Download or read book Export Quality in Developing Countries written by Christian Henn and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-05-15 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper develops new, far more extensive estimates of export quality, covering 178 countries and hundreds of products over 1962–2010. Quality upgrading is particularly rapid during the early stages of development, with quality convergence largely completed as a country reaches upper middle-income status. There is significant cross-country heterogeneity in quality growth rates. Within any given product line, quality converges both conditionally and unconditionally to the world frontier; increases in institutional quality and human capital are associated with faster quality upgrading. In turn, faster growth in quality is associated with more rapid output growth. The evidence suggests that quality upgrading is best encouraged through a broadly conducive domestic environment, rather than sector-specific policies. Diversification is important to create new upgrading opportunities.
Download or read book Export Quality in Advanced and Developing Economies written by Christian Henn and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper develops new estimates of export quality, based on bilateral data, which are far more extensive than previous efforts. The data cover 166 countries and hundreds of products over 1962-2014. The analysis finds that quality upgrading is particularly rapid during the early stages of development. There is significant cross-country heterogeneity in the growth rate of quality. Within any given product line, quality converges over time to the world frontier. Institutional quality, liberal trade policies, foreign direct investment inflows, and human capital all promote quality upgrading, although their impacts vary across sectors. The results suggest that reducing barriers to entry into new sectors can allow economies to benefit from rapid quality convergence over time.
Download or read book Export Quality and Income Distribution written by Rajat Acharyya and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-01-31 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the increasing sensitivity of buyers in the richer countries towards quality of goods they consume, low-quality exports largely constrain export-growth of the developing countries. This Element documents the attempts to estimate cross-country quality variations and reviews the demand side and supply side explanations for the low-quality phenomenon. It examines how trade policies can incentivize export-quality upgrading, and discusses the underlying channels through which a reverse causality from export-quality upon within-country income or wage inequality may develop.
Download or read book Institutions Human Capital and Export Specialization of Developing Economies written by Terry Tomlinson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theoretical models suggest that as nations develop economically, the production of comparatively lower-skill manufacturing continually shift from more advanced, to less advanced economies in a predictable manner. And existing literature suggests that the quality of a nation's market-supporting institutions has a significant impact on the nature of that shift. This research explores the relationships between the quality of market-supporting institutions (e.g. property rights, control of corruption, education levels) and the structure of exports as determined by the relative factor intensity levels of all exported manufactured goods of 115 developing nations in order to address the following: 1.Do developing nations with higher quality market-supporting institutions export a relatively larger ratio of advanced manufacturing goods than developing nations with lower quality market-supporting institutions? 2.Do developing nations with lower quality market-supporting institutions export a relatively larger ratio of basic manufacturing goods than developing nations with higher quality market-supporting institutions? The results indicate that control of corruption, property rights, and education levels are all strongly, positively related to the ratios of advanced manufacturing exports to total exports. And higher levels of education are found to be negatively related to the export of basic manufacturing goods. This study offers potential national policy implications, especially regarding the support for market-supporting institutions.
Download or read book Export Instability and Economic Development written by Alasdair Macbean and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-11-26 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When this work was first published in 1966, there was much interest in various types of commodity agreements and compensatory financing as methods of reducing the effects of export fluctuations on the economies of developing countries. The book concluded that short term fluctuations in export earnings, though perhaps important for some countries, did not appear to be the general problem that had been assumed. If correct, it would suggest that any measures should be carefully designed to fit the situations of countries that were affected and be subjected to cost-benefit analysis. This led to many published and unpublished studies on the issues: some supported, others contradicted the bookâe(tm)s conclusions. The data available now are vastly greater and probably more accurate than pre-1966. However, the work and the issues it raised remain important because most schemes proposed to reduce export instability would be costly and likely to divert resources from uses more obviously aimed at raising economic development in most developing countries.
Download or read book Export Quality Management written by International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO. and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2001 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations significantly reduced tariff barriers to trade. However, exporters continue to face non-tariff barriers in the form of standards, technical regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and conformity assessment procedures. To meet the requirements these impose and demonstrate compliance with them is a difficult and costly process for exporters in developing countries and transition economies. Many of these countries have not yet been able to take full advantage of the WTO Agreements largely because of a lack of resources. Given this, the International Trade Center has produced this guide providing SME managers in developing countries and transition economies with answers in simple language to their most frequently asked questions on standards and conformity assessment. The questions address issues such as technical regulations and standards, product certification, testing, metrology, quality management, ISO 9000, other management systems, accreditation and the Agreements on TBT and SPS.
Download or read book World Development Report 2020 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global value chains (GVCs) powered the surge of international trade after 1990 and now account for almost half of all trade. This shift enabled an unprecedented economic convergence: poor countries grew rapidly and began to catch up with richer countries. Since the 2008 global financial crisis, however, the growth of trade has been sluggish and the expansion of GVCs has stalled. Meanwhile, serious threats have emerged to the model of trade-led growth. New technologies could draw production closer to the consumer and reduce the demand for labor. And trade conflicts among large countries could lead to a retrenchment or a segmentation of GVCs. World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains examines whether there is still a path to development through GVCs and trade. It concludes that technological change is, at this stage, more a boon than a curse. GVCs can continue to boost growth, create better jobs, and reduce poverty provided that developing countries implement deeper reforms to promote GVC participation; industrial countries pursue open, predictable policies; and all countries revive multilateral cooperation.
Download or read book Making It Big written by Andrea Ciani and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic and social progress requires a diverse ecosystem of firms that play complementary roles. Making It Big: Why Developing Countries Need More Large Firms constitutes one of the most up-to-date assessments of how large firms are created in low- and middle-income countries and their role in development. It argues that large firms advance a range of development objectives in ways that other firms do not: large firms are more likely to innovate, export, and offer training and are more likely to adopt international standards of quality, among other contributions. Their particularities are closely associated with productivity advantages and translate into improved outcomes not only for their owners but also for their workers and for smaller enterprises in their value chains. The challenge for economic development, however, is that production does not reach economic scale in low- and middle-income countries. Why are large firms scarcer in developing countries? Drawing on a rare set of data from public and private sources, as well as proprietary data from the International Finance Corporation and case studies, this book shows that large firms are often born large—or with the attributes of largeness. In other words, what is distinct about them is often in place from day one of their operations. To fill the “missing top†? of the firm-size distribution with additional large firms, governments should support the creation of such firms by opening markets to greater competition. In low-income countries, this objective can be achieved through simple policy reorientation, such as breaking oligopolies, removing unnecessary restrictions to international trade and investment, and establishing strong rules to prevent the abuse of market power. Governments should also strive to ensure that private actors have the skills, technology, intelligence, infrastructure, and finance they need to create large ventures. Additionally, they should actively work to spread the benefits from production at scale across the largest possible number of market participants. This book seeks to bring frontier thinking and evidence on the role and origins of large firms to a wide range of readers, including academics, development practitioners and policy makers.
Download or read book Export Quality in Advanced and Developint Economies written by Christian Henn and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Product Standards Exports and Employment written by Rajat Acharyya and published by Physica. This book was released on 2009-09-03 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through the process of globalization, the trade dependence and int- dependence of the developing countries have increased phenomenally than ever before. The characteristic of this late twentieth-century globalization process has been the new technological revolution that has led to a high rate of world exports of electronics and other high-technology products. This has marginalized most of the developing countries exporting largely the low quality and low value-addition manufacturing and primary products, barring a few exceptions like China, India and Mexico. The fruits of globalization have, therefore, been unevenly distributed so far across the developed and the developing countries. Moreover, whatever little growth in exports of medium technology products has been achieved by a few of them, is largely driven by outsourcing of low value-addition and low- stage of activities by the foreign multinationals. Outsourcing of software services, rather than development of software packages, in India and assembly line for automobiles in Mexico are the two glaring examples. These activities may have boosted the total exports of these countries, but they have failed to generate any feedback effect on the rest of the economy in terms of skill formation, increase in overall productivity level and product diversification.
Download or read book Comparative Advantage Trade Policy and Economic Development written by Bela Balassa and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Make in India written by Rahul Anand and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-05-29 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural transformation depends not only on how much countries export but also on what they export and with whom they trade. This paper breaks new ground in analyzing India’s exports by the technological content, quality, sophistication, and complexity of the export basket. We identify five priority areas for policies: (1) reduction of trade costs, at and behind the border; (2) further liberalization of FDI including through simplification of regulations and procedures; (3) improving infrastructure including in urban areas to enhance manufacturing and services in cities; (4) preparing labor resources (skills) and markets (flexibility) for the technological progress that will shape jobs in the years ahead; and (5) creating an enabling environment for innovation and entrepreneurship to draw the economy into higher productivity activities.
Download or read book World Trade in Services written by Mr.Prakash Loungani and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-03-29 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using a newly constructed dataset on trade in services for 192 countries from 1970 to 2014, this paper shows that services currently constitute one-fourth of world trade and an increasingly important component of global production. A detailed analysis of patterns and stylized facts reveals that exports of services are not only gaining strong momentum and catching up with exports of goods in many countries, but they could also trigger a new wave of trade globalization. Research applications of the trade in service dataset on structural transformation, resilience, labor reallocation, and income distribution are outlined.
Download or read book Exports of Manufactures from Developing Countries written by William R. Cline and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Statistical analysis of the export of industrial products from developing countries in the 1970s, and the prospects for market access in the 1980s - reviews trends in industrial production and export patterns, trade and protectionism; develops an econometric model identifying determinants of protection in developed countries; contains projections for growth rate of manufactured exports and protection; examines the implications of protectionist measures. Graphs, references.
Download or read book Quality Systems and Standards for a Competitive Edge written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book responds to the challenge of providing a comprehensive account of quality systems for private sector development: what works and what doesnt on the ground, and why. This volume provides a thorough analysis of the diversity of institutions, linkages, and arrangements involved in quality systems, identifying success factors in countries quality strategies. It explains why quality and standards matter for export growth, for productivity, for industrial upgrading, and for diffusion of innovation, all central ingredients in improving economic growth and generating real gains in poverty reduction. It provides a detailed blue print for implementing effective National Quality Systems. Quality and Standards Matter is a valuable tool for policymakers confronted with the challenges of building trade competitiveness in the new global economy.
Download or read book Export Expansion for Technology Transfer and Economic Growth in Developing Economies written by Dong-Yul Park and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Changing Patterns of Global Trade written by Nagwa Riad and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2012-01-15 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changing Patterns of Global Trade outlines the factors underlying important shifts in global trade that have occurred in recent decades. The emergence of global supply chains and their increasing role in trade patterns allowed emerging market economies to boost their inputs in high-technology exports and is associated with increased trade interconnectedness.The analysis points to one important trend taking place over the last decade: the emergence of China as a major systemically important trading hub, reflecting not only the size of trade but also the increase in number of its significant trading partners.
