Download or read book Gender Differences in the Choice of College Majors and the Impact of Female Role Models written by Alina Welser and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Human Rights and Economic Inequalities written by Gillian MacNaughton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This interdisciplinary volume examines the potential of human rights to challenge economic inequalities and their adverse impacts on human wellbeing.
Download or read book How Do Young People Choose College Majors written by Claude Montmarquette and published by Montréal : CIRANO. This book was released on 1997 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
Download or read book The Rise of Women written by Thomas A. DiPrete and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While powerful gender inequalities remain in American society, women have made substantial gains and now largely surpass men in one crucial arena: education. Women now outperform men academically at all levels of school, and are more likely to obtain college degrees and enroll in graduate school. What accounts for this enormous reversal in the gender education gap? In The Rise of Women: The Growing Gender Gap in Education and What It Means for American Schools, Thomas DiPrete and Claudia Buchmann provide a detailed and accessible account of women’s educational advantage and suggest new strategies to improve schooling outcomes for both boys and girls. The Rise of Women opens with a masterful overview of the broader societal changes that accompanied the change in gender trends in higher education. The rise of egalitarian gender norms and a growing demand for college-educated workers allowed more women to enroll in colleges and universities nationwide. As this shift occurred, women quickly reversed the historical male advantage in education. By 2010, young women in their mid-twenties surpassed their male counterparts in earning college degrees by more than eight percentage points. The authors, however, reveal an important exception: While women have achieved parity in fields such as medicine and the law, they lag far behind men in engineering and physical science degrees. To explain these trends, The Rise of Women charts the performance of boys and girls over the course of their schooling. At each stage in the education process, they consider the gender-specific impact of factors such as families, schools, peers, race and class. Important differences emerge as early as kindergarten, where girls show higher levels of essential learning skills such as persistence and self-control. Girls also derive more intrinsic gratification from performing well on a day-to-day basis, a crucial advantage in the learning process. By contrast, boys must often navigate a conflict between their emerging masculine identity and a strong attachment to school. Families and peers play a crucial role at this juncture. The authors show the gender gap in educational attainment between children in the same families tends to be lower when the father is present and more highly educated. A strong academic climate, both among friends and at home, also tends to erode stereotypes that disconnect academic prowess and a healthy, masculine identity. Similarly, high schools with strong science curricula reduce the power of gender stereotypes concerning science and technology and encourage girls to major in scientific fields. As the value of a highly skilled workforce continues to grow, The Rise of Women argues that understanding the source and extent of the gender gap in higher education is essential to improving our schools and the economy. With its rigorous data and clear recommendations, this volume illuminates new ground for future education policies and research.
Download or read book The Role Model Effect on Gender Equity written by Darilyn Ebert and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The gender gap of women in science is an important and unresolved issue in higher education and occupational opportunities. The present study was motivated by the fact that there are typically fewer females than males advancing in science, and therefore fewer female science instructor role models. This observation inspired the questions: Are female college students influenced in a positive way by female science teaching assistants (TAs), and if so how can their influence be measured? The study tested the hypothesis that female TAs act as role models for female students and thereby encourage interest and increase overall performance. To test this "role model" hypothesis, the reasoning ability and self-efficacy of a sample of 724 introductory college biology students were assessed at the beginning and end of the Spring 2010 semester. Achievement was measured by exams and course work. Performance of four randomly formed groups was compared: 1) female students with female TAs, 2) male students with female TAs, 3) female students with male TAs, and 4) male students with male TAs. Based on the role model hypothesis, female students with female TAs were predicted to perform better than female students with male TAs. However, group comparisons revealed similar performances across all four groups in achievement, reasoning ability and self-efficacy. The slight differences found between the four groups in student exam and coursework scores were not statistically significant. Therefore, the results did not support the role model hypothesis. Given that both lecture professors in the present study were males, and given that professors typically have more teaching experience, finer skills and knowledge of subject matter than do TAs, a future study that includes both female science professors and female TAs, may be more likely to find support for the hypothesis.
Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Education written by Brian P. McCall and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2021-12-30 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The economics of education is a burgeoning area of study, employing increasingly sophisticated analytical tools to answer questions with high societal impact. Thus, the aim of this handbook is to provide readers with an up-to-date overview of the current state of the field of the economics of education and its main areas of research. This comprehensive handbook provides an authoritative overview of key theoretical and policy areas, covering topics like econometric methods for education economics, returns to education, competition in education provision, education and economic growth, and education and inequality. It reviews the current state of research from early childhood through postgraduate education as well as adult education and life-long learning. Offering a truly international perspective, the handbook benefits from a global group of contributors and attention to both developed and developing country contexts. The Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Education will be a valuable resource for advanced students, researchers, and policymakers across economics, education, and public policy.
Download or read book Women in Higher Education written by Ana M. Martinez Aleman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2002-12-13 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The only comprehensive encyclopedia on the subject of women in higher education. America's first wave of feminists—Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and others—included expanded opportunities for higher education in their Declaration of Sentiments at the first Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in l848. By then, the first American institutions to educate women had been founded, among them, Mt. Holyoke Seminary, in l837. However, not until after the Civil War did most universities admit women—and not for egalitarian purposes. War casualties had caused a drop in enrollment and the states needed teachers. Women students paid tuition, but, as teachers, were paid salaries half that of men. By the late 20th century, there were more female than male students of higher education, but women remained underrepresented at the higher levels of educational leadership and training. This volume covers everything from historical and cultural context and gender theory to women in the curriculum and as faculty and administrators.
Download or read book Gender and Education from Different Angles written by Malgorzata Jarecka-Zyluk and published by LIT Verlag Münster. This book was released on 2014 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education and Gender from Different Angles is a collection of scientific and practice orientated papers that can be acknowledged from four different angles: gender and teachers, teaching approaches, labor market outcomes, and sexual education. Additionally, the book describes the European project known as 'EDGE: Education and Gender.' A key aspect of the project was testing curriculum material, developed by the EDGE group, to be used in single and co-educative class groups to find the effects of single-sex education on motivation. The results of this randomized experiment within secondary education are also included in the book. (Series: Gender-Diskussion - Vol. 22)
Download or read book Gender Differences in Aspirations and Attainment written by Ingrid Schoon and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A dynamic and contextualized account of the processes and mechanisms underlying gendered career decisions and attainment across the life course.
Download or read book Gender Differences in STEM Major Choice written by Jordan Nicole Peeples and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The demand for STEM skills is high and rising, while the supply of college graduates with STEM degrees lags behind. The weak supply-side response is concentrated in women, who comprise only 20 of computer science and engineering degrees. In this paper, I focus on the role of relative GPA placement on STEM major entry and persistence. Using student course enrollments and grades from Georgia's Academic and Workforce Analysis and Research Data System (GA AWARDS), I construct measures of performance in STEM courses relative to courses in other disciplines. I then estimate linear probability models of STEM major choice and persistence as functions of relative STEM course performance. I find that women are less likely than men to enter math-intensive STEM majors with higher predicted performance in entry-level math-intensive courses, and they are not affected by relative course achievement when deciding to persist in STEM.
Download or read book Gender Roles in the Future Theoretical Foundations and Future Research Directions written by Alice H. Eagly and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-11-01 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of gender is deservedly a major focus of research in the discipline of psychology in general and social psychology in particular. Interest in the topic increased sharply in the 1970s with the flowering of the feminist movement, and research has continued to advance since that time. In 1987, Alice Eagly formulated Social Role Theory to explain the behavior of women and men as well as the stereotypes, attitudes, and ideologies that are relevant to sex and gender. Enhanced by several extensions over the intervening years, this theory became one of the pre-eminent, if not the central, theory of gender in social psychology. Also, over the last decades, social psychologists have developed a variety of related approaches to understanding gender, including, for instance, theories devoted to stereotyping, leadership, status, backlash, lack of fit to occupational roles, social identity, and categorization. Reflecting these elements, this e-Book includes articles that encompasses a wide range of themes pertaining to sex and gender. In these papers, the concept of social roles appears often as central integrative concept that links individuals with their social environment. These articles thereby complement social role theory as the authors reach out to build an extended theoretical foundation for gender research of the future.
Download or read book Cracking the code written by UNESCO and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-04 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report aims to 'crack the code' by deciphering the factors that hinder and facilitate girls' and women's participation, achievement and continuation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education and, in particular, what the education sector can do to promote girls' and women's interest in and engagement with STEM education and ultimately STEM careers.
Download or read book Gender Equality Programmes in Higher Education written by Sabine Grenz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-10 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender equality has been on the agenda of national policies of higher education within and outside the European Union (EU) for the last twenty years. In some European countries, this process was initiated early on and has brought about remarkable results, while in others progress has been slower. Different countries and institutions have focussed on different strategies for raising awareness about the discrimination of women and for increasing the number of women in aca- mia, particularly in leadership positions. Previous research on gender equality in higher education has produced many case studies about programmes at institutions of higher education in Europe and elsewhere. Different actors like the European Commission and - tional organisations have also furnished reports about national policies. Building on this material, it is now time to analyse under what conditions equality p- grammes are successful. For a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of and barriers to gender equality in higher education, we also need studies that focus on the development of gender equality policies in different countries, as well as on conditions of implementation, change of strategy, and the evaluation of - sults. Comparative studies would be another useful tool for understanding the development and success of gender equality programmes.
Download or read book Understanding Gender Gaps in Student Achievement and STEM Majors written by Lina Anaya Beltran and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing women's participation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) has become a policy goal for many countries. This dissertation focuses on the origin and measurement of gender gaps in student achievement and self-perceived ability, as well as their potential role in predicting college career choices in STEM. The first two chapters provide an international overview of gender achievement gaps and focus on issues around measurement using data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). These chapters study the role of student effort in predicting gender gaps in achievement and whether or not test structure, defined as question difficulty order, could be a potential moderator of the relationship between student effort and measured gender achievement gaps. The effort measures of chapters 1 and 2 are based on students' response time to test questions (i.e., rates-guessing rates in the test) and on the proportion of unanswered items (i.e., item non-response rates) from the post-test survey that students take during the PISA assessment. The findings emphasize the importance of accounting for differences in student effort to understand cross-country heterogeneity in performance and gender achievement gaps across and within nations. Although question difficulty order plays some role in shaping student effort, overall, the findings do not provide evidence that test structure could be a mechanism that explains the relationship between student effort and gender achievement gaps. Finally, the third chapter takes a further step in the analysis of gender achievement gaps by assessing how the interaction of gender gaps in math achievement, self-perceived math ability during childhood, and the parental occupation in STEM professions, could help explain the gender gaps in college majoring-decisions in STEM careers. Using longitudinal data from the U.S., the findings of this chapter suggest that all three factors are relevant predictors of majoring in science in college. However, the results indicate a loss in STEM enrollment by otherwise qualified young women. Concerning parental occupation, most of the positive effects of having a parent working in any STEM job seem to concentrate among females, which highlights the potential role that parental occupation could play in encouraging women's college majoring-decisions in certain STEM fields. Altogether, these chapters advance the current state of knowledge in three ways. First, by evaluating the challenges in measuring observed gender achievement gaps, derived from gender differences in student effort. Second, by assessing whether or not question difficulty order has differential effects by gender. Third, by studying the potential drivers behind gender gaps in STEM college majors, including the role that parental occupation in some STEM fields, could play in motivating women's participation in certain STEM careers.
Download or read book Gendered Paths into STEM Disparities Between Females and Males in STEM Over the Life Span written by Bernhard Ertl and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-01-31 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book College Major Choices in China written by Xin Li and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Major choice matters for both individuals' welfare and the overall economy. A large body of studies in various countries has documented the determinants of college major choices, such as individual background characteristics, expected earnings and ability sorting, structural barriers in K-12 education, peer and family influences and expectations, and supply-side factors (Kanny et al., 2014; Patnaik et al., 2020). This three-chapter dissertation contributes to the literature on college major choices by providing new evidence on the role of factors from both the investment side (student demand) and the supply side (college major reforms) in the college major choices of students in China. In the first paper, "Do Women Hold Traditional Gender Role Beliefs More/Less Likely to Choose STEM Majors in China?", I investigate the role of gender role beliefs in female and male students' college major choices. Women continue to be underrepresented in most STEM-related fields in both higher education and the labor market. The study extends the existing literature by exploring the role of individual gender-related beliefs in college major choices. Using representative college student survey data, I find that female students are substantially underrepresented in most STEM majors. Gender role belief can be one potential underlying psychological factor that explains the gender disparity in STEM major choices. Female students with more traditional gender role beliefs are more likely to choose STEM. The association between the traditional gender role beliefs and STEM major choices for females is predominantly concentrated in the non-advantaged STEM majors and STEM majors at non-selective universities. The pattern exists for students who originate from more advanced household statuses and regions, but not for high-achieving students. Female students entering the STEM domain experienced internalized sexism by assimilating the gendered social norms and endorsing the male privilege in this field. In the second paper, "The Impacts of College Major Reforms on Student Composition in China," I examine the effects of college major reforms on student composition within college-majors. In the context of the Chinese meta-major reform, this paper provides one of the first empirical evidence on the consequences of a transition from college-major to college-then-major choice mechanism. Using administrative data on college admissions over 18 years, I study the impacts of the staggered adoption of the reform across institutions on student composition. I do not find aggregately statistically significant effects of the meta-major reform on the distribution of ability and demographic characteristics of students by college-majors. The result is robust to using alternative measurements, samples, models, and estimators. However, the aggregate null effects are masked by the heterogeneity across institutions and majors. The impact of increasing admission scores is predominantly concentrated in non-elite institutions and non-advantaged STEM majors. The reform also alters the student profile in terms of ethnicity and place of origin at the most prestigious institutions. The third paper - "College-Major Choice to College-then-Major Choice Reform: Experimental Evidence on Student College Major Choice Behavior"--Studies students' responses to various types of information on meta-major reform. One of the most important mechanism design policies in college admissions is for students to choose a college major sequentially (college-then-major choice) or jointly (college-major choice). However, how students behaviorally respond to these policies is unclear. In the context of the Chinese meta-major reforms, the paper provides one of the first experimental evidence on the heterogeneous impacts of a transition from college-major to college-then-major choice on students' willingness to apply, with a special focus on the role of information. In a randomized informational experiment with a nationwide sample of high school graduates, the results show that providing information on the benefits of a meta-major significantly increased students' willingness to apply; however, information about specific majors and assignment mechanisms has insignificant impacts. The information mostly affects the preference of students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds, lack accurate information or clear major preferences, or are risk-loving
