taxonomic complexity. Three subspecies have been recognized: T. caput-medusae ssp. caput-medusae, T. caput-medusae ssp.asperum, and T. caput-medusae ssp. crinitum. While subspecies caput-medusae is found in the western Mediterranean and subspecies crinitum occurs from eastern Europe to Central Asia, subspecies asperum is distributed across the geographic distribution of the species. Only subspecies asperum is believe to occur in the United States, where it is now invasive in portions of California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. As part of ongoing research to better understand and manage this invasion, genetic analyses of both native and invasive populations of medusahead were conducted. An important prerequisite to these analyses is the proper identification of the three subspecies. In the current study, plants from each native population were grown in a greenhouse common garden, harvested at maturity, and measured using previously described morphological characters. After Bonferroni correction, three characters, glume length, glume angle, and palea length, were found to be statistically significant. Thus, these three characters were quite useful in assigning plants to each of the three subspecies. I found that two other characters, lemma hairs and conical cells, were less informative. Differentiation among native populations of medusahead was further assessed using a molecular genetic marker. The results of a UPGMA cluster diagram based on allozyme data indicates that subspecies crinitum is genetically differentiated from the other two, some populations of subspecies caput-medusae and asperum co-occur within different clusters, and subspecies asperum is the most variable. Results of the analysis of multilocus genotypes are generally consistent with the UPGMA diagram (e.g., subspecies caput-medusae and asperum share six multilocus genotypes). This research confirms the need of such studies to disentangle the taxonomic complexity that can be found in the native range of invasive species. The results of an earlier allozyme analysis were consistent with the genetic signature associated with multiple introductions, although this finding can only be confirmed with the analysis of native populations. In the current study, I compared allozyme diversity in native and invasive populations of medusahead to: identify the geographic origin(s) for the U.S. invasion, test the multiple introduction hypothesis, and determine the genetic consequences of these events. Five of the seven homozygous multilocus genotypes previously observed in the western U.S. have been detected in native populations. The geographic origins for these introductions appear to have been drawn from France, Sardinia, Greece, and Turkey, although additional analyses are ongoing. These findings provide support for the multiple introduction hypothesis. Results of this study have implications for the biological control of medusahead: i) the search for effective and specific biological control agents will have to occur broadly across the species' native range, ii) multiple agents may be required to control invasive populations that are admixtures, and iii) because invasive population are genetically depauperate, highly adapted biocontrol agents are likely to be quite effective."--Boise State University ScholarWorks.
Download or read book Detecting Medusahead Taeniatherum Caput medusae L Nevski Using High Frequency Sequential Globally Positioned Digital Images written by Stephen Koghan Ndzeidze and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invasive plant species are expanding and transforming vegetative communities across Oregon and throughout the United States. Over the past three decades remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS), and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies have been integrated to detect and map the distribution of noxious rangeland plants. This study developed low-cost protocols to detect and map Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski) weed infestations using GPS loggers to track aircraft/camera position, altitude, and bearing, as well as Aerial Image Positioning Tool software to geographically rectify and project each aerial image. We then mapped the extent of medusahead in target areas and evaluated patterns of infestation. Flying in a single engine fixed-wing aircraft, images were collected every five seconds, with a total of 10,362 images obtained. All of the aerial images were processed and, on average, 23.9 % of the area was classified as medusahead infested, with 76.1 % without infestation. Each image covered 215 ha (531 acres), with 60% overlap, at a cost of $ 0.54/km2. Our study also employed mobile mapping technology to map medusahead on the ground by digitizing infestations using a laptop computer equipped with a GPS antenna and GIS software. Mobile mapping was also done from aircraft, but yielded coarser infestation maps, as the observation distance was greater. These maps covered the full study area. Aerial reconnaissance and mobile survey is cost effective, because thousands of digital images were collected, automatically positioned, and stored.
Download or read book Proceedings ecology and Management of Annual Rangelands written by Stephen B. Monsen and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annual weeds continue to expand throughout the West eliminating many desirable species and plant communities. Wildfires are now common on lands infested with annual weeds, causing a loss of wildlife habitat and other natural resources. Measures can be used to reduce burning and restore native plant communities, but restoration is difficult and costly.
Download or read book Proceedings written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book General Technical Report INT written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Underwater Methods for Study of Salmonids in the Intermountain West written by Russell F. Thurow and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 910 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Identifying the Geographic Origins for the Introduction of Taeniatherum Caput medusae Subsp Asperum medusehead in the Western United States written by Shane Kurtis Skaar and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The use of molecular markers can provide insights into the demographic and evolutionary processes that have shaped the genetic diversity of native populations and can be used to identify an invasive species' geographic origins. Taeniatherum caput-medusae subsp. asperum (medusahead) is a cleistogamous, diploid, annual grass native toEurasia that is now invasive in the western United States (U.S.). Enzyme electrophoresis methods (allozymes) have previously been used to analyze both native and invasive populations of medusahead. Results from these studies suggest that the invasion of medusahead in the westernU.S. stems from multiple introduction events. In addition, 10 of 34 populations from across the native range of the species possessed multilocus genotypes that match some of those detected in invasive populations, with six of these putative source populations located inGreece andNorthwestern Turkey. The overall objective of the current study is to better circumscribe the geographic origins for this invasion through allozyme analysis of 48 native populations of medusahead from Southeastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Northwestern Turkey, and Ukraine) and South-central Turkey. Among the 48 native populations I analyzed, a total of 35 multilocus genotypes were detected, with four of these genotypes matching those previously reported among invasive populations. Forty of the 48 (83.3%) native populations contained at least one individual with a multilocus genotype matching a genotype reported among invasive populations. The 48 populations from Southeastern Europe andSouth-central Turkey exhibit less genetic structure and display lower levels of genetic diversity compared with the 34 native populations previously analyzed. Also, the genetic diversity of these 48 populations is not geographically structured; it does not conform to an isolation-by-distance pattern. Taken together, results from this study suggest that the geographic origins of this invasion occur broadly across the study region. In addition, the genetic diversity of these 48 native populations appears to be influenced by stochastic demographic processes in which an individual or individuals with various genotypes randomly colonizes disturbed sites and establishes a population. This process has led to an intermixing of genotypes within and among populations across the study area. Because allozymes typical underestimate the genetic diversity of populations, the findings of this study should be assessed using a molecular marker with greater resolving power (i.e., amplified fragment length analysis)."--Boise State University ScholarWorks.
Download or read book Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds written by Roger L. Sheley and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to the theory and principles of weed management, this book provides information about twenty-nine of the most serious weeds in the West, including weed identification, origin, history and distribution, invasion potentials, biology and ecology, and specific management options. Full-color photographs and distribution maps help illustrate the plants and the invasive threat they pose. An invaluable resource for land managers, resource specialists, and students of natural resource management, Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds provides practical, science-based information needed for sustainable weed management and land restoration.
Download or read book Weeds of the West written by Robert Parker and published by . This book was released on 1998-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning to identify unwanted plants around the home, farm, or ranch will be much easier with this comprehensive publication. It will help you identify plants that compete with native plants, horticultural, & agricultural crops as well as those that can poison livestock & people. This easy-to-use guide contains more than 900 full-color photos showing the early growth stages, mature plants, & features for positive identification of each weed discussed. Descriptions, habitats, & characteristics of each plant are also included. Glossary. Key to plant families. References. Index.
Download or read book Wildland Fire in Ecosystems written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This state-of-knowledge review about the effects of fire on soils and water can assist land and fire managers with information on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of fire needed to successfully conduct ecosystem management, and effectively inform others about the role and impacts of wildland fire. Chapter topics include the soil resource, soil physical properties and fire, soil chemistry effects, soil biology responses, the hydrologic cycle and water resources, water quality, aquatic biology, fire effects on wetland and riparian systems, fire effects models, and watershed rehabilitation.
Download or read book North American Terrestrial Vegetation written by Michael G. Barbour and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition provides extensively expanded coverage of North American vegetation from arctic tundra to tropical forests.
Download or read book Wildlife habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington written by David H. Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides information about the terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats of Oregon and Washington and the wildlife that depend upon them; it also supports broader and more consistent conservation planning, management, and research. The 27 chapters identify 593 wildlife species, define some 300 wildlife terms, profile wildlife communities, review introduced and extirpated species and species at risk, and discuss management approaches. The volume includes color and bandw photographs, maps, diagrams, and illustrations; and the accompanying CD-ROM contains additional wildlife data (60,000 records), maps, and seven matrixes that link wildlife species with their respective habitat types. Johnson is a wildlife biologist, engineer, and habitat scientist; and O'Neill is director of the Northwest Habitat Institute; they worked together on this publication project as its managing directors. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR
Download or read book Grassland structure and function written by L.F. Huenneke and published by Springer. This book was released on 1990-03-14 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters in this volume are based on a opportumtles for studying the links between symposium, "California grasslands: structure abiotic and biotic components. and productivity", supported by the National The contributions in this volume illustrate Science Foundation. The primary objective of the links between population-level processes this symposium was to integrate the current and system-level phenomena in a well-studied understanding of controls on ecosystem struc community. Unfortunately, some areas of cur ture and function with the approaches of popu rent research (e.g., nutrient cycling) are under lation biology. The annual grasslands are represented in this volume. For other topics eminently suitable for experimental and manip (particularly the role of invertebrate con sumers), the lack of data from the annual grass ulative studies of ecosystem processes. The short lives and small stature of the component land brought a broader grassland perspective. plant species make experimental work far more Together, however, the contributions illustrate practical than in forests or even in perennial the importance of different ecological ap dominated prairies. The system's small-scale proaches in studying the controls on structure patchiness, and the obvious importance of and function of a complex system. the region's mediterranean climate in the life cycle of the annual vegetation, afford many L.F. Huenneke and H.A. Mooney Huenneke, L.F. and Mooney, H. (eds) Grassland Structure and Function: California Annual Grassland.
Download or read book To Spray Or Not to Spray written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Soil Health on the Farm Ranch and in the Garden written by Kenneth E. Spaeth Jr. and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-07 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the importance of soil health in croplands, rangelands, pasturelands, and gardens, and presents new methods and technologies for assessing soil dynamics and health in these different land types. Through perspectives of agriculture, soil management, and ecological sustainability, the book provides accurate and up-to-date information on soil health assessment and maintenance that is often missing from current literature on conservation and environmental management and preservation. The book is written in a clear and concise format, and will appeal to non-scientists interested in soil health, as well as professional farmers, ranchers and gardeners. The book begins by discussing soil health from a historical perspective, and in terms of how it is covered in the news currently. Then the author addresses the ecological implications of soil health in farming, ranching and gardening, and comprehensively details the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil as they apply in various land types. The book then examines soil health assessment using new diagnostic and analytic technologies, and how these new innovations will be necessary going forward to maintain and improve soil health.
Download or read book Grazing Management written by John F. Vallentine and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Grazing. Grazing Effects on Plants and Soils. Spatial Patterns in Grazing. Manipulation Grazing Distribution. Grazing and Herbivore Nutrition. Grazing Activities and Behavior. Plant Selection in Grazing. Kind and Mix of Grazing Animals. Grazing Animal Intake and Equivalence. Grazing Capacity Inventory. Grazing Intensity. Grazing Seasons. Grazing Systems. Part I. Grazing Systems. Part II. Appendix. Terminology. Literature Cited. Index of Plants. Subject Index. Key Features * Comparison of types of grazing land with grazing animals. * Evaluation of productivity of forage plants under different grazing regimes. * Examination of specialized grazing systems * Development of inventories of grazing resources * Determination of nutritive quality of various forages * Sustainability of forage plant vigor and productivity
