Download or read book From Supermassive Black Holes to Supersymmetric Dark Matter written by Savvas Michael Koushiappas and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: It is without doubt that in recent years cosmology has entered an era where cosmological parameters are now measured precisely enough to derive conclusions about the underlying characteristics of the Universe. I present an overview of the methods used to estimate the parameters that lead to the standard cosmological model. After a brief detour on the current understanding of the mechanisms that lead to galaxy formation, I present a model in which the seeds of supermassive black holes observed in galactic spheroids form out of the lowest angular momentum gas in proto-galaxies at high redshift. I assume that the gas in early-forming, rare-peak halos has a distribution of specific angular momentum similar to that derived for the dark matter. In halos more massive than a critical threshold, proto-galactic disks are gravitationally unstable and experience an efficient viscosity that transfers angular momentum outward allowing mass inflow. This process continues until the first massive stars disrupt the disk. The seed black holes created in this manner have a characteristic mass scale, roughly independent of the redshift of formation. By the redshift of reionization, the comoving mass density is comparable to that inferred from observations, with room for appropriate additional luminous growth during a later quasar accretion phase. The hierarchical merger process naturally leads to a linear correlation between black-hole mass and stellar spheroid mass. Quite orthogonal to this study, I estimate the probability of detecting gamma-rays from the annihilation of neutralino dark matter in the Milky Way substructure. I characterize substructure statistically based on Monte Carlo realizations of the formation of a Milky Way-like halo. I find that it may be possible for upcoming experiments to detect gamma-rays from dark matter substructure if the neutralino is relatively light, while for a heavy neutralino such a detection would be unlikely. I find that the probability of detection is sensitive to poorly-constrained input parameters, particularly those that characterize the primordial power spectrum. I conclude that the lack of a detected gamma-ray signal gives very little information about the supersymmetric parameter space due to uncertainties associated with both the properties of substructure and cosmological parameters.

Download or read book Mysteries of Black Holes and Dark Matter written by Ellen Labrecque and published by . This book was released on 2020-08 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "What is a black hole? What is dark matter and what is it made of? How do scientists discover black holes and dark matter if they can't be seen? What do scientists know about these mysterious parts of the universe and what do they still hope to find out? Budding astronomers will learn the answers to these questions and more!"--

Download or read book Supermassive Black Holes in the Distant Universe written by A.J. Barger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-09 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quasars, and the menagerie of other galaxies with "unusual nuclei", now collectively known as Active Galactic Nuclei or AGN, have, in one form or another, sparked the interest of astronomers for over 60 years. The only known mechanism that can explain the staggering amounts of energy emitted by the innermost regions of these systems is gravitational energy release by matter falling towards a supermassive black hole --- a black hole whose mass is millions to billions of times the mass of our Sun. AGN emit radiation at all wavelengths. X-rays originating at a distance of a few times the event horizon of the black hole are the emissions closest to the black hole that we can detect; thus, X-rays directly reveal the presence of active supermassive black holes. Oftentimes, however, the supermassive black holes that lie at the centers of AGN are cocooned in gas and dust that absorb the emitted low energy X-rays and the optical and ultraviolet light, hiding the black hole from view at these wavelengths. Until recently, this low-energy absorption presented a major obstacle in observational efforts to map the accretion history of the universe. In 1999 and 2000, the launches of the Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray Observatories finally broke the impasse. The impact of these observatories on X-ray astronomy is similar to the impact that the Hubble Space Telescope had on optical astronomy. The astounding new data from these observatories have enabled astronomers to make enormous advances in their understanding of when accretion occurs.

Download or read book Three Steps to the Universe written by David Garfinkle and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-05-15 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If scientists can’t touch the Sun, how do they know what it’s made of? And if we can’t see black holes, how can we be confident they exist? Gravitational physicist David Garfinkle and his brother, science fiction writer Richard Garfinkle, tackle these questions and more in Three Steps to the Universe, a tour through some of the most complex phenomena in the cosmos and an accessible exploration of how scientists acquire knowledge about the universe through observation, indirect detection, and theory. The authors begin by inviting readers to step away from the Earth and reconsider our Sun. What we can directly observe of this star is limited to its surface, but with the advent of telescopes and spectroscopy, scientists know more than ever about its physical characteristics, origins, and projected lifetime. From the Sun, the authors journey further out into space to explore black holes. The Garfinkle brothers explain that our understanding of these astronomical oddities began in theory, and growing mathematical and physical evidence has unexpectedly supported it. From black holes, the authors lead us further into the unknown, to the dark matter and energy that pervade our universe, where science teeters on the edge of theory and discovery. Returning from the depths of space, the final section of the book brings the reader back down to Earth for a final look at the practice of science, ending with a practical guide to discerning real science from pseudoscience among the cacophony of print and online scientific sources. Three Steps to the Universe will reward anyone interested in learning more about the universe around us and shows how scientists uncover its mysteries.

Download or read book Behind the Scenes of the Universe written by Gianfranco Bertone and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-10-10 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An extraordinary discovery has recently shaken the foundations of Cosmology and Particle Physics, sparking a scientific revolution that has profoundly modified our understanding of our Universe and that is still far from over. Pioneering astronomers in the 1920s and 1930s had already noticed suspicious anomalies in the motion of celestial bodies in distant galaxies and clusters of galaxies, but it wasn't until the late 20th century that the scientific community was confronted with an astonishing conclusion: the Universe is filled with an unknown, elusive substance that is fundamentally different from anything we have ever seen with our telescopes or measured in our laboratories. It is called dark matter, and it constitutes one of the most pressing challenges of modern science. In this book, aimed at the general reader with an interest in science, the author illustrates in non-technical terms, borrowing concepts and ideas from other branches of art and literature, the far-reaching implications of this discovery. It has led to a worldwide race to identify the nature of this mysterious form of matter. We may be about to witness a pivotal paradigm shift in Physics, as we set out to test the existence of dark matter particles with a wide array of experiments, including the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, as well as with a new generation of Astroparticle experiments underground and in space.

Download or read book Black Holes and Super Gravity written by IntroBooks and published by IntroBooks. This book was released on 2018-02-18 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black holes, supernovas, Dark matter, and the micro gravity or macro gravity related researches and studies for analysis can be of inbound curiosity to any professional in any subject stream. These are lessons about nature that is sure to trigger the curiosity in anyone. Shedding some light on these vitalities related to black holes, formation, creation, and deterioration is the objective here. Enormous amount of gases in the black holes, in varied capacities, and the unpredictable size and nature of the black holes, with super gravity, make the studies to be too complicated to understand precisely about the physical properties of the black holes. To describe the difference between gravitational and inertial mass, brings in the need to know on when an astronaut in orbit experiences apparent weightlessness. That is the way to understand on how black holes are formed for anyone else too.

Download or read book Dark Matter written by Source Wikipedia and published by University-Press.org. This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 65. Chapters: Black hole, Neutrino, White dwarf, Brown dwarf, Weakly interacting massive particles, Red dwarf, Gyrovector space, Axion, Mirror matter, Dark fluid, Bullet Cluster, VIRGOHI21, Neutralino, Dark galaxy, Massive compact halo object, Cold dark matter, Scalar field dark matter, Light dark matter, Sterile neutrino, Navarro-Frenk-White profile, Holeum, List of black holes, PICASSO, SIMP, Dwarf galaxy problem, Lightest Supersymmetric Particle, Cuspy halo problem, Chameleon particle, Hot dark matter, Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics, Baryonic dark matter, SIMPLE, Mass-to-light ratio, Warm dark matter, Self-interacting dark matter, Axino, Mixed dark matter, Double dark theory.

Download or read book Supermassive Black Holes from Gravothermal Collapse of Fractional Self interacting Dark Matter Halos written by Jason Pollack and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dark Matter in the Universe written by Marc S. Seigar and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2015-10-12 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of dark matter, in both astrophysics and particle physics, has emerged as one of the most active and exciting topics of research in recent years. This book reviews the history behind the discovery of missing mass (or unseen mass) in the Universe, and ties this into the proposed extensions to the Standard Model of Particle Physics (such as Supersymmetry), which were being proposed within the same time frame. This book is written as an introduction to these problems at the forefront of astrophysics and particle physics, with the goal of conveying the physics of dark matter to beginning undergraduate majors in scientific fields. The book goes onto describe existing and upcoming experiments and techniques, which will be used to detect dark matter either directly on indirectly.

Download or read book Black Holes written by Steff Jaywan and published by Dedona Publishing. This book was released on with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book consists of two titles, which are the following: Galaxies - Galaxies are dynamic entities, constantly evolving through processes like mergers, collisions, and interactions with neighboring galaxies. When galaxies merge, their stars, gas, and dust can undergo dramatic transformations, leading to the formation of new stars and restructuring of the galaxy's shape. These interactions can trigger intense bursts of star formation and feed supermassive black holes at the galaxies' centers, leading to the emission of powerful jets of radiation. Supermassive Black Hole - Black holes form through various processes that involve the collapse of massive astronomical objects and the merging of smaller black holes. One primary method is the stellar collapse. Stars, during their lifecycle, fuse hydrogen into helium in their cores. When the hydrogen is depleted, they begin fusing heavier elements until iron is produced. For stars more than 20 times the mass of the Sun, the end of this fusion process leads to a supernova explosion. The core of the star collapses rapidly due to gravity, and if the core's mass is sufficiently large (typically more than about three times the mass of the Sun), it will continue collapsing into a singularity, forming a stellar-mass black hole.

Download or read book Supermassive Black Hole written by Celestial Angell and published by Dedona Publishing. This book was released on with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A black hole is a region in space where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it. This occurs when a massive amount of matter is compressed into a very small area, creating a powerful gravitational field. Black holes form through various processes that involve the collapse of massive astronomical objects and the merging of smaller black holes. One primary method is the stellar collapse. Stars, during their lifecycle, fuse hydrogen into helium in their cores. When the hydrogen is depleted, they begin fusing heavier elements until iron is produced. For stars more than 20 times the mass of the Sun, the end of this fusion process leads to a supernova explosion. The core of the star collapses rapidly due to gravity, and if the core's mass is sufficiently large (typically more than about three times the mass of the Sun), it will continue collapsing into a singularity, forming a stellar-mass black hole. Another way black holes can form is through accretion and growth. A compact object like a neutron star or a white dwarf can accumulate matter from a companion star or its surroundings. As this matter accumulates, the mass of the compact object increases, and it may eventually reach a critical mass where it collapses into a black hole.

Download or read book Formation Of The First Black Holes written by Muhammad Latif and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-04-26 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formation of the first supermassive black holes is one of the main open questions in our understanding of high-redshift structure formation. In this book, we aim to provide a summary of state-of-the-art modern research on this topic, exploring the formation of massive black holes from a fluid-dynamical, stellar-dynamical and chemical perspective. The book thus presents a solid theoretical foundation, a comparison with current observations and future observational perspectives with upcoming missions such as the Square Kilometre Array, the European Extremely Large Telescope, the Euclid satellite as well as possible detections via gravitational waves.

Download or read book Adiabatic Dark Matter Density Cusps Around Supermassive Black Holes and Dark Matter Detection written by Augusto Medeiros Da Rosa and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growth of a black hole surrounded by dark matter can lead to a significant enhancement of the dark matter density close to the hole. We investigate this effect, focusing on the phenomenologically interesting case where the black hole is supermassive and is embedded in a galactic dark matter halo, although the formalism developed does not depend on that fact. Due to the enhanced gravitational potential, the dark matter will tend to cluster around the black hole. The precise details of this clustering will, in general, depend on the formation process of the black hole. However, if the black hole grows slowly with respect to the orbital timescales of the local galactic potential, the density cusp only depends on the black hole’s mass and spin, as well as on the local distribution of orbits. The density cusp generated by the growing black hole is called an adiabatic spike. In the context of dark matter density cusps, these spikes were first investigated by Gondolo and Silk (1999), using a phase space analysis. General relativistic effects originating from the black hole’s mass were calculated by Sadeghian, Ferrer, and Will (2013), revealing an enhancement of the density in the spike. Our work extends this calculation to include the effects of spin. We find a further enhancement to the spike that is strongly dependent on the black hole’s spin parameter, meaning that it cannot be ignored for rapidly spinning black holes. We estimate its impact in local annihilation rates for two particular physical processes: particle dark matter annihilation in the s-channel, and the merger rate of binaries composed of primordial black holes in the local universe. We also present a derivation of the two-body collision rate per four-volume in terms of the phase space distribution that can be used in any coordinate system.

Download or read book The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole written by Fulvio Melia and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-12-08 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here, one of the world's leading astrophysicists provides the first comprehensive and logically structured overview of the many ideas and discoveries pertaining to the supermassive black hole at the galactic center known as Sagittarius A*. By far the closest galactic nucleus in the universe, Sagittarius A* alone can provide us with a realistic expectation of learning about the physics of strong gravitational fields, and the impact of such fields on the behavior of matter and radiation under severe physical conditions. Its proximity may even provide the opportunity to directly test one of general relativity's most enigmatic predictions--the existence of closed pockets of space-time hidden behind an event horizon. The plethora of research on Sagittarius A* since its discovery in 1974 has long seemed an interwoven pattern of loose threads. No one has successfully synthesized this growing body of work into a manageable, coherent book both for professional researchers and for students taking courses focusing on black holes and galactic nuclei--until now. With Fulvio Melia's The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole, readers finally have at their disposal a one-volume crucible of essential ideas, logically streamlined but with thorough references for those wishing to explore the various topics in greater depth.

Download or read book Dark Cosmos written by Dan Hooper and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2009-01-09 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The twentieth century was astonishing in all regards, shaking the foundations of practically every aspect of human life and thought, physics not least of all. Beginning with the publication of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, through the wild revolution of quantum mechanics, and up until the physics of the modern day (including the astonishing revelation, in 1998, that the Universe is not only expanding, but doing so at an ever-quickening pace), much of what physicists have seen in our Universe suggests that much of our Universe is unseen—that we live in a dark cosmos. Everyone knows that there are things no one can see—the air you're breathing, for example, or, to be more exotic, a black hole. But what everyone does not know is that what we can see—a book, a cat, or our planet—makes up only 5 percent of the Universe. The rest—fully 95 percent—is totally invisible to us; its presence discernible only by the weak effects it has on visible matter around it. This invisible stuff comes in two varieties—dark matter and dark energy. One holds the Universe together, while the other tears it apart. What these forces really are has been a mystery for as long as anyone has suspected they were there, but the latest discoveries of experimental physics have brought us closer to that knowledge. Particle physicist Dan Hooper takes his readers, with wit, grace, and a keen knack for explaining the toughest ideas science has to offer, on a quest few would have ever expected: to discover what makes up our dark cosmos.

Download or read book The Galaxy written by Steff Jaywan and published by Dedona Publishing. This book was released on with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book consists of 3 titles, which are the following: Dark Matter - In the vast expanse of the cosmos, there exists an enigmatic substance that eludes detection yet exerts a profound influence on the universe's structure and evolution. This substance, known as dark matter, remains one of the greatest mysteries of modern astrophysics, captivating the imaginations of scientists and enthusiasts alike. Galaxies - Galaxies are dynamic entities, constantly evolving through processes like mergers, collisions, and interactions with neighboring galaxies. When galaxies merge, their stars, gas, and dust can undergo dramatic transformations, leading to the formation of new stars and restructuring of the galaxy's shape. These interactions can trigger intense bursts of star formation and feed supermassive black holes at the galaxies' centers, leading to the emission of powerful jets of radiation. Quantum Gravity - General relativity, developed by Albert Einstein, describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy. It works extremely well at large scales, such as in predicting planetary orbits and the behavior of black holes. On the other hand, quantum mechanics deals with the fundamental behavior of particles at the smallest scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles. It incorporates principles like wave-particle duality, quantization, and uncertainty.

Download or read book The Cosmic Cocktail written by Katherine Freese and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-17 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The inside story of the epic quest to solve the mystery of dark matter The ordinary atoms that make up the known universe—from our bodies and the air we breathe to the planets and stars—constitute only 5 percent of all matter and energy in the cosmos. The rest is known as dark matter and dark energy, because their precise identities are unknown. The Cosmic Cocktail is the inside story of the epic quest to solve one of the most compelling enigmas of modern science—what is the universe made of?—told by one of today's foremost pioneers in the study of dark matter. Blending cutting-edge science with her own behind-the-scenes insights as a leading researcher in the field, acclaimed theoretical physicist Katherine Freese recounts the hunt for dark matter, from the discoveries of visionary scientists like Fritz Zwicky—the Swiss astronomer who coined the term "dark matter" in 1933—to the deluge of data today from underground laboratories, satellites in space, and the Large Hadron Collider. Theorists contend that dark matter consists of fundamental particles known as WIMPs, or weakly interacting massive particles. Billions of them pass through our bodies every second without us even realizing it, yet their gravitational pull is capable of whirling stars and gas at breakneck speeds around the centers of galaxies, and bending light from distant bright objects. Freese describes the larger-than-life characters and clashing personalities behind the race to identify these elusive particles. Many cosmologists believe we are on the verge of solving the mystery. The Cosmic Cocktail provides the foundation needed to fully fathom this epochal moment in humankind’s quest to understand the universe.