Download or read book Fairness Guidelines and Issues written by Andrew Smith and published by Andrew Smith. This book was released on 2008-07 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overview Any corporate transaction involving an existing or potential conflict of interest may become the subject of litigation initiated by minority shareholders.1 In such case, directors may be called upon to prove that all aspects of the transaction were fair to the corporation and its shareholders. Directors may, however, be able to shift this burden of proof away from themselves and to the minority shareholders/plaintiffs if they have taken certain steps to ensure the fairness of the transaction.2 One important step is the establishment and use of a properly functioning Special Committee comprised of independent and disinterested Board members empowered to negotiate the transaction.3

Download or read book Women and Health Research written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the nineteenth century some scientists argued that women should not be educated because thinking would use energy needed by the uterus for reproduction. The proof? Educated women had a lower birth rate. Today's researchers can only shake their heads at such reasoning. Yet professional journals and the popular press are increasingly criticizing medical research for ignoring women's health issues. Women and Health Research examines the facts behind the public's perceptions about women participating as subjects in medical research. With the goal of increasing researchers' awareness of this important topic, the book explores issues related to maintaining justice (in its ethical sense) in clinical studies. Leading experts present general principles for the ethical conduct of research on womenâ€"principles that are especially important in the light of recent changes in federal policy on the inclusion of women in clinical research. Women and Health Research documents the historical shift from a paternalistic approach by researchers toward women and a disproportionate reliance on certain groups for research to one that emphasizes proper access for women as subjects in clinical studies in order to ensure that women receive the benefits of research. The book addresses present-day challenges to equity in four areas: Scientificâ€"Do practical aspects of scientific research work at cross-purposes to gender equity? Focusing on drug trials, the authors identify rationales for excluding people from research based on demographics. Social and Ethicalâ€"The authors offer compelling discussions on subjectivity in science, the evidence for male bias, and issues related to race and ethnicity, as well as the recruitment, retention, and protection of research participants. Legalâ€"Women and Health Research reviews federal research policies that affect the inclusion of women and evaluates the basis for researchers' fears about liability, citing court cases. Riskâ€"The authors focus on risks to reproduction and offspring in clinical drug trials, exploring how risks can be identified for study participants, who should make the assessment of risk and benefit for participation in a clinical study, and how legal implications could be addressed. This landmark study will be of immediate use to the research community, policymakers, women's health advocates, attorneys, and individuals.

Download or read book The Belmont Report written by United States. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Fairness Doctrine and the Media written by Steven J. Simmons and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2022-08-19 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1978.

Download or read book Fairness in Practice written by Aaron James and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2012-04-13 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the author argues that to achieve a fair global economy, there must be compensation of people harmed by their exposure to the global economy, but also equal division of the "gains of trade" across societies.

Download or read book Fairness in Educational and Psychological Testing Examining Theoretical Research Practice and Policy Implications of the 2014 Standards written by Jessica L. Jonson and published by American Educational Research Association. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines scholarship, best practice methodologies, and examples of policy and practice from various professional fields in education and psychology to illuminate the elevated emphasis on test fairness in the 2014 Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Together, the chapters provide a survey of critical and current issues with a view to broadening and contextualizing the fairness guidelines for different types of tests, test takers, and testing contexts. Researchers and practitioners from school psychology, clinical/counseling psychology, industrial/organizational psychology, and education will find the content useful in thinking more acutely about fairness in testing in their work. The book also has chapters that address implications for policy makers, and, in some cases, the public. These discussions are offered as a starting point for future scholarship on the theoretical, empirical, and applied aspects of fairness in testing particularly given the ever-increasing importance of addressing equity in testing.

Download or read book Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements written by American Nurses Association and published by Nursesbooks.org. This book was released on 2001 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pamphlet is a succinct statement of the ethical obligations and duties of individuals who enter the nursing profession, the profession's nonnegotiable ethical standard, and an expression of nursing's own understanding of its commitment to society. Provides a framework for nurses to use in ethical analysis and decision-making.

Download or read book Rightness as Fairness written by Marcus Arvan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-29 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rightness as Fairness provides a uniquely fruitful method of 'principled fair negotiation' for resolving applied moral and political issues that requires merging principled debate with real-world negotiation.

Download or read book Fairness Issues in Educational Assessment written by Hossein Karami and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-02 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fairness and ethicality have been at the center of the debates on the appropriate use of educational tests since the 1960s. Particularly in high-stakes contexts, it is clear that fairness should be a major concern to both the test developers, and to those being tested, given that the fairness of a test is so intertwined with its validity. Fairness Issues in Educational Assessment aims to shed more light on the issue and bring to sight some of the ways in which test fairness can be addressed. The contributions, written by some of the most prominent figures in educational assessment, address both theoretical and practical aspects of test fairness. The wealth of ideas presented here will be valuable to novice researchers and help them appreciate both the joy and complexity of conducting fair educational measurement. This book was originally published as a special issue of Educational Research and Evaluation.

Download or read book Fairness in Selecting Employees written by Richard D. Arvey and published by Addison Wesley Publishing Company. This book was released on 1988 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book What s Fair written by Robert Giles and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-04-17 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What's fair? It is an old question in journalism. In 1999, it seems more difficult to answer than ever. The cycle of story, spin, and counterspin that surrounds the White House is only the most obvious part of the problem. In the past 25 years, the practice of journalism has changed enormously--particularly in the United States. The demarcation of public and private life that once ruled certain kinds of stories out-of-bounds has eroded, leaving reporters with the unenviable challenge of having to cover events whose seaminess inevitably taints all who touch them. Commercial pressures, and a tidal wave of information and entertainment media, have engulfed the news business--leaving the definitions of journalism and journalistic standards vague and uncertain. And the technology of news reporting is speeding up news cycles in ways that leave little time for sober and measured judgments.What's Fair? is a collection of essays from experts in the field that are sure to spark compelling questions and ideas about journalism and its place in our time. In "Fairness--A Struggle," journalists explore a subject that they normally share only with close friends and colleagues--their own struggles with fairness that occurred in places as different as South Africa, Washington, and the South Bronx. In "Fairness--A History," nine contributors examine the history of the fairness question, specifically the establishment of the Hutchins Commission report of 1947, which is evaluated here by a historian, a journalist and a First Amendment authority. In a comparative vein, two authorities on international communications law examine British regulations for fairness in broadcasting at the end of the 20th century. In "Fairness--A Goal," contributors explore what struggles for fairness mean in a variety of contexts, from American newsrooms to post-Communist Poland to Northern Ireland.Many discussions of fairness are either numbingly abstract or impossibly righteous. To avoid those hazards, Robert Giles and Robert Snyder have grounded this volume in stories--the kind of stories journalists tell each other and the kind of stories people tell about journalism. This volume is a testament to journalism that is free yet fair, probing yet credible and authoritative in content yet open to many voices.Robert Giles is editor-in-chief of Media Studies Journal, senior vice president of the Freedom Forum and executive director of Media Studies Center. Formerly the editor and publisher of The Detroit News, he is the author of Newsroom Management: A Guide to Theory and Practice.Robert W. Snyder is editor of the Media Studies Journal, a historian, and most recently author of Transit Talk: New York's Bus and Subway Workers Tell Their Stories. He has taught at Princeton University and New York University, from which he holds a doctorate in history.

Download or read book Fairness written by Nicholas Rescher and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In theory and practice, the notion of fairness is far from simple. The principle is often elusive and subject to confusion, even in institutions of law, usage, and custom. In Fairness, Nicholas Rescher aims to liberate this concept from misunderstandings by showing how its definitive characteristics prevent it from being absorbed by such related conceptions as paternalistic benevolence, radical egalitarianism, and social harmonization. Rescher demonstrates that equality before the state is an instrument of justice, not of social utility or public welfare, and argues that the notion of fairness stops well short of a literal egalitarianism. Rescher disposes of the confusions arising from economists' penchant to focus on individual preferences, from decision theorists' concern for averting envy, and from political theorists' sympathy for egalitarianism. In their place he shows how the idea of distributive equity forms the core of the concept of fairness in matters of distributive justice. The coordination of shares with valid claims is the crux of the concept of fairness. In Rescher's view, this means that the pursuit of fairness requires objective rather than subjective evaluation of the goods being shared. This is something quite different from subjective equity based on the personal evaluation of goods by those laying claim to them. Insofar as subjective equity is a concern, the appropriate procedure for its realization is a process of maximum value distribution. Further, Rescher demonstrates that in matters of distributive justice, the distinction between new ownership and preexisting ownership is pivotal and calls for proceeding on very different principles depending on the case. How one should proceed depends on context, and what is adjudged fair is pragmatic, in that there are different requirements for effectiveness in achieving the aims and purposes of the sort of distribution that is intended. Rescher concludes that fairness is a fundamentally ethical concept. Its distinctive modus operandi contrasts sharply with the aims of paternalism, preference-maximizing, or economic advantage. Fairness will be of interest to philosophers, economists, and political scientists.

Download or read book OECD Public Governance Reviews Trust and Public Policy How Better Governance Can Help Rebuild Public Trust written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines the influence of trust on policy making and explores some of the steps governments can take to strengthen public trust.

Download or read book Procedural Fairness in California written by Rachel Porter and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Theory of Justice written by John RAWLS and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-30 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though the revised edition of A Theory of Justice, published in 1999, is the definitive statement of Rawls's view, so much of the extensive literature on Rawls's theory refers to the first edition. This reissue makes the first edition once again available for scholars and serious students of Rawls's work.

Download or read book Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-04-06 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because police are the most visible face of government power for most citizens, they are expected to deal effectively with crime and disorder and to be impartial. Producing justice through the fair, and restrained use of their authority. The standards by which the public judges police success have become more exacting and challenging. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing explores police work in the new century. It replaces myths with research findings and provides recommendations for updated policy and practices to guide it. The book provides answers to the most basic questions: What do police do? It reviews how police work is organized, explores the expanding responsibilities of police, examines the increasing diversity among police employees, and discusses the complex interactions between officers and citizens. It also addresses such topics as community policing, use of force, racial profiling, and evaluates the success of common police techniques, such as focusing on crime "hot spots." It goes on to look at the issue of legitimacyâ€"how the public gets information about police work, and how police are viewed by different groups, and how police can gain community trust. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing will be important to anyone concerned about police work: policy makers, administrators, educators, police supervisors and officers, journalists, and interested citizens.

Download or read book Ensuring Fairness in Health Care Coverage written by Matthew K. Wynia and published by AMACOM/American Management Association. This book was released on 2007 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Choosing a health care plan that is both ethically sound and financially prudent is one of the biggest challenges facing businesses today. Many people think that high-quality, compassionate health care plans are prohibitively expensive. But in reality, purely cost-driven decisions end up costing businesses more in the long run. Fair health care coverage decisions are actually good for business! Studies show that employees who see their benefits as fair are more likely to stay with their employer, be more productive, and refrain from legal action. Fairness is the best policy -- but employers are uncertain how to reconcile doing what is right with doing what is cost-effective. Ensuring Fairness in Health Care Coverage provides employers with a solid ethical framework for making even the most challenging benefits decisions. Based on a study by the Ethical Force Program, led by the Institute for Ethics at the American Medical Association, this book enables employers to make difficult decisions about the fairness -- and perceived fairness -- of the health benefits they provide, such as: Whether to provide benefits to domestic partners. Whether to give lower coverage for mental than for physical illnesses. Whether to charge employees who smoke or who are obese more for health care coverage. How to differentiate between the various types of health care coverage -- from HMOs to Health Savings Accounts -- and how to determine which will benefit the most employees. Whether to index employee contributions to their salaries, with higher-paid employees paying more for the same benefits. This groundbreaking book provides five ethical guideposts to help employers make such decisions. The guideposts were developed by the Ethical Force Program's extensive interviews with a national expert advisory board representing the perspectives of all major participants in the health care system, including employers, insurance companies, physicians, patients, and regulators, followed by focus groups to further refine the principles. As this book explains, fair decision making should be: Transparent -- being completely open and honest about what decisions are made and why Participatory -- including employees in the decision process Sensitive to value -- providing coverage that is both efficient and effective Consistent -- avoiding favoritism Compassionate -- offering flexibility for special circumstances Authors Matthew Wynia and Abraham Schwab show how to apply these guideposts to practical dilemmas employers face every day. Using real-world examples from their extensive research, they bring the principles to life and provide concrete steps for taking action on sensitive and complex issues. Their analyses of case examples, showing how employers have dealt with specific problems, are particularly enlightening. Creative and compassionate, Ensuring Fairness in Health Care Coverage will help employers design and administer plans for the benefit of their employees and their businesses."