Download or read book Ideology Heroism and Industrialization written by Marcia Mueller and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This thesis argues that the Stakhanovite movement in the U.S.S.R. functioned as a hero system, manipulated by Stalin, to meet the needs of a rapidly industrializing socialist economy, Research for the thesis proved difficult, for the literature on Stakhanovism is meager and often tendentious, Therefore, emphasis is placed upon claims made about the movement, rather than upon actual production records and statistics. Since no books have been written on Stakhanovism in English and no doctoral dissertations or other theses have been recorded with University Hicrofilms International. the information for this paper has been gleaned from early works and dissertations on Soviet history and industry. In 1928, under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union began a series of Five-Year Plans for rapid industrialization. During the time of the Cultural Revolution (1928-1931), the country's economic policies were based upon proletarianization, i.e., upon strict equality of wages, increased educational opportunities for workers and their children, and revolutionary enthusiasm (expressed through the work of shock brigades) in the factories. As the plan progressed, however, Stalin and party leaders had to come to terms with the incongruity between the principles of r rxism and the requirements of industrialization. Marx called for an egalitarian society, free from state and bureaucratic oppression and without the sense of alienation arising from extreme division of labor. Marx believed that when the ownership of the means of production passed from the hands of capitalists to the hands of workers, the proletariat, the evils of social and economic injustice would end. However, the evils Marx condemned arose not only from the capitalist ownership of the means of production, but also from the very nature of the production process itself and its organizational matrix. Industrial firms are complex, or bureaucratic, organizations, which demand hierarchical structures of authority, experts with specialized knowledge, division of labor for the performance of complex and varied tasks, and a system of incentives to motivate workers to comply with and strive for organizational goals. Marx's egalitarian ideals and his hope that each worker could become pro-ficient in all jobs, including management, were clearly unrealistic when viewed in the light of industrial imperatives. Beginning in 193G, Stalin prepared tb reconcile Marxist theory with industrial needs. He said that immediate hopes for world-wide Marxist revolutions must be abandoned, and that for the present, the Soviet Union had to continue to str ggle towards communism alone. Before that utopian stage could be reached, however, the country had to pass through the stage of socialism. Thus, socialism was to be what Anthony F.C. Wallace calls a transfer culture, comprising the policies to be carried out and the interim goals to be achieved before the goal culture, communism, could be attained. Stalin declared that during the stage of socialism there could be no equality of wages or consumption because the productive capacity of the country was too low. He moved away from deterministic inter- pretations of Marxist doctrine and deterministic theories of social science toward teleological and individualistic interpretations, which supported his policies encouraging personal achievement and unequal rewards. With the call for socialism in one country, Stalin also resurrected the best from Russia's past. He extolled old heroes and old traditions to increase the pride and patriotism of Soviet citizens. He called upon writers to portray exemplary role models with the qualities needed by the new Soviet man: strength, dedication, discipline, perseverance, and initiative. The model "new Soviet man" emerged in August, 1935, when Alexei Grigor'evich Stakhanov re-organized the tasks of his work crew and set a new cutting record--seven times greater than the norm--in his Donbas mine. As word of Stakhanov's achievement spread, workers in other industries also began setting new records and increasing production norms. Thus was the Stakhanovite movement born. Stalin gave Stakhanovism his enthusiastic support, and soon the Stakhanovites were national heroes. They were glorified by the media; they were awarded medals and honors; they were given higher wages and more perquisites than ordinary workers. In turn, the movement developed a new attitude toward labor and encouraged new forms of task organization. The prestige surrounding Stakhanovite achievement evoked a normative commitment to work itself and led to a work ethic in a country which had never experienced the Reformation and the connection between Protestant aspirations and developing capitalism. The Stakhanovites increased their output by rationalizing the production process in a manner similar to that of the scientific management experts in the West. Stakhanovite methods were then used to push the economy forward. Stalin also found other uses for Stakhanovism. He believed that enthusiasm from below could be an antidote to what he perceived as apathy and inertia in the upper levels of Soviet industrial organizations. Hany managers were undereducated "Old Bolsheviks" who had participated in the revolution, but who had no experience in running large industries. They tended to hide behind bureaucratic rules and regulations to avoid blame for production problems and failures, many of the latter actually resulting from the flaws in centralized planning. Stalin, blaming the managers rather than the unrealistic plans, encouraged the Stakhanovites to force up output from below and set and example for all workers. Stakhanovism was also used to counteract technocratic tendencies on the part of "bourgeois" experts, i.e., the engineers who had been educated during the tsarist regime. The "bourgeois" experts had not been supporters of the Bolsheviks, and after the revolution, they were suspected (anc sometimes accused) of industrial sabotage. By the end of the 1920's, many of the "bourgeois" engineers were developing a professional ideology calling for more control over all aspects of technology, including industrial planning and production. Their control over powerful, modern technologies and over ill-educated Red managers made the "bourgeois" engineers look like a threat to party domination. Until the new Red specialists were through school, properly educated in technology and properly indoctrinated in Marxist and Stalinist ideology, competent workers from the bench were promoted to higher positions. The Stakhanovites' completion of technical training programs and their work experience made them more qualified than many Red managers. Their position as culture heroes in Soviet society made them loyal to the party and to Stalin, with whom they shared a symbolic, familial relationship. Therefore, they were safe candidates for promotion into positions where they could counteract any attempts of technocratic hegemony by the "bourgeois" engineers. The fame and influence of the Stakhanovites were great until 1939. A Variety of reasons for the decline of the movement could be advanced, but one is especially probable: The Red specialists, in large numbers, were finishing school and ready to assume responsibility over industry. Hard workers, such as the Stakhanovites, continued to be praised and rewarded, but the new emphasis was on formal technical education and rigorous political indoctrination. Stalin's use of prestige and heroism as an incentive system, it is argued, quite likely sprang from his own fascination with and desire for herosim, as well as from the needs of the country's socialist economy. The demand for work incentives in socialist economies continues to pose problems for Marxist leaders. How those leaders meet the demands could provide more material for future studies in comparative communism"--Document.

Download or read book Heroes and Toilers written by Cheehyung Harrison Kim and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2018-11-06 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In search of national unity and state control in the decade following the Korean War, North Korea turned to labor. Mandating rapid industrial growth, the government stressed order and consistency in everyday life at both work and home. In Heroes and Toilers, Cheehyung Harrison Kim offers an unprecedented account of life and labor in postwar North Korea that brings together the roles of governance and resistance. Kim traces the state’s pursuit of progress through industrialism and examines how ordinary people challenged it every step of the way. Even more than coercion or violence, he argues, work was crucial to state control. Industrial labor was both mode of production and mode of governance, characterized by repetitive work, mass mobilization, labor heroes, and the insistence on convergence between living and working. At the same time, workers challenged and reconfigured state power to accommodate their circumstances—coming late to work, switching jobs, fighting with bosses, and profiting from the black market, as well as following approved paths to secure their livelihood, resolve conflict, and find happiness. Heroes and Toilers is a groundbreaking analysis of postwar North Korea that avoids the pitfalls of exoticism and exceptionalism to offer a new answer to the fundamental question of North Korea’s historical development.

Download or read book Industrialization History and Ideology written by Malcolm I. Thomis and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Hero Vol 1 written by Ashok Raj and published by Hay House, Inc. This book was released on 2009-11-01 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume traces the growth of the indigenous Hindi film hero from the silent era up to Dilip Kumar. The film hero is depicted as a credible representative of the social, cultural and political milieu of his era. The author contends that the development of Hindi cinema has been largely centered round the frontal figure of the hero. In the course of the narrative, the subject matter presents a compact history of mainstream Hindi cinema by placing personalities, events and trends in specific time frames.

Download or read book Making Of An Economic Superpower The Unlocking China s Secret Of Rapid Industrialization written by Yi Wen and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2016-05-13 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rise of China is no doubt one of the most important events in world economic history since the Industrial Revolution. Mainstream economics, especially the institutional theory of economic development based on a dichotomy of extractive vs. inclusive political institutions, is highly inadequate in explaining China's rise. This book argues that only a radical reinterpretation of the history of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of the West (as incorrectly portrayed by the institutional theory) can fully explain China's growth miracle and why the determined rise of China is unstoppable despite its current 'backward' financial system and political institutions. Conversely, China's spectacular and rapid transformation from an impoverished agrarian society to a formidable industrial superpower sheds considerable light on the fundamental shortcomings of the institutional theory and mainstream 'blackboard' economic models, and provides more-accurate reevaluations of historical episodes such as Africa's enduring poverty trap despite radical political and economic reforms, Latin America's lost decades and frequent debt crises, 19th century Europe's great escape from the Malthusian trap, and the Industrial Revolution itself.

Download or read book The Heroic Ideal written by M. Gregory Kendrick and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2014-01-10 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The word "hero" seems in its present usage, an all-purpose moniker applied to everyone from Medal of Honor recipients to celebrities to comic book characters. This book explores the Western idea of the hero, from its initial use in ancient Greece, where it identified demigods or aristocratic, mortal warriors, through today. Sections examine the concept of the hero as presented in the ancient, medieval, and modern worlds. Special attention is paid to particular heroic types, such as warriors, martyrs, athletes, knights, saints, scientists, rebels, secret servicemen, and even anti-heroes. This book also reconstructs how definitions of heroism have been inextricably linked to shifts in Western thinking about religion, social relations, political authority, and ethical conduct. Instructors considering this book for use in a course may request an examination copy here.

Download or read book In Lieu of Ideology written by Kee Beng Ooi and published by Institute of Southeast Asian. This book was released on 2010 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Born in Malacca in 1918, Dr Goh Keng Swee reached maturity at a time when European colonialism was breathing its last. By the time this keen-eyed Malayan Became self-governing Singapore's first Minister of Finance in 1959, he had made a name for himself s the colony's foremost social scientist, having carried out groundbreaking surveys on urban poverty and housing. He immediately initiated pioneering projects that laid the ground for the island's economic success. When Singapore separated from Malaysia in 1965, Dr Goh took charge of building an army from scratch.

Download or read book The Global Evolution of Industrial Relations written by Bruce E. Kaufman and published by Academic Foundation. This book was released on 2006 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Industrial Constructions written by Gary Herrigel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-05-15 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Herrigel challenges the Chandlerian, Gerschenkronian, and Schumpetarian approaches to Germany's economic history.

Download or read book Stalin s Industrial Revolution written by Hiroaki Kuromiya and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1990-06-28 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first detailed English socio-political history of Stalin's industrial revolution, during the initial Five-Year plan, depicts a period of sacrifice for the entire nation.

Download or read book Daily Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1975-02-03 with total page 952 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism written by Woodruff D. Smith and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1989-02-09 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study traces the evolution of imperialist ideology in Germany from Bismarck in the mid-19th century through Hitler and the Third Reich. Although much has been written about the virulently racist and anti-communist ideologies of the Nazi party, this is the first book to treat Nazi imperialism as a separate ideology and set it within a sturdy theoretical framework. Smith contends that Nazi imperialism represented the last, ambitious attempt to integrate two century-old ideologies--the elite, pro-industrial Weltpolitik and the popular-based, pro-agrarian Lebensraum--into a single system. In fact, Smith argues that it was largely the way in which the Nazis attempted to reconcile these contradictory ideologies that explains Germany's disastrous policies during World War II. This wide-ranging study also contributes to the debates over several other aspects of German history, including German military aims in World War II, the continuity--or discontinuity--of German policy from Bismarck to Hitler, and the relation between ideology and social-political life.

Download or read book State Policies and Techno Industrial Innovation written by Ulrich Hilpert and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2002-01-31 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behind the rhetoric of `intervention' and `deregulation' which has accompanied state attempts to stimulate technological innovation in the last decade is secreted a story of failed ambitions, confusion, muddle and incoherence. Techno-industrial innovation does make demands on the state, not only in terms of new industries, but also in regard to the inter-relation of industrial and R&D policy and the creation of markets. This book provides a comparative analysis of techno-industrial innovation in Europe, Japan and the USA. Drawing on case studies ranging from the semi-conductor to the biotechnology industries, the book presents a comprehensive and detailed survey of national strategies for the internal and world markets and sets them in their political context, where `the costs may be high and the pay-offs uncertain'.

Download or read book Heroes and Villains written by David R. Marples and published by Central European University Press. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Certain to engender debate in the media, especially in Ukraine itself, as well as the academic community. Using a wide selection of newspapers, journals, monographs, and school textbooks from different regions of the country, the book examines the sensitive issue of the changing perspectives ? often shifting 180 degrees ? on several events discussed in the new narratives of the Stalin years published in the Ukraine since the late Gorbachev period until 2005. These events were pivotal to Ukrainian history in the 20th century, including the Famine of 1932?33 and Ukrainian insurgency during the war years. This latter period is particularly disputed, and analyzed with regard to the roles of the OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists) and the UPA (Ukrainian Insurgent Army) during and after the war. Were these organizations "freedom fighters" or "collaborators"? To what extent are they the architects of the modern independent state? "This excellent book fills a longstanding void in literature on the politics of memory in Eastern Europe. Professor Marples has produced an innovative and courageous study of how postcommunist Ukraine is rewriting its Stalinist and wartime past by gradually but inconsistently substituting Soviet models with nationalist interpretations. Grounded in an attentive reading of Ukrainian scholarship and journalism from the last two decades, this book offers a balanced take on such sensitive issues as the Great Famine of 1932-33 and the role of the Ukrainian nationalist insurgents during World War II. Instead of taking sides in the passionate debates on these subjects, Marples analyzes the debates themselves as discursive sites where a new national history is being forged. Clearly written and well argued, this study will make a major impact both within and beyond academia." - Serhy Yekelchyk, University of Victoria

Download or read book Ayn Rand and the Russian Intelligentsia written by Derek Offord and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-05-05 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the writings of the American novelist Ayn Rand, especially The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957), which Rand considered her definitive statement about the need for an unregulated free market in which superior humans could fully realize themselves by living for no-one but themselves. It explores Rand's conception of American identity, which exalted individualism and capitalism, and her solution for saving the modern American nation, which she believed was losing the spirit of its 18th- and 19th-century founders and frontiersmen, having been degraded morally and economically by the rampant socialism of the mid-20th-century world. Derek Offord crucially goes on to analyse how Rand's writings functioned as a vehicle in which she, a Russian-Jewish writer born in St Petersburg in 1905, engaged with ideas that had long animated the Russian intelligentsia. Her conception of human nature and of a utopian community capable of satisfying its needs; her reversal of conventional valuations of self-sacrifice and selfishness; her division of humans into an extraordinary minority and the ordinary mass; her comparison of competing civilizations – in all these areas, Offord argues that Rand drew on Russian debates and transposed them to a different context. Even the type of novel she writes, the novel of ideas, is informed by the polemical methods and habits of the Russian intelligentsia. The book concludes that her search for a brave new world continues to have topicality in the 21st century, with its populist critiques of liberal democracies and acrimonious debates about countries' moral, social, and economic priorities and their identities, inequalities, and social tensions.

Download or read book A History of Russian Literature written by Andrew Kahn and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-05 with total page 976 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Russia possesses one of the richest and most admired literatures of Europe, reaching back to the eleventh century. A History of Russian Literature provides a comprehensive account of Russian writing from its earliest origins in the monastic works of Kiev up to the present day, still rife with the creative experiments of post-Soviet literary life. The volume proceeds chronologically in five parts, extending from Kievan Rus' in the 11th century to the present day.The coverage strikes a balance between extensive overview and in-depth thematic focus. Parts are organized thematically in chapters, which a number of keywords that are important literary concepts that can serve as connecting motifs and 'case studies', in-depth discussions of writers, institutions, and texts that take the reader up close and. Visual material also underscores the interrelation of the word and image at a number of points, particularly significant in the medieval period and twentieth century. The History addresses major continuities and discontinuities in the history of Russian literature across all periods, and in particular bring out trans-historical features that contribute to the notion of a national literature. The volume's time-range has the merit of identifying from the early modern period a vital set of national stereotypes and popular folklore about boundaries, space, Holy Russia, and the charismatic king that offers culturally relevant material to later writers. This volume delivers a fresh view on a series of key questions about Russia's literary history, by providing new mappings of literary history and a narrative that pursues key concepts (rather more than individual authorial careers). This holistic narrative underscores the ways in which context and text are densely woven in Russian literature, and demonstrates that the most exciting way to understand the canon and the development of tradition is through a discussion of the interrelation of major and minor figures, historical events and literary politics, literary theory and literary innovation.

Download or read book Fools and Heroes written by Peter Hruby and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fools and Heroes: The Changing Role of Communist Intellectuals in Czechoslovakia details two crucial years of 1948 and 1968 that marked the climax of contradictory developments, namely, the acceptance and repudiation of Soviet ideology and statecraft. Organized into three parts, this book begins with the class struggle and moral problems in Czechoslovakia. Subsequent part explores the economic problems and social history of the nation. The search for truth in terms of history, philosophy, and politics is also addressed.