Download or read book Human Exposure to Lead from Motor Vehicle Emissions written by Kenneth Bridbord and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Human Health Consequences Due to Lead Exposure from Automotive Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Air Pollution the Automobile and Public Health written by Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.

Download or read book Human Health Consequences Due to Lead Exposure from Automobile Emissions written by United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Committee on Human Health Consequences Due to Lead Exposure from Automative Emissions and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Lead Pollution From Motor Vehicles 1974 1986 written by P. Farmer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This bibliography brings together a wide range of material on the problem of environmental lead pollution from motor vehicles published during 1974–1986. It includes research and surveys from a number of countries and covers the effects of exhaust gas lead on humans, including children.

Download or read book Lead in the Human Environment written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Lead in the Human Environment and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1980 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Ongoing Challenge of Managing Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Fairbanks Alaska written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-08-22 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic air pollutant produced largely from vehicle emissions. Breathing CO at high concentrations leads to reduced oxygen transport by hemoglobin, which has health effects that include impaired reaction timing, headaches, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, clouding of consciousness, coma, and, at high enough concentrations and long enough exposure, death. In recognition of those health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as directed by the Clean Air Act, established the health-based National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for CO in 1971. Most areas that were previously designated as "nonattainment" areas have come into compliance with the NAAQS for CO, but some locations still have difficulty in attaining the CO standards. Those locations tend to have topographical or meteorological characteristics that exacerbate pollution. In view of the challenges posed for some areas to attain compliance with the NAAQS for CO, congress asked the National Research Council to investigate the problem of CO in areas with meteorological and topographical problems. This interim report deals specifically with Fairbanks, Alaska. Fairbanks was chosen as a case study because its meteorological and topographical characteristics make it susceptible to severe winter inversions that trap CO and other pollutants at ground level.

Download or read book Human Exposure to Urban Vehicle Emissions written by Joshua Schulz Apte and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation investigates human exposure to vehicular air pollutant emissions in urban areas. Since resources for protecting human health from the adverse consequences of inadvertent environmental releases are constrained, it is often desirable to identify sources and settings in which emissions controls could lead to especially high human health benefits per unit effort. The three measurement and modeling studies that comprise this dissertation aim to contribute towards this goal by advancing a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between urban vehicle emissions and subsequent human exposures. Two key themes that permeate these investigations include the exposure consequences of vehicle emissions in low-income settings such as developing world cities, and the role of dynamic processes in influencing the emissions-to-exposure relationship for urban air pollutant sources. Chapter 1 introduces each of the dissertation chapters and provides context and background related to the broader themes motivating the investigation. In Chapter 2, I report on exposures to particulate matter (PM) in the megacity of New Delhi, India. Previous work has identified New Delhi as a hotspot for ambient PM pollution. To investigate the degree to which in-vehicle exposures can be represented by ambient fixed-site measurements in New Delhi, I undertook a multi-month field campaign in 2010. In-vehicle measurements focused on concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP, measured by particle number count, PN) inside the cabins of auto-rickshaws, a common type of unenclosed vehicle in South Asia. Supplemental measurements considered PM levels inside conventional (enclosed) automobiles. Contemporaneously with the in-vehicle measurements, I conducted routine ambient monitoring of PM2.5, BC and PN at a rooftop fixed site. In-vehicle particle concentrations measured during this field campaign were substantially elevated relative to the levels recorded at the ambient monitoring site. Geometric mean concentrations inside the auto-rickshaw, averaged over ~160 h of 1 Hz data, were 190 μg m−3 PM2.5, 42 μg m−3 BC, and 280 × 103 particles cm−3. These concentrations rank among the highest levels ever reported for routine transportation microenvironments. Short-duration peak concentrations (averaging time: 10 s), attributable to exhaust plumes of nearby vehicles, were greater than 300 μg m−3 for PM2.5, 85 μg m−3 for BC, and 650 × 103 particles cm−3 for PN. In-vehicle PM2.5 levels were 1.5× higher than the high ambient PM2.5 concentrations (geometric mean: 120 μg m−3) in Delhi. In-vehicle BC and PN levels were more substantially elevated above background levels (respectively 3.6× and 8.4×). The especially high degree of elevation for PN suggests that in-vehicle exposures might account for a large fraction of daily PN exposure for auto-rickshaw users. The in-vehicle amplification for PN is likely attributable to proximity to a major PN source (traffic emissions) as well as dynamic loss processes such as coagulation that may remove UFP from ambient air. A small subset of measurements collected inside conventional cars with open windows resulted in similar mean concentrations to contemporaneous measurements inside auto-rickshaws. In contrast, concentrations were somewhat lower inside automobiles with air conditioning, likely owing to dynamic in-vehicle particle removal mechanisms. Overall, this investigation concludes that in-vehicle exposures in New Delhi substantially exceed the high ambient background concentrations recorded at fixed sites. Chapter 3 presents a global analysis of the population exposure implications of urban vehicle emissions using the intake fraction (iF) metric. Intake fraction is a dimensionless parameter that represents the fraction of a source's emissions that are ultimately inhaled by all exposed individuals. In this chapter, I develop and apply a model to estimate iF for spatially distributed, ground-level emissions (e.g., from vehicles) in 3646 worldwide urban areas, each with year-2000 population > 100,000. This large dataset of cities accounts for ~ 2.0 billion people, roughly ~70% of the year-2000 urban population. The investigation develops the first-ever iF estimates for urban emissions in many regions outside of North America and Europe, including for numerous megacities for which iF data did not previously exist. In particular, Chapter 3 considers the intraurban iF for each of the cities in this dataset, which accounts for the inhalation exposure to an urban area's emissions that occurs within that same city. Base-case model runs consider an archetypal primary, conserved, non-reactive pollutant. Sensitivity scenarios consider primary pollutants with first-order decay. These broad classifications are representative of many health-relevant pollutants emitted by vehicles and other urban sources. Moreover, they provide a point of comparison for understanding the exposure implications of non-conserved and secondary pollutants, which are explored in more detail in Chapter 4. For conserved primary pollutants, population-weighted median, mean, and interquartile range iF values are 26, 39, and 14 - 52 ppm, respectively, where 1 ppm signifies 1 g inhaled per tonne emitted. The global mean urban iF determined here is roughly twice as large as previous estimates for cities in the United States and Europe, owing primarily to the inclusion of cities with higher iF located outside of these two regions. Intake fractions vary among cities owing to differences in population size, population density, and meteorology. Sorting by size, population-weighted mean iF values are 65, 35, and 15 ppm, respectively, for cities with populations larger than 3 million, 0.6 - 3 million, and 0.1 - 0.6 million. For the 20 worldwide megacities in the dataset, the population-weighted mean intraurban iF is 83 ppm. Overall, mean iF values are greatest in Asia and lowest in land-rich high-income regions, owing primarily to differing patterns in urban form between these two regions. Among the 10 countries with the largest urban populations, population-weighted mean intraurban iF varies by a factor of 3. Intake fraction results for individual cities are predicted well by a parsimonious regression model that incorporates metrics of urban land area, population density, and meteorology. Chapter 4 extends the concept of intake fraction to incorporate semivolatile organic emissions. The analysis emphasizes the consequences of these emissions for population exposure to organic particulate matter, which is a major constituent in both vehicle exhaust and ambient urban air. Organic aerosols (OA) blur traditional notions of primary and secondary pollutants owing to dynamic exchange of material between the vapor and particle phases. Dilution of fresh organic PM emissions (primary organic aerosol, POA) with ambient air typically causes a profound shift of material from particle to vapor phase. Relatively more volatile vapor-phase material is then "aged" into lower-volatility products over its residence time in a regional airshed via oxidation reactions initiated by photochemically produced radicals (e.g., the hydroxyl radical OH). In turn, these lower volatility products oxidized from evaporated emissions then condense to form quasi-secondary particles that make up the so-called oxidized primary organic aerosol (OPOA). In this analysis, I update the definition of intake fraction to accommodate the cumulative contributions of population exposure to primary and quasi-secondary organic particles (i.e., POA and OPOA) as well as vapor-phase material to the overall intake fraction for semivolatile organic emissions. As in Chapter 3, the primary emphasis of the analysis is on vehicles and other urban, ground level emissions sources. Because photochemical aging at the regional scale is the major mechanism for converting evaporated POA material into OPOA, I develop and employ a nested multi-compartment mechanistic model to consider exposures at the urban, periurban and regional scales with a 400-km domain. Base-case model simulations consider an archetypal medium-sized US city (population 1.5 M); alternative cases include a model of iF for a global megacity (population 12 M). Key transformation processes for semivolatile emissions (e.g., dilution, partitioning, aging) are represented using the Volatility Basis Set (VBS) framework. A major goal of the modeling exercise is to contrast the magnitude and spatial distribution of iF for semivolatile organic emissions with patterns in iF for nonreactive pollutants. For urban emissions of non-reactive particles, ~75% of domain-wide population intake occurs in the same urban compartment as emissions. In contrast, for semivolatile emissions, spatial patterns and gas-particle partitioning of intake depend substantially on emissions volatility. Low volatility organic emissions in urban areas produce predominantly intraurban, particle-phase exposures (similar to inert pollutants). As volatility of material emitted in urban areas increases, three key trends emerge that reduce particle-phase iF: (1) the overall proportion of population exposure that takes place in the particle phase decreases and the proportion of exposure in the gas phase increases, (2) photochemically aged material (OPOA) accounts for a larger fraction of particle-phase population intake, and (3) regional-scale exposures account for the predominant fraction of organic aerosol exposure attributable to urban precursor emissions. Since higher volatility compounds account for a large fraction of motor vehicle emissions, the overall iF for organic particles attributable to urban semivolatile organic emissions is lower.

Download or read book Exposure to lead a major public health concern Preventing disease through healthy environments written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2023-08-16 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Lead Pollution written by Roger Harrison and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the time of writing, the topic of lead pollution is the subject of an intense and sometimes heated debate. The argument centres upon possible adverse health effects arising from exposure of children to current environmental levels of lead. Such arguments now appear little closer to resolution than they did five years ago, although the development of ever more sophisticated biochemical and epidemiological techniques may eventually provide an answer. Over the past five to ten years, as the general public has become aware of the lead issue, pressure has been put upon governments to limit emissions of lead, and hence limit or reduce the exposure of the population to the metal. Govern ments and governmental agencies have responded in several ways, varying between those who prefer to take little or no action on the basis that they see no cause for concern, and those who have taken firm action after concluding that the scientific and medical evidence warrants this approach. Any effective control strategy for lead requires knowledge of the sources of environmental exposure and an understanding of the pathways of this metal in the environment. This book aims to provide such information and to explain the methods available for limiting emissions of lead from the most important sources. To put this information in context a chapter on the routes of human exposure to lead and the health effects is included.

Download or read book Waste Incineration and Public Health written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-10-21 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incineration has been used widely for waste disposal, including household, hazardous, and medical wasteâ€"but there is increasing public concern over the benefits of combusting the waste versus the health risk from pollutants emitted during combustion. Waste Incineration and Public Health informs the emerging debate with the most up-to-date information available on incineration, pollution, and human healthâ€"along with expert conclusions and recommendations for further research and improvement of such areas as risk communication. The committee provides details on: Processes involved in incineration and how contaminants are released. Environmental dynamics of contaminants and routes of human exposure. Tools and approaches for assessing possible human health effects. Scientific concerns pertinent to future regulatory actions. The book also examines some of the social, psychological, and economic factors that affect the communities where incineration takes place and addresses the problem of uncertainty and variation in predicting the health effects of incineration processes.

Download or read book Lead and Public Health written by Paul Mushak and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-08-08 with total page 991 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents a detailed assessment of the health science of lead and the human health risk assessment models for lead’s human health impacts, followed by an account of various regulatory efforts in the United States and elsewhere to eliminate or reduce human toxic exposures to lead. The science of lead as presented here covers releases of lead into the environment, lead’s movement through the environment to reach humans who are then exposed, and the spectrum of toxic effects, particularly low-level toxic effects, on the developing central nervous system of the very young child. The section on human health risk assessment deals with quantifying not only the dose-response relationships that underlie toxic responses to lead in sensitive populations but also with the likelihood of toxic responses vis-à-vis environmental lead at some level of exposure. This section includes a treatment of computer models of lead exposure, particularly those that use lead in whole blood as a key measure. Various models convert lead intake via various body compartments into measures of body lead burden. Such measures are then directly related to severity of injury. The final section of the book deals with past and present regulatory efforts to control lead releases into the human environment. Current control efforts present a mixed picture. The most problematic issue is the continued presence of lead paint in older housing and lead in soils of urban and mining industry communities. Comprehensive assessment of the three major facets of the public health problem of lead: the voluminous science, the risk assessment approaches, and approaches to controlling lead as a public health problem Integration of the above three elements to provide a coherent whole Provides a single source of information that will be extremely valuable to all professionals working in areas impacted by this toxic substance

Download or read book Traffic Related Air Pollution written by Haneen Khreis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects

Download or read book Human Health Consequences Due to Lead Exposure from Automotive Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Automotive Lead Emissions written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Public Works. Panel on Environmental Science and Technology and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 1304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Lead written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Automotive Lead Emissions Hearings Before the Panel on Environmental Science and Technology of the Subcommittee on Environmental Pollution of 93 2 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Public Works and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: