Download or read book Functional Significance of Neural Correlates of Episodic Encoding written by Melina Rifka Uncapher and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Functional Significance of the Neural Correlates of Episodic Encoding of Auditory Information written by Lauren Jill Gottlieb and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The neural correlates of episodic encoding have been studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with the `subsequent memory procedure'. In this procedure, neural activity elicited by individual items during a study phase are contrasted according to performance on a later memory test, allowing for the identification of candidate brain regions that support later memory. The cortical loci of these `subsequent memory effects' have been shown to vary according to the features emphasized at study, and have also been shown to co-localize to regions engaged during the on-line processing of the study episode. However, as prior studies have almost exclusively employed visual items, it is not currently known to what extent these principles generalize to auditory items. The aim of the present body of work was to characterize the neural correlates of encoding auditory information. The experiments described in Chapters 3 and 4 investigated whether auditory items are similarly sensitive to manipulations of study material and encoding task, respectively. The experiment in Chapter 5 analyzed a common encoding condition across the experiments reported in Chapters 3 and 4, and aimed to determine whether subsequent memory effects are similarly sensitive to differences in experimental context. The experiments in Chapters 6 and 7 investigated the neural correlates of across-modality contextual encoding, while the experiment in Chapter 7 additionally investigated across-modality multifeatural encoding. The findings from these experiments indicate that subsequent memory effects dissociate according to study material, encoding task, experimental context, as well as the nature of the contextual feature being encoded. Additionally, the experiments described in Chapters 6 and 7 suggest that the encoding of auditory contextual information requires additional hippocampal resources than does the encoding of visual contextual information. Collectively, these findings support the proposal that the encoding operations supporting memory for a specific event are represented in terms of the processes engaged during the initial experience of that event.

Download or read book Functional Significance of the Neural Correlates of Episodic Retrieval written by Kaia Linn Vilberg and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Age on Neural Correlates of Episodic Encoding and Brain Structure and Their Relation to Cognitive Performance written by Eleanor Liu and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Episodic memory – memory for unique personal events – is essential to our daily life. Relative to other forms of memory, episodic memory declines disproportionately with advancing age. One prominent account of such decline proposes a reduction in the efficacy of episodic encoding in older individuals. Numerous studies have employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of episodic encoding in young and older adults with the “subsequent memory procedure”. With this procedure, encoding related neural activity is contrasted based on subsequent memory performance for the study items. These studies have consistently reported that neural activity during encoding is predictive of later memory performance. Such subsequent memory effects (SMEs) take two forms: positive SMEs, where enhanced neural activity is associated with study items later remembered relative to study items that are less well remembered or forgotten; and negative SMEs, that take the opposite pattern. Studies have generally reported age-invariant positive SMEs whereas negative effects tend to be attenuated in older adults. Of importance, neural activity preceding the onset of a study item has also been shown to predict subsequent memory. Few studies have examined the effect of age on such pre-stimulus subsequent memory effects (pre-stimulus SMEs). Experiment 1 (Chapter 2) describes findings on pre-stimulus neural activity in healthy young and older adults. The results revealed age-invariant and age-dependent pre-stimulus SMEs in different brain regions, although age differences were mostly quantitative rather than qualitative. In contrast to prior reports of pre-stimulus SMEs, the effects in the present study were negative in direction. They could reflect allocation of neural resources in preparation of the upcoming study event. The study reported in Chapter 3 combined data from 2 independent experiments to examine age differences in poststimulus SMEs. The 2 regions of a priori interest were the hippocampus and left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Positive and negative SMEs were evident in both age groups. Of importance, the hippocampal SMEs were equivalent across age groups; and there was no evidence of age-related right-frontal over-recruitment. There was an age-invariant relationship between hippocampal SMEs and memory performance, suggesting intact hippocampal encoding activity in healthy older adults, and consistent with the notion that hippocampal activity reflects the amount of information encoded. A positive relationship between left IFG SME and memory performance was observed in older adults only. The study in Chapter 4 took an integrated approach to examine the relationship between structural and functional measures, and memory performance in young and older adults. Consistent with the literature, robust age-related decline was evident in hippocampal volume and cortical thickness. Results from an integrated statistical model revealed that hippocampal encoding activity, but not hippocampal volume, was predictive of memory performance in both age groups. On the other hand, cortical thickness negatively correlated with performance in young adults, but positively correlated with performance in older adults. Both cortical thickness and cortical SMEs explained unique variance in memory performance. Of importance, IFG thickness-memory relationships were no longer significant after controlling for global thickness. In conclusion, both pre-stimulus and encoding-related neural activity can be resistant to the effects of age, although the left IFG acts as a ‘bottleneck’ in older adults. Age differences in pre-stimulus SMEs require a nuanced interpretation, rather than appeal to a generic construct. Moreover, age differences appear to be more robust in structural rather than in functional measures. Lastly, the age-dependent cortical thickness-memory relationship was general rather than region-specific.

Download or read book Neural Correlates of Context dependent Memory written by Christin Campe and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Predictions in the Brain written by Moshe Bar and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-05-10 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When one is immersed in the fascinating world of neuroscience findings, the brain might start to seem like a collection of "modules," each specializes in a specific mental feat. But just like in other domains of Nature, it is possible that much of the brain and mind's operation can be explained with a small set of universal principles. Given exciting recent developments in theory, empirical findings and computational studies, it seems that the generation of predictions might be one strong candidate for such a universal principle. This is the focus of Predictions in the brain. From the predictions required when a rat navigates a maze to food-caching in scrub-jays; from predictions essential in decision-making to social interactions; from predictions in the retina to the prefrontal cortex; and from predictions in early development to foresight in non-humans. The perspectives represented in this collection span a spectrum from the cellular underpinnings to the computational principles underlying future-related mental processes, and from systems neuroscience to cognition and emotion. In spite of this diversity, they share some core elements. Memory, for instance, is critical in any framework that explains predictions. In asking "what is next?" our brains have to refer to memory and experience on the way to simulating our mental future. But as much as this collection offers answers to important questions, it raises and emphasizes outstanding ones. How are experiences coded optimally to afford using them for predictions? How do we construct a new simulation from separate memories? How specific in detail are future-oriented thoughts, and when do they rely on imagery, concepts or language? Therefore, in addition to presenting the state-of-the-art of research and ideas about predictions as a universal principle in mind and brain, it is hoped that this collection will stimulate important new research into the foundations of our mental lives.

Download or read book The Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Self initiating Elaborative Episodic Encoding written by Colin Shaun Hawco and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Several clinical populations (e.g. Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, frontal lobe damage, and healthy aging with memory decline) display memory deficits which may be related to a failure to engage efficient memory encoding strategies. However, these groups often show improved memory performance when cued towards the use of efficient encoding strategies, suggesting the deficits are related to self-initiating elaborative encoding processes. At present, little is know about the neural correlates of self-initiating elaborative encoding strategies in episodic memory. The purpose of this thesis was to better understand the process of initiating elaborative encoding strategies. We hypothesized that the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was involved in self-initiating elaborative encoding strategies. Experiment 1 was an fMRI study in which we presented conditions in which participants were either cued to use an efficient encoding strategy (semantic analysis) or were not cued to do so (a self-initiated condition), while presenting stimuli with variable semantic relatedness. We observed activity in the left DLPFC and bilateral supramarginal gyrus in response to semantic relatedness in the non-semantic (self-initiated) encoding condition. In experiment 2, we attempted to confirm the role of the left DLPFC in self-initiating elaborative encoding using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a method in which we can transiently disrupt neural activity in a limited cortical area. We performed stimulation of the left DLPFC and a control site (the vertex) during a memory encoding task. We observed a significant correlation in a subsequent cued recall task (a measure of encoding success) between the effects of TMS during encoding and participant's use of memory strategies during encoding only in the condition in which self-initiated elaborative encoding was beneficial to memory performance. This suggests a causative role for the DLPFC in self-initiating elaborative encoding. Experiment 3 was a concurrent TMS-fMRI study. Participants performed an encoding task (similar to the self-initiated condition in experiment 1) while we measured brain activity using fMRI. TMS stimulation was presented for 300ms on 3/4 of trials. The onset of stimulation was varied, starting at 200ms, 600ms, or 1000ms after stimulus onset. We observed time-specific changes in neural activity in response to TMS stimulation, suggesting that concurrent TMS-fMRI can be used to measure time-varying interactions between the DLPFC and distal brain regions These three experiment provide evidence o f the role of the left DLPFC in self-initiating elaborative encoding strategies, and the utility of TMS and fMRI (separately or combined) as research techniques to address these techniques. These studies also demonstrate the utility of our selected paradigms to directly address the issue of self-initiating elaborative encoding (rather than correlating activity to specific encoding strategies). " --

Download or read book The Wiley Handbook on The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory written by Donna Rose Addis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-02 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Wiley Handbook on the Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory presents a comprehensive overview of the latest, cutting-edge neuroscience research being done relating to the study of human memory and cognition. Features the analysis of original data using cutting edge methods in cognitive neuroscience research Presents a conceptually accessible discussion of human memory research Includes contributions from authors that represent a “who’s who” of human memory neuroscientists from the U.S. and abroad Supplemented with a variety of excellent and accessible diagrams to enhance comprehension

Download or read book Investigation of the Role of Medial Frontal Cortex During Episodic Encoding in Young and Older Adults written by David Maillet and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In recent years, many studies have assessed the neural correlates of episodic memory encoding. A recent meta-analysis of these studies in young adults found that activation in a number of regions including the medial frontal cortex (mFC) was greater during encoding events later forgotten vs. remembered. It has been suggested that activation in this region reflects task-unrelated thoughts that are detrimental to one's performance on episodic memory (EM) tasks. However, not all studies have reported that activation in mFC is detrimental to EM task performance. In a few studies that have used self-referential encoding tasks (e.g. pleasantness judgements), activation in mFC was greater for remembered vs. forgotten events. These studies suggest that mFC may be involved in self-referential evaluation of encoding stimuli which benefits later EM. Thus previous studies have provided conflicting evidence regarding the association between mFC activation at encoding and EM performance in young adults. Studies assessing age-related differences in activation during episodic encoding have reported age-related increases in activation in the mFC. Consistent with the young adult literature, two competing interpretations have been proposed: 1) this activation may reflect increased frequency of task-unrelated thoughts in older adults, or 2) that this activation reflects an increased tendency for older adults to process the encoding events in a self-referential manner. This thesis describes four studies investigating the role of mFC during episodic encoding in young and older adults. In study 1, I report that activation in left ventral mFC was highest during successful self-referential encoding, intermediate during unsuccessful encoding, and lowest during successful encoding using a non-self-referential (semantic) encoding task in young adults. It is suggested that in young adults, ventral mFC activation reflects self-referential processes that can either benefit encoding (if directed to the encoding stimuli) or be detrimental to it (if directed to task-unrelated thoughts). In study 2, I assessed age differences in the neural correlates of episodic encoding using a self-referential task. Activation in a network involving mFC was related to better memory performance in young, but not older adults. In study 3, I report that older adults exhibit less task-unrelated thoughts compared to young adults during episodic encoding, inconsistent with the possibility that age-related increases in mFC reflect an increase in task-unrelated thoughts. In study 4, I performed a meta-analysis of age-related differences in activation during episodic encoding. I found that older adults consistently over-activate a region of mFC during successful encoding that in young adults is involved in unsuccessful encoding. It is suggested that older adults over-activate a set of regions including mFC during episodic encoding because of an increase in evaluative and personal thoughts and feelings related to the encoding events themselves, which they do not label as task-unrelated, and which do not necessarily result in good performance in memory tasks. " --

Download or read book Functional Significance of the Neural Correlates of Post retrieval Processing written by Hiroki Hayama and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Post-retrieval processes are engaged when the outcome of an episodic retrieval attempt must be monitored or evaluated. Previous research employing event-related potentials (ERPs) has implicated a specific ERP modulation - the 'right frontal old/new effect' - as a correlate of post-retrieval processing, whereas studies employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques have implicated right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) as playing a role in these processes. Some recent studies, however, have suggested that the neural correlates of post-retrieval processing may have more to do with tracking the number of internal decisions required prior to response selection than with evaluating and monitoring the products of an episodic retrieval attempt. The aim of the present body of work was to characterize the functional significance of the right frontal old/new ERP effect and retrieval related activity in right DLPFC. The experiments described in Chapters 3, 4, and 5 were parallel ERP and fMRI investigations which aimed to determine whether the neural correlates of post-retrieval processing were specific to monitoring the episodic content of a retrieval attempt. In all three experiments it was found that the neural correlates of post-retrieval processing could be elicited by the evaluation and monitoring of semantic as well as episodic information. These findings are suggestive of a more domain-general post-retrieval processing role for the cognitive processes associated with these correlates. The final ERP experiment described in Chapter 6 sought to address the functional significance of the extended time-course of the right frontal old/new ERP effect. The findings from this experiment indicated that the right frontal effect persists well beyond the time of which a response is selected, implying that the effect reflects processes other than those engaged in service of response selection. Collectively, the findings support the proposal that the right frontal old/new ERP effect and retrieval related activity in right DLPFC reflect domain-general post-retrieval processes, and do not merely reflect number of internal decisions required prior to response selection.

Download or read book The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Episodic Memory Pet Studies in Normal Subjects written by Shitij Kapur and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis documents the findings of a series of positron emission tomography (PET) experiments undertaken to eluicidate the neural correlates of episodic memory--in particular, to understand the functional contributions of the prefrontal cortex to episodic memory. Healthy young adults were scanned using ($\sp#x15;$O) -H$\sb2$O-PET imaging as they carried out encoding and retrieval tasks. The data were analyzed using the cognitive subtraction paradigm and Statistical Parametric Mapping technique of image analysis. The results clearly document a differential involvement of the left and right prefrontal cortex in encoding and retrieval respectively. The thesis further suggests that the left prefrontal activation is invoked by the task requirement of "working with meaning" of the stimulus. The results are supportive of a role for the left prefrontal cortex in facilitating the formation of a retrievable engram, regardless of the subject's intention. The right prefrontal cortex is invoked equally in recall and recognition tasks when these tasks are equated for difficulty. The role of the right prefrontal cortex in retrieval as revealed by PET, is consistent with the concept of "retrieval attempt" and is distinguishable for the concept of "ecphory" which may be a medial temporal or posterior association cortex based process. The results are discussed in concert with neuropsychological findings and it is concluded that the prefrontal cortex facilitates memory encoding and retrieval processes--though it may not be the site where the engram resides. The discrepancy with established neuropsychological findings is discussed and directions for future research are outlined.

Download or read book Electrophysiology of Mind written by Michael D. Rugg and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews a productive period of research aimed at connecting brain and mind through the use of scalp-recorded brain potentials to chart the temporal course of information processing in the human brain. The book serves as both as a summary of where we have been and as a pointer of the way ahead.

Download or read book Investigations of Age related Effects on the Neural Correlates of Recollection and Familiarity written by Tracy Hsiang-Yi Wang and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present research investigated age-related differences in the neural correlates of two putative processes (recollection and familiarity) supporting recognition memory. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) were utilized in concert with retrieval tasks that allow trials associated with recollection to be segregated from trials associated with familiarity. Some studies investigating age-related effects on the neural correlates of successful retrieval have reported that the neural correlates of retrieval are larger and more widespread in older subjects than in the young ('cortical over-recruitment'). These studies, however, vary widely in their methodologies, analyses, and even characterization of memory retrieval. The aim of the research described here is to elucidate the effects of age on the neural correlates of recognition memory. The second chapter of this dissertation describes an experiment that characterizes the neural correlates of episodic memory in subjects typically considered 'older' (between the ages of 63-77) and 'younger' (between the ages of 18-30) as indexed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The third chapter describes an analogous Event-related potential (ERP) study that investigated the electrophysiological correlates of recollection and familiarity in the same age groups as the study described in the second chapter. Finally, the fourth chapter describes the final experiment that investigated cortical reinstatement of material-specific recollection related effects in young and older subjects. This final study utilized univariate analysis to identify cortical reinstatement of material specific recollection-related activity, while using multivariate pattern analysis to quantify the amount of reinstatement in each age group. Overall, the findings provide evidence that there is no significant neural reorganization for the retrieval of episodic memory in the face of advancing age. Rather, the presented research suggests that under circumstances where encoding and retrieval are well controlled, the neural correlates of episodic retrieval remain largely invariant as a function of age.

Download or read book An FMRI Investigation of Category specific Episodic Encoding written by Jonathan Harris and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Determining whether certain categories of words have discrete neural representations (processing dedicated to different brain regions) is the pursuit of this thesis. Twelve participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to discriminate between the neural correlates of words representing either animals or objects during episodic encoding. Consistent with semantic retrieval studies, neural activity associated specifically with objects was encoded predominantly in the posterior portion of the left hemisphere: the superior frontal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, posterior cingualte cortex, occipitotemporal cortex, precuneus, and occipital cortex. Activity associated specifically with animals, however, was encoded predominantly in anterior portion of the right hemisphere: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), medial prefrontal cortex, and the posterior midline. Although the regions for animal activity are inconsistent with previous studies, data show that each category exhibits its own processing regions, suggesting that category specificity occurs not only during semantic retrieval, but also during episodic encoding of words.

Download or read book Characterization of the Neural Correlates Associated with Temporal Sequence Processing in the Human Brain written by Liang-Tien Hsieh and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One key feature of human episodic memory is our ability to engage in "mental time travel" to the past. Despite the consensus that temporal organization is a defining feature of human episodic memory, the neural mechanisms that underlie this ability remain largely unexplored. The present work aims to examine the neural underpinnings that support memory for temporal information in humans; using different approaches (i.e., scalp EEG and functional MRI) that each examines a specific aspect of the neural mechanisms associated with such ability. Chapter 1 of this dissertation presents an overview of this topic. A comprehensive literature review suggesting a role for low-frequency theta oscillations (4-8 Hz) in working memory and episodic memory encoding and retrieval processes is presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 presents findings from a scalp-EEG study, demonstrating that theta oscillations over frontal regions are particularly associated with the maintenance of temporal order, relative to item, information in working memory. To further delineate the neural substrates that support memory for temporal sequences, Chapters 4 and 5 present studies using functional MRI, along with multi-voxel pattern analysis techniques, to examine the contribution of distinct brain regions during retrieval of object sequences. Results in Chapter 4 demonstrate that hippocampal activity patterns represent a temporal signal that integrates object information, whereas activity patterns in the parahippocampal and perirhinal cortex are sensitive to temporal position and object information, respectively. Extending the findings in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 focuses on the involvement of the cortical "recollection network" that includes the medial prefrontal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, and angular gyrus during object sequence retrieval. The results clearly show that core regions of the recollection network schematically codes information about temporal positions of object sequences, irrespective of individual object information. The present work thus highlights the role of theta oscillations in retaining temporal order information in working memory, and further characterizes how brain regions that have been implicated in memory functions support memory for time.

Download or read book Neural Substrates of Memory Affective Functions and Conscious Experience written by C. Loeb and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is important, indeed necessary, we believe, that the study of the higher brain func tions be introduced by a brief account of the evolution of the philosophical thinking and scientific researches on cognition. The intuition that sensations and intelligence reside in the brain goes back to the Egyptians, in particular the Edwin Smith papyrus, probably dated between 2500 and 3000 b. c. , where the term "brain" appears for the first time and where there is a description of its coverings (meninges) and circumvolutions (Walsh 1994). The philosophical debate on brain and mind made its appearance in ancient l Greece and in subsequent centuries developed among the philosophers. The flow of sensations, the process of thinking, and the site of reason were localized in the brain, according to Alcmaeon of Croton (sixth to fifth centuries b. c. ) and subsequently Lattanzio, Alexander of Tralles, Democritus, Anaxagoras, and particularly Hip pocrates (460-377 b. c. ), who placed the soul, envisaged as a mental function, in the brain. Plato (427-347 b. c. ) believed that the brain provided the sensory experiences (hearing, sight, smell) and that from these were generated thinking and memory, and the act of thinking produced the truth or "episteme. " The formulation of the problem changes radically with Aristotle (384-322 b. c. ), who believed that the heart, and not the brain, was the site of passions, feelings, intelligence, and thought (Gross 1995).

Download or read book Investigating Age related Differences in Functional Brain Activity and Connectivity Underlying Source Memory written by Elizabeth Ankudowich and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Episodic memory encompasses an extraordinary range of diverse cognitive functions that are integral to daily functioning. Healthy aging is associated with declines in episodic memory, which may impair older adults' ability to remember the rich contextual details of previously experienced events. By the age of sixty, older individuals may have a reduced ability to remember spatial or temporal contextual features of past events (e.g., where or when you last took a prescription medication). Previous studies have focused on understanding the anatomical and functional neural correlates of episodic memory decline in young and older adulthood, but how these underlying mechanisms contribute to episodic memory to across the adult lifespan remains to be explored. In this series of studies, we aim to advance our understanding of the differences in episodic memory that develop across the adult lifespan and the neural basis of this age-related decline, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using a lifespan sample of young, middle-aged, and older adults, we employ a source memory paradigm to assess individuals' memory for the spatial and temporal contextual details of photographs of faces. In addition, we analyze fMRI data collected during both initial encoding and subsequent retrieval of contextual information in order to examine differential effects of age on encoding- and retrieval-specific processes. In Study 1, we demonstrate that declines in source memory may be discernible by midlife, extend into older adulthood, and are associated with reduced modulation of phase-specific activity in anterior prefrontal (PFC) and posterior ventral visual areas. We also show that older adulthood may be associated with increased phase-specific modulation, particularly in areas of lateral PFC and medial temporal lobes (MTL) at retrieval. In Study 2, we extend these findings to show how lifespan differences in phase-specific activity directly contribute to source memory performance. In particular, we find that older individuals engage dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) to a greater extent at encoding and hippocampus (HC) to a greater extent at retrieval, during the phase when it does not seem to help performance across individuals. In Study 3, we address whether these age-related increases in encoding- or retrieval-specific activation might be related to differences in whole-brain connectivity. We examine whether age-related increases in DLPFC (Study 2 encoding) and posterior HC (Study 2 retrieval) differentially correlate with activity across the rest of the brain and with performance. In young adults, we demonstrate that connectivity between lateral PFC, parietal, and ventral visual cortical regions and our DLPFC seed relates to better performance. In older adults, these same regions show greater connectivity with posterior HC and relate to worse performance. Converging findings across studies suggests that activity and connectivity among fronto-parietal regions support the recollection of visual information and source memory performance in young adults, whereas aging may be associated with altered modulation of fronto-parietal activity and connectivity with posterior HC, which does not support source memory performance." --