Download or read book Exogenous Lipids Regulate the Development of Hepatic Steatosis in a Lean NAFLD Model fed a High Carbohydrate Diet written by Kuan-Hsun Huang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), an umbrella term that encompasses hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, has become the most common chronic liver disease in the developed countries. NAFLD has been shown to be positively associated with obesity, and thus not surprisingly the majority of NAFLD studies have utilized obese models to explore NAFLD causality. However, previous studies indicated that 25% of patients with NAFLD are not obese and that 7.4% of lean adults have steatosis, and they are more likely to be younger and female, suggesting that these people with lean NAFLD were metabolically obese. Additionally, insulin resistance is an independent risk factor to the development of lean NAFLD, which has been shown to be related to cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Therefore, understanding the etiology of lean NAFLD in the early stage of the development of steatosis becomes an urgent need. On the other hand, lifestyle modification intervention including diet and physical activity is believed to improve NAFLD or even reverse it, but very few studies have focused on the reversal of hepatic steatosis in the lean NAFLD model. Thus, the overall research hypothesis in this dissertation is that the exogenous lipids as a form of lipid emulsion (LE) and physical activity are capable to reverse hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation in the lean mouse model with preexisting steatosis.Previous work in our laboratory indicated that 13.5% (percent of total energy, en-%) Intralipid given orally ameliorated TG accumulation in the liver of nonobese mice fed a high carbohydrate diet (HCD) for 5 weeks. Here, in my first study (chapter 3) I examined whether HCD can induce hepatic steatosis in a short period of time (8d) and whether Intralipid and voluntary exercise can prevent liver triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation by regulating the de novo lipogenesis-associated transcripts and the concentrations of total fatty acids, in 8 d, on the development of steatosis in a lean mouse model. The results revealed that hepatic TG contents in the HCD-fed mice were significantly increased, confirmed by Oil Red O staining, suggesting the 8d period of induction of steatosis was sufficient to induce mild steatosis. Supplementation with 13.5% Intralipid, with or without exercise, also suppressed HCD-induced steatosis. qRT-PCR analysis showed that including 13.5% Intralipid to the HCD significantly decreased the transcript levels for lipogenesis-associated genes, whereas mice-fed HCD with exercise had less beneficial effect in the early stage of steatosis, as compared to HCD supplemented with 13.5% Intralipid. Fatty acid profiling also showed a consistency with transcriptional data that the concentration of monounsaturated FA was decreased significantly. As noted in the previous study that HCD is capable to induce mild hepatic steatosis within 8d, I conducted a second study (chapter 4) to test whether the beneficial effect contributed by 13.5% Intralipid supplementation will be extended to the mouse with preexisting steatosis. To investigate this, the mice were fed a HCD for 2.5 weeks to establish hepatic steatosis, then switched to HCD+13.5%LE for the final 2.5 wk. A combined targeted biochemical and untargeted metabolomics approach was employed, and biochemical analyses revealed that hepatic TG level and the lipogenic genes were significantly decreased in mice fed HCD with 13.5% Intralipid. Total fatty acids and metabolomic profiles in liver and plasma indicated that the mice fed a HCD supplemented with 13.5% Intralipid exhibited reduced hepatic lipogenesis, but increases in hepatic Krebs cycle intermediates, and in plasma very-low density lipoprotein. Many studies have shown that n-3 and n-9 FA have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. In a third study (chapter 5), I compared 3 LEs-- Intralipid, Omegaven and ClinOleic-- for their ability to reverse hepatic TG accumulation after the onset of steatosis. At this time, we used biochemical, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to capture an overall metabolic change in the lean NAFLD mouse model. The results showed that HCD-induced hepatic steatosis did not develop insulin resistance and that 13.5% Omegaven had the strongest reversal effect on hepatic TG accumulation, as well as on the genes involved in the hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, which can further maintain energy homeostasis in the mice with preexisting steatosis. Additionally, lipolysis in the adipose tissue was greatly improved by introduction of Omegaven; the metabolites, assayed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, were consistent with the transcriptomic data, suggesting a plausible mechanism of how n-3 FA-based LE reversed hepatic steatosis. In summary, adding 13.5% Intralipid to a HCD not only prevents the development of steatosis in the early dynamic stage by reducing de novo lipogenesis, but also mitigates the preexisting hepatic steatosis and energy homeostasis in the liver in a 5-wk study. However, Omegaven provides beneficial effect on the reversal of preexisting steatosis as well as an improvement on energy homeostasis in both liver and adipose tissue.

Download or read book Cytochrome P450 2E1 Its Role in Disease and Drug Metabolism written by Aparajita Dey and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-02-12 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book deals with various clinical aspects of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) which is a potent source for oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is critical for pathogenesis of diseases and CYP2E1 is a major contributor for oxidative stress. Several clinical disorders are associated with changes in regulation of CYP2E1 and the consequent abnormalities which include alcoholic liver disease, alcoholic pancreatitis, carcinogenesis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, hepatitis C virus infection, reproductive organ toxicity, hepatocellular and cholestatic liver cirrhosis, inhibition of bone repair, cross-tolerance in smokers and people treated with nicotine, disorders of central nervous system, changes in metabolism of protoxicants in the circulatory system and susceptibility to human papillomavirus infection. Hence, CYP2E1 emerges as a new and potent player in aggravating injury and furthering disease complications.

Download or read book Diet and Health written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-01-01 with total page 765 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diet and Health examines the many complex issues concerning diet and its role in increasing or decreasing the risk of chronic disease. It proposes dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of the major diseases and causes of death today: atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (including heart attack and stroke), cancer, high blood pressure, obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, and dental caries.

Download or read book Phytochemicals as Lead Compounds for New Drug Discovery written by Chukwuebuka Egbuna and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-09-07 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phytochemicals as Lead Compounds for New Drug Discovery presents complete coverage of the recent advances in the discovery of phytochemicals from medicinal plants as models to the development of new drugs and chemical entities. Functional bioactive compounds of plant origin have been an invaluable source for many human therapeutic drugs and have played a major role in the treatment of diseases around the world. These compounds possess enormous structural and chemical diversity and have led to many important discoveries. This book presents fundament concepts and factors affecting the choice for plant-based products, as well as recent advances in computer-aided drug discovery and FDA drug candidacy acceptance criteria. It also details the various bioactive lead compounds and molecular targets for a range of life-threatening diseases including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Written by a global team of experts, Phytochemicals as Lead Compounds for New Drug Discovery is an ideal resource for drug developers, phytochemists, plant biochemists, food and medicinal chemists, nutritionists and toxicologists, chemical ecologists, taxonomists, analytical chemists, and other researchers in those fields. It will also be very valuable to professors, students, and researchers in this domain. - Presents fundamental concepts and factors affecting choice for plant-based products - Details the FDA drug candidacy acceptance criteria, including bottlenecks and way forward - Highlights recent advances in computational-based drug discovery - Focuses on the discovery of new drugs and potential druggable targets for the treatment of chronic diseases of world importance

Download or read book Mechanisms of Insulin Action written by Alan R. Saltiel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-05 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 18 million people in the United States have diabetes mellitus, and about 90% of these have the type 2 form of the disease. This book attempts to dissect the complexity of the molecular mechanisms of insulin action with a special emphasis on those features of the system that are subject to alteration in type 2 diabetes and other insulin resistant states. It explores insulin action at the most basic levels, through complex systems.

Download or read book Food Components to Enhance Performance written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The physiological or psychological stresses that employees bring to their workplace affect not only their own performance but that of their co-workers and others. These stresses are often compounded by those of the job itself. Medical personnel, firefighters, police, and military personnel in combat settingsâ€"among othersâ€"experience highly unpredictable timing and types of stressors. This book reviews and comments on the performance-enhancing potential of specific food components. It reflects the views of military and non-military scientists from such fields as neuroscience, nutrition, physiology, various medical specialties, and performance psychology on the most up-to-date research available on physical and mental performance enhancement in stressful conditions. Although placed within the context of military tasks, the volume will have wide-reaching implications for individuals in any job setting.

Download or read book The Dead Wake Horror Collection written by Ellie Douglas and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ten utterly gruesome tales, that will disable you.You won

Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-02-01 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the years since the third edition of this indispensable reference was published, a great deal has been learned about the nutritional requirements of common laboratory species: rat, mouse, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, and vole. The Fourth Revised Edition presents the current expert understanding of the lipid, carbohydrate, protein, mineral, vitamin, and other nutritional needs of these animals. The extensive use of tables provides easy access to a wealth of comprehensive data and resource information. The volume also provides an expanded background discussion of general dietary considerations. In addition to a more user-friendly organization, new features in this edition include: A significantly expanded section on dietary requirements for rats, reporting substantial new findings. A new section on nutrients that are not required but that may produce beneficial results. New information on growth and reproductive performance among the most commonly used strains of rats and mice and on several hamster species. An expanded discussion of diet formulation and preparationâ€"including sample diets of both purified and natural ingredients. New information on mineral deficiency and toxicity, including warning signs. This authoritative resource will be important to researchers, laboratory technicians, and manufacturers of laboratory animal feed.

Download or read book Liver Disease in Children written by Frederick J. Suchy and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-18 with total page 875 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liver disease in children is increasing in prevalence, placing a huge burden on healthcare systems and often requiring long-term management. Offering an integrative approach to the science and clinical practice of pediatric hepatology, this is the definitive reference text for improved diagnosis and treatment strategies. In the new edition of this authoritative text, chapters have been thoroughly revised in line with major advances in the field, such as recognizing the increased frequency of fatty liver disease, and how genetic testing has the potential to establish earlier diagnoses for a variety of diseases. Disorders covered include cholestasis, metabolic disorders and hepatitis, with their presentation across the spectrum of infancy, childhood and adolescence discussed. The indications and surgical aspects of liver transplant are explained and post-transplant care is described in detail. This is a valuable resource for pediatricians, hepatologists, gastroenterologists and all clinicians involved in the care of children with liver diseases.

Download or read book Regulation of Body Weight written by Claude Bouchard and published by . This book was released on 1996-06-19 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fact that about 30-40% of the adults in the Western world are overweight or obese testifies to the frequency of the disturbances in body weight regulation. Scientists have established that caloric intake, macronutrient composition of the diet, basal and resting metabolic rate, thermic response to food, energy expenditure associated with movement and physical activity, and preferential storage of the surplus of calories as fat or lean tissues are critical determinants of energy balance and body weight. While much has been learned, the field is poised for major advances with the advent of a variety of imaging techniques, progress in quantitative and molecular genetics, use of transgenic rodent models and of breeding experiments with informative inbred strains, availability of stable isotopes for metabolic and behavioral studies, and a growing number of useful experimental animal and human models. This volume takes an integrative approach to obesity. It is structured around four major topics: (1) the animal and human models currently available for the study of body weight regulation with their strengths and limitations, (2) the molecular and genetic basis of the regulation of body weight, (3) the metabolic and physiological mechanisms involved, and (4) the behavioral and social determinants. The 13 background papers provide a critical overview of the present knowledge base while the group reports summarize the extensive deliberations of 38 international experts. Particular emphasis has been given to promising research areas and on the advances needed to ensure a better understanding of the biological and behavioral mechanisms of the regulation of body weight, with a particular emphasis on overweight and obesity.

Download or read book Fat Detection written by Jean-Pierre Montmayeur and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-09-14 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the State-of-the-Art in Fat Taste TransductionA bite of cheese, a few potato chips, a delectable piece of bacon - a small taste of high-fat foods often draws you back for more. But why are fatty foods so appealing? Why do we crave them? Fat Detection: Taste, Texture, and Post Ingestive Effects covers the many factors responsible for the se

Download or read book Obesity and Lipotoxicity written by Ayse Basak Engin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-05 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the resultant health consequences and considerable increase in prevalence, obesity has become a major worldwide health problem. “Obesity and Lipotoxicity” is a comprehensive review of the recent researches to provide a better understanding of the lipotoxicity-related mechanisms of obesity and the potential for the development of new treatment strategies. This book overviews the biochemical pathways leading to obesity-related metabolic disorders that occur subsequent to lipotoxicity. Chapters examine the deleterious effects of nutrient excess at molecular level including the cellular and molecular aspects of breast cancer, resistance to leptin, insulin, adiponectin, and interconnection between the circadian clock and metabolic pathways during high-fat feeding. “Lipotoxicity and Obesity” will be a useful resource for clinicians and basic science researchers, such as biochemists, toxicologists, immunologists, nutritionists, adult and pediatric endocrinologists, cardiologists, as well as students who are thought in this field.

Download or read book Reviews on Biomarker Studies of Metabolic and Metabolism Related Disorders written by Paul C. Guest and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-27 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book recognizes that throughout the scientific, medical, and economic communities, new tests incorporating biomarkers are needed to improve the diagnosis of patients suffering from metabolic disorders. The early identification of those at risk of developing obesity will help to place these individuals on the best treatment course as early as possible for improved treatment outcomes. This will also help to cut costs incurred by the healthcare services. For all of this to occur, new research efforts are needed to identify novel biomarkers that can be used to predict the disease in the presymptomatic stage, for disease monitoring and for prediction of treatment response. It is also possible that new drug targets can be identified using these approaches which, in turn, can lead to the development of new treatment approaches. This volume also includes a series of reviews on biomarker discovery and usage in the study of diseases marked by perturbations in metabolism. It will describe the pros and cons of the various approaches and cover the successes and failures in this important research field.

Download or read book Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012 written by Nordic Council of Ministers and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2014-03-06 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nordic countries have collaborated in setting guidelines for dietary composition and recommended intakes of nutrients for several decades through the joint publication of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR). This 5th edition, the NNR 2012, gives Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for nutrients, and compared with earlier editions more emphasis has been put on evaluating the scientific evidence for the role of food and food patterns contributing to the prevention of the major diet-related chronic diseases. Recommendations on physical activity are included and interaction with physical activity has been taken into account for the individual nutrient recommendations wherever appropriate. A chapter on sustainable food consumption has been added. A Nordic perspective has been accounted for in setting the reference values.The NNR 2012 has used an evidence-based and transparent approach in assessing associations between nutrients and foods and certain health outcomes. Systematic reviews form the basis for the recommendations of several nutrients and topics, while a less stringent update has been done for others. The systematic reviews and individual chapters have been peer reviewed and the systematic reviews are published in the Food & Nutrition Research journal. The draft chapters were subject to an open public consultation. Recommendations have been changed only when sufficient scientific evidence has evolved since the 4th edition. The primary aim of the NNR 2012 is to present the scientific background of the recommendations and their application. A secondary aim is for the NNR 2012 to function as a basis for the national recommendations that are adopted by the individual

Download or read book Bile Acids and Their Receptors written by Stefano Fiorucci and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-03 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focusses on the latest results related to the field of bile acids as signaling molecules and describes how these receptors have become a major pharmacological target. It covers all major areas of research in this field, from genetics, chemistry, in silico modeling, molecular biology to clinical applications, offering a cross-country view of the functional role of bile acids as signaling molecules, virtually acting on all major areas of metabolism. While FXR and GPBAR1 are essential bile acid sensors that integrate the de novo bile acid synthesis with intestinal microbiota and liver metabolism, in a broader sense, BARs play a pathogenic role in the development of common human alignments including liver, intestinal and metabolic disorders, such as steatosis (NAFLD) and steato-hepatitis (NASH), diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis.

Download or read book The Adipocyte and Obesity written by Charles H. Hollenberg and published by New York : Raven Press. This book was released on 1983 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The proceedings of a 1982 international conference covers 33 review articles on research findings and the current state of knowledge of various metabolic and mechanistic aspects of the associations between the adipocyte fat cell and obesity. The articles address various facets of adipose cell growth and development; insulin action; lipid assimilation and lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism in adipose tissue; lipolysis in adipocytes; and energy expenditure. The role of adipose tissue as a model system for the study of mechanisms of insulin action is highlighted by evidence of new cellular mediators. Recent insights in triglyceride assimilation regulation by lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid release through the lipolytic cascade are discussed. Other topics include the role of lipocytes in cholesterol turnover, the relationship of cholesterol metabolism to lipoprotein turnover and catabolism, and aspects of energy balance and thermoregulation in obesity. (wz).

Download or read book Intestinal Lipid Metabolism written by Charles M. Mansbach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-11-30 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was stimulated by the enthusiasm shown by attendees at the meetings in Saxon River, VT, sponsored by the Federation ofAmerican Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), on the subject of the intestinal processing of lipids. When these meetings were first started in 1990, the original organizers, two of whom are editors ofthis volume (CMM and PT), had two major goals. The first was to bring together a diverse group ofinvestiga tors who had the common goal of gaining a better understanding of how the intestine ab sorbs lipids. The second was to stimulate the interest of younger individuals whom we wished to recruit into what we believed was an exciting and fruitful area ofresearch. Since that time, the field has opened up considerably with new questions being asked and new an swers obtained, suggesting that our original goals for the meetings were being met. In the same spirit, it occurred to us that there has not been a recentbook that draws to gethermuch ofthe informationavailableconcerninghow the intestineprocesses lipids. This book is intended to reach investigators with an interest in this area and their pre- and post doctoral students. The chapters are written by individuals who have a long-term interest in the areas about which they write, and many have been speakers at the subsequent FASEB conferences that have followed on the first.