Download or read book An Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from High Ethanol Content Fuels written by D. Gardiner and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental and modeling study was done to determine the flammability of fuel tank headspace vapors as a function of ambient temperature for seven E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) fuel blends, two types of gasoline, and denatured ethanol at a low tank fill level. Samples in small, closed chambers were tested simultaneously in a cold chamber to determine flammability and pressure rise when ignited by a strong electric spark. Gasoline and E85 fuels were flammable below a critical temperature; above it, the vapor was too rich to burn. Denatured ethanol was flammable at room temperature and colder, down to a critical temperature; below it, the vapor was too lean to burn. The flammability limit temperature of the E85 and gasoline fuels related to the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE), but DVPE did not reliably rank the low-temperature flammability hazards of fuel tank headspace vapors when conventional gasolines were compared with alcohol blends.
Download or read book An Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from Ethanol gasoline Fuels written by D. P. Gardiner and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental study measured the flammability of fuel vapors at low ambient temperatures and developed a mathematical model to predict the temperatures at which flammable vapors were likely to form. Results indicate that some currently available ethanol fuels are likely to produce flammable vapors within the ambient temperature range under Class 3 conditions. Results also indicate that mid-level ethanol blends (E20 and E30) are unlikely to significantly increase the risk of producing flammable vapors over that of the base gasoline used for the blends.
Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from Ethanol written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Study to measure the flammability of gasoline/ethanol fuel vapors at low ambient temperatures and develop a mathematical model to predict temperatures at which flammable vapors were likely to form.
Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from High Ethanol Content Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Study determined the flammability of fuel tank headspace vapors as a function of ambient temperature for seven E85 fuel blends, two types of gasoline, and denatured ethanol at a low tank fill level.
Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from Ethanol gasoline Fuels written by David P. Gardiner and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study assessed differences in headspace flammability for summertime gasolines and new high-ethanol content fuel blends. The results apply to vehicle fuel tanks and underground storage tanks. Ambient temperature and fuel formulation effects on headspace vapor flammability of ethanol/gasoline blends were evaluated. Depending on the degree of tank filling, fuel type, and ambient temperature, fuel vapors in a tank can be flammable or non-flammable. Pure gasoline vapors in tanks generally are too rich to be flammable unless ambient temperatures are extremely low. High percentages of ethanol blended with gasoline can be less volatile than pure gasoline and can produce flammable headspace vapors at common ambient temperatures. The study supports refinements of fuel ethanol volatility specifications and shows potential consequences of using noncompliant fuels. E85 is flammable at low temperatures; denatured ethanol is flammable at warmer temperatures. If both are stored at the same location, one or both of the tanks' headspace vapors will be flammable over a wide range of ambient temperatures. This is relevant to allowing consumers to splash-blend ethanol and gasoline at fueling stations. Fuels compliant with ASTM volatility specifications are relatively safe, but the E85 samples tested indicate that some ethanol fuels may produce flammable vapors.
Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from Ethanol Gasoline Fuels Phase 3 written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study assessed differences in headspace flammability for summertime gasolines and new high-ethanol content fuel blends. The results apply to vehicle fuel tanks and underground storage tanks. Ambient temperature and fuel formulation effects on headspace vapor flammability of ethanol/gasoline blends were evaluated. Depending on the degree of tank filling, fuel type, and ambient temperature, fuel vapors in a tank can be flammable or non-flammable. Pure gasoline vapors in tanks generally are too rich to be flammable unless ambient temperatures are extremely low. High percentages of ethanol blended with gasoline can be less volatile than pure gasoline and can produce flammable headspace vapors at common ambient temperatures. The study supports refinements of fuel ethanol volatility specifications and shows potential consequences of using noncompliant fuels. E85 is flammable at low temperatures; denatured ethanol is flammable at warmer temperatures. If both are stored at the same location, one or both of the tanks' headspace vapors will be flammable over a wide range of ambient temperatures. This is relevant to allowing consumers to splash -blend ethanol and gasoline at fueling stations. Fuels compliant with ASTM volatility specifications are relatively safe, but the E85 samples tested indicate that some ethanol fuels may produce flammable vapors.
Download or read book Fire Safety Science written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Experimental and Computational Studies of Oxidizer and Fuel Side Addition of Ethanol to Opposed Flow Air Ethylene Flames written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Results of computations based upon a detailed chemical kinetic combustion mechanism and results of experiments are compared to understand the influence of ethanol vapor addition upon soot formation and OH radical concentration in opposed flow ethylene/air diffusion flames. For this work, ethanol vapor was added to either the fuel or the oxidizer gases. Experiment and calculations are in qualitative agreement, and both show differing concentrations of soot, soot precursors, and OH depending on whether the ethanol is added to the fuel or oxidizer gases. An explanation for the observed differences for oxidizer or fuel side ethanol addition to opposed flow ethylene/air diffusion flames is proposed, based upon an analysis of the chemical kinetic mechanism used in the computations.
Download or read book Automobile Fuel Tanks written by Lois Flynn and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Guide to ASTM Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum Products and Lubricants written by R. A. Nadkarni and published by Astm International. This book was released on 2000 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summarizes the essential elements of all analytical tests used to characterize petroleum products. The 350 plus entries are alphabetically arranged by chemical and physical properties, such as apparent viscosity, density, metal analysis, sulfur determination, vapor pressure, and water. Each entry co
Download or read book Government reports annual index written by and published by . This book was released on 199? with total page 1686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Liquid Intelligence The Art and Science of the Perfect Cocktail written by Dave Arnold and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2014-11-10 with total page 893 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2015 James Beard Award for Best Beverage Book and the 2015 IACP Jane Grigson Award. A revolutionary approach to making better-looking, better-tasting drinks. In Dave Arnold’s world, the shape of an ice cube, the sugars and acids in an apple, and the bubbles in a bottle of champagne are all ingredients to be measured, tested, and tweaked. With Liquid Intelligence, the creative force at work in Booker & Dax, New York City’s high-tech bar, brings readers behind the counter and into the lab. There, Arnold and his collaborators investigate temperature, carbonation, sugar concentration, and acidity in search of ways to enhance classic cocktails and invent new ones that revolutionize your expectations about what a drink can look and taste like. Years of rigorous experimentation and study—botched attempts and inspired solutions—have yielded the recipes and techniques found in these pages. Featuring more than 120 recipes and nearly 450 color photographs, Liquid Intelligence begins with the simple—how ice forms and how to make crystal-clear cubes in your own freezer—and then progresses into advanced techniques like clarifying cloudy lime juice with enzymes, nitro-muddling fresh basil to prevent browning, and infusing vodka with coffee, orange, or peppercorns. Practical tips for preparing drinks by the pitcher, making homemade sodas, and building a specialized bar in your own home are exactly what drink enthusiasts need to know. For devotees seeking the cutting edge, chapters on liquid nitrogen, chitosan/gellan washing, and the applications of a centrifuge expand the boundaries of traditional cocktail craft. Arnold’s book is the beginning of a new method of making drinks, a problem-solving approach grounded in attentive observation and creative techniques. Readers will learn how to extract the sweet flavor of peppers without the spice, why bottling certain drinks beforehand beats shaking them at the bar, and why quinine powder and succinic acid lead to the perfect gin and tonic. Liquid Intelligence is about satisfying your curiosity and refining your technique, from red-hot pokers to the elegance of an old-fashioned. Whether you’re in search of astounding drinks or a one-of-a-kind journey into the next generation of cocktail making, Liquid Intelligence is the ultimate standard—one that no bartender or drink enthusiast should be without.
Download or read book Metered Dose Inhaler Technology written by Tol S. Purewal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1997-12-31 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metered Dose Inhaler Technology explores the technologies of pressurized metered dose inhalation (MDI) delivery systems and provides practical, easy-to-use guidance to effective product formulation. With contributions from an international panel of authors, the book addresses the global phase-out of chloroflurocarbon chemicals (CFCs), the generation of propellant systems to replace them, and their associated new medications and therapies. Topics include the manufacture of metered dose inhalers, particle size analysis in inhalation therapy, development and testing, pharmcokinetics and metabolism of propellants, toxicology, and more.
Download or read book Whisky Science written by Gregory H. Miller and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-10 with total page 533 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a book about the science behind whisky: its production, its measurement, and its flavor. The main purpose of this book is to review the current state of whisky science in the open literature. The focus is principally on chemistry, which describes molecular structures and their interactions, and chemical engineering which is concerned with realizing chemical processes on an industrial scale. Biochemistry, the branch of chemistry concerned with living things, helps to understand the role of grains, yeast, bacteria, and oak. Thermodynamics, common to chemistry and chemical engineering, describes the energetics of transformation and the state that substances assume when in equilibrium. This book contains a taste of flavor chemistry and of sensory science, which connect the chemistry of a food or beverage to the flavor and pleasure experienced by a consumer. There is also a dusting of history, a social science.
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for 1 2 dibromoethane written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fire Debris Analysis written by Eric Stauffer and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2007-12-10 with total page 683 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of fire debris analysis is vital to the function of all fire investigations, and, as such, Fire Debris Analysis is an essential resource for fire investigators. The present methods of analysis include the use of gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, techniques which are well established and used by crime laboratories throughout the world. However, despite their universality, this is the first comprehensive resource that addresses their application to fire debris analysis.Fire Debris Analysis covers topics such as the physics and chemistry of fire and liquid fuels, the interpretation of data obtained from fire debris, and the future of the subject. Its cutting-edge material and experienced author team distinguishes this book as a quality reference that should be on the shelves of all crime laboratories. - Serves as a comprehensive guide to the science of fire debris analysis - Presents both basic and advanced concepts in an easily readable, logical sequence - Includes a full-color insert with figures that illustrate key concepts discussed in the text
Download or read book Wine Microbiology written by Kenneth C. Fugelsang and published by Рипол Классик. This book was released on 2007 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
