Download or read book From Vietnam to El Salvador written by David E. Spencer and published by Praeger. This book was released on 1996-10-21 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spencer provides a history of the FMLN guerrilla special forces—known collectively by the acronym FES—in El Salvador. Trained in Cuba and Vietnam and utilizing techniques taken from the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese army, the FES terrorized the armed forces of El Salvador from 1981 to 1992. After reviewing their training, Spencer examines the major operations of the special forces and gives an in-depth discussion of their tactics and methods. He concludes with a look at the special forces groups in other Latin American countries. After reviewing their training, Spencer looks at the major operations of the special forces groups of three of the guerrilla factions—the FPL, ERP, and FAL—and provides an in-depth discussion of their major operation tactics and methods. He concludes with a look at the special forces groups in Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Puerto Rico. This thorough examination of an often misunderstood approach to guerrilla warfare will be of great interest to researchers involved with contemporary low-intensity warfare and Latin American affairs.
Download or read book El Salvador written by David Francois and published by Helion and Company. This book was released on 2023-06-30 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A severe social and political crisis in El Salvador during the 1970s resulted in widespread disturbance of daily life, political violence, repression and the outbreak of an insurgency. In March 1981, the government ran a large sweep operation along the border with Honduras in the north, accompanied by the use of scorched earth tactics and indiscriminate killing of anyone captured. A second offensive, launched in November 1981, was conducted in a similar fashion, and resulted in the massacre of hundreds of civilians by government troops. Under pressure, the insurgency of the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) called for a peace settlement and the establishment of a government of broad participation. Elections in 1982 were interrupted by a campaign of assassinations by right-wing paramilitaries, which prompted the FMLN to return to arms and hit back with a vicious campaign of attacks on military and economic targets including Ilopango Air Base, which was heavily hit in February. A new interim government failed to introduce any kind of substantive changes and the armed forces became involved in additional atrocities against human rights activists and union leaders: the result was the next phase of the war that was to last for another two years. In 1984, Christian Democrat José Napoleón Duarte was elected president amid another wave of repression and violence, further reinforced through 1985, despite attempts to reform the armed- and security forces. Nevertheless, by 1986, the notorious death squads were kidnapping and assassinating any opponents they could lay their hands upon. The FMLN thus continued striking back, culminating in the final offensive of 1989, carried out with the aim of unseating a government elected in the obviously fixed elections of the previous year. It was only at that point in time that the government under severe pressure from the USA brought the war to an end. After 10 years of merciless fighting that uprooted over one million people and destroyed over 40 percent of homes in El Salvador, the war was over, even though death squads were to assassinate opposition leaders for years afterwards. El Salvador Volume 2: Conflagration 19841992 is the first inclusive and incisive military history of this incredibly vicious, merciless war: one of two major conflicts fought in Central America in the 1980s within the context of the Cold War. Based on official documentation and carefully cross-referenced secondary sources, it is lavishly illustrated with authentic photography and custom-drawn color profiles, and as such is an indispensable single-point source of reference.
Download or read book El Salvador written by Steffen W. Schmidt and published by Salisbury, N.C. : Documentary Publications. This book was released on 1983 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Situation in El Salvador written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book El Salvador Another Vietnam written by US Peace Council and published by . This book was released on 1981* with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book El Salvador written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Broadcasting the Civil War in El Salvador written by Carlos Henriquez Consalvi and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2010-08-01 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1980s war in El Salvador, Radio Venceremos was the main news outlet for the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN), the guerrilla organization that challenged the government. The broadcast provided a vital link between combatants in the mountains and the outside world, as well as an alternative to mainstream media reporting. In this first-person account, "Santiago," the legend behind Radio Venceremos, tells the story of the early years of that conflict, a rebellion of poor peasants against the Salvadoran government and its benefactor, the United States. Originally published as La Terquedad del Izote, this memoir also addresses the broader story of a nationwide rebellion and its international context, particularly the intensifying Cold War and heavy U.S. involvement in it under President Reagan. By the war's end in 1992, more than 75,000 were dead and 350,000 wounded—in a country the size of Massachusetts. Although outnumbered and outfinanced, the rebels fought the Salvadoran Army to a draw and brought enough bargaining power to the negotiating table to achieve some of their key objectives, including democratic reforms and an overhaul of the security forces. Broadcasting the Civil War in El Salvador is a riveting account from the rebels' point of view that lends immediacy to the Salvadoran conflict. It should appeal to all who are interested in historic memory and human rights, U.S. policy toward Central America, and the role the media can play in wartime.
Download or read book The Salvador Option written by Russell Crandall and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-23 with total page 719 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: El Salvador's civil war between the Salvadoran government and Marxist guerrillas erupted into full force in early 1981 and endured for eleven bloody years. Unwilling to tolerate an advance of Soviet and Cuban-backed communism in its geopolitical backyard, the US provided over six billion dollars in military and economic aid to the Salvadoran government. El Salvador was a deeply controversial issue in American society and divided Congress and the public into left and right. Relying on thousands of archival documents as well as interviews with participants on both sides of the war, The Salvador Option offers a thorough and fair-minded interpretation of the available evidence. If success is defined narrowly, there is little question that the Salvador Option achieved its Cold War strategic objectives of checking communism. Much more difficult, however, is to determine what human price this 'success' entailed - a toll suffered almost entirely by Salvadorans in this brutal civil war.
Download or read book U S Policy Toward El Salvador written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stories of Civil War in El Salvador written by Erik Ching and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2016-08-26 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: El Salvador's civil war began in 1980 and ended twelve bloody years later. It saw extreme violence on both sides, including the terrorizing and targeting of civilians by death squads, recruitment of child soldiers, and the death and disappearance of more than 75,000 people. Examining El Salvador's vibrant life-story literature written in the aftermath of this terrible conflict--including memoirs and testimonials--Erik Ching seeks to understand how the war has come to be remembered and rebattled by Salvadorans and what that means for their society today. Ching identifies four memory communities that dominate national postwar views: civilian elites, military officers, guerrilla commanders, and working class and poor testimonialists. Pushing distinct and divergent stories, these groups are today engaged in what Ching terms a "narrative battle" for control over the memory of the war. Their ongoing publications in the marketplace of ideas tend to direct Salvadorans' attempts to negotiate the war's meaning and legacy, and Ching suggests that a more open, coordinated reconciliation process is needed in this postconflict society. In the meantime, El Salvador, fractured by conflicting interpretations of its national trauma, is hindered in dealing with the immediate problems posed by the nexus of neoliberalism, gang violence, and outmigration.
Download or read book Learning from Conflict written by Richard D. Downie and published by Praeger. This book was released on 1998-06-18 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why have militaries so often failed to learn from conflict and war? Why, for example, despite years of unsuccessful counterinsurgency experiences in Vietnam and El Salvador and repeated recommendations from official Army studies, has the U.S. Army not changed its doctrine for counterinsurgency? Writing for scholars as well as military professionals and policymakers, Downie examines the sources of doctrinal change and innovation from a theoretical perspective and derives practical and relevant policy recommendations. Contrasting with other findings in this field, Downie provides case studies showing that neither external pressure on a military nor institutional recognition of the requirement for doctrinal change is sufficient to explain the process of doctrinal change. A military innovates when it learns, by proceeding through a learning cycle that includes achieving an organizational consensus that permits adoption of new approaches that respond to factors that make existing doctrine deficient. When that process is blocked, militaries are left with outmoded doctrinal approaches that constrain military performance and lead to defeat. This is an important study for military leaders, civilian policymakers, and scholars and researchers dealing with contemporary U.S. military issues.
Download or read book The DAC Guidelines Strengthening Trade Capacity for Development written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2001-10-29 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These Guidelines help developing countries enhance their capacity to trade and participate more effectively in the international rule-making and institutional mechanisms that shape the global trading system. They also provide a common reference point for the trade, aid and finance comunities.
Download or read book El Salvador the Search for Peace written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Presidential Certifications on Conditions in El Salvador written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book El Salvador written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Policy in El Salvador written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book El Salvador written by International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-06-07 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2018 Article IV Consultation highlights that the real GDP of El Salvador grew above potential, at 2.3 percent in 2017, supported by lower oil prices, continued United States (U.S.) recovery, and a surge in remittances. However, El Salvador’s growth continues to lag regional peers. Inflation remained low at 1 percent, anchored by dollarization. In 2018–19, growth is expected to remain above potential at 2.3 percent, reflecting the temporary acceleration of the U.S. growth from the recent U.S. tax reform and higher grant-financed investment. The fiscal deficit would further fall to 2.2 percent of GDP in 2018, as savings from the pension reform kick in, but would rise to 2.7 percent of GDP in 2019.
