Download or read book Euclides Vindicatus written by Girolamo Saccheri and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 1986 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the axiom systems of non-Euclidean geometry. This book states and proves theorem after theorem of (hyperbolic) non-Euclidean geometry.
Download or read book The Mathematical Gazette written by and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Foundations of Geometry and the Non Euclidean Plane written by G.E. Martin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a text for junior, senior, or first-year graduate courses traditionally titled Foundations of Geometry and/or Non Euclidean Geometry. The first 29 chapters are for a semester or year course on the foundations of geometry. The remaining chap ters may then be used for either a regular course or independent study courses. Another possibility, which is also especially suited for in-service teachers of high school geometry, is to survey the the fundamentals of absolute geometry (Chapters 1 -20) very quickly and begin earnest study with the theory of parallels and isometries (Chapters 21 -30). The text is self-contained, except that the elementary calculus is assumed for some parts of the material on advanced hyperbolic geometry (Chapters 31 -34). There are over 650 exercises, 30 of which are 10-part true-or-false questions. A rigorous ruler-and-protractor axiomatic development of the Euclidean and hyperbolic planes, including the classification of the isometries of these planes, is balanced by the discussion about this development. Models, such as Taxicab Geometry, are used exten sively to illustrate theory. Historical aspects and alternatives to the selected axioms are prominent. The classical axiom systems of Euclid and Hilbert are discussed, as are axiom systems for three and four-dimensional absolute geometry and Pieri's system based on rigid motions. The text is divided into three parts. The Introduction (Chapters 1 -4) is to be read as quickly as possible and then used for ref erence if necessary.
Download or read book Studies written by and published by . This book was released on 1912 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Math through the Ages A Gentle History for Teachers and Others Expanded Second Edition written by William P. Berlinghoff and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2021-04-29 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Where did math come from? Who thought up all those algebra symbols, and why? What is the story behind π π? … negative numbers? … the metric system? … quadratic equations? … sine and cosine? … logs? The 30 independent historical sketches in Math through the Ages answer these questions and many others in an informal, easygoing style that is accessible to teachers, students, and anyone who is curious about the history of mathematical ideas. Each sketch includes Questions and Projects to help you learn more about its topic and to see how the main ideas fit into the bigger picture of history. The 30 short stories are preceded by a 58-page bird's-eye overview of the entire panorama of mathematical history, a whirlwind tour of the most important people, events, and trends that shaped the mathematics we know today. “What to Read Next” and reading suggestions after each sketch provide starting points for readers who want to learn more. This book is ideal for a broad spectrum of audiences, including students in history of mathematics courses at the late high school or early college level, pre-service and in-service teachers, and anyone who just wants to know a little more about the origins of mathematics.
Download or read book Geometry Geodesics and the Universe written by Robert G. Bill and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2023-03-19 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of the development of geometry is told as it emerged from the concepts of the ancient Greeks, familiar from high school, to the four-dimensional space-time that is central to our modern vision of the universe. The reader is first reacquainted with the geometric system compiled by Euclid with its postulates thought to be self-evident truths. A particular focus is on Euclid’s fifth postulate, the Parallel Postulate and the many efforts to improve Euclid’s system over hundreds of years by proving it from the first four postulates. Two thousand years after Euclid, in the process that would reveal the Parallel Postulate as an independent postulate, a new geometry was discovered that changed the understanding of geometry and mathematics, while paving the way for Einstein’s General Relativity. The mathematics to describe the non-Euclidean geometries and the geometric universe of General Relativity is initiated in the language of mathematics available to a general audience. The story is told as a mathematical narrative, bringing the reader along step by step with all the background needed in analytic geometry, the calculus, vectors, and Newton’s laws to allow the reader to move forward to the revolutionary extension of geometry by Riemann that would supply Einstein with the language needed to overthrow Newton’s universe. Using the mathematics acquired for Riemannian geometry, the principles behind Einstein’s General Relativity are described and their realization in the Field Equations is presented. From the Field Equations, it is shown how they govern the curved paths of light and that of planets along the geodesics formed from the geometry of space-time, and how they provide a picture of the universe’s birth, expansion, and future. Thus, Euclid’s geometry while no longer thought to spring from perceived absolute truths as the ancients believed, ultimately provided the seed for a new understanding of geometry that in its infinite variety became central to the description of the universe, marking mathematics as a one of the great modes of human expression.
Download or read book The American Mathematical Monthly written by and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes section "Recent publications."
Download or read book Bulletin of the Public Library of the City of Boston written by and published by . This book was released on 1921 with total page 1082 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bulletin 1908 23 written by Boston Public Library and published by . This book was released on 1921 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bulletin of the Public Library of the City of Boston written by Boston Public Library and published by . This book was released on 1921 with total page 942 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Kant s Philosophy of Mathematics written by Carl Posy and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-21 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essential for students and scholars, this book brings contemporary Kantian scholarship together with the history of philosophy of mathematics.
Download or read book Basic Concepts of Geometry written by Walter Prenowitz and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2012-10-04 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No descriptive material is available for this title.
Download or read book Images of Mathematics Viewed Through Number Algebra and Geometry written by Robert G. Bill and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2014-07-31 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematics is often seen only as a tool for science, engineering, and other quantitative disciplines. Lost in the focus on the tools are the intricate interconnecting patterns of logic and ingenious methods of representation discovered over millennia which form the broader themes of the subject. This book, building from the basics of numbers, algebra, and geometry provides sufficient background to make these themes accessible to those not specializing in mathematics. The various topics are also covered within the historical context of their development and include such great innovators as Euclid, Descartes, Newton, Cauchy, Gauss, Lobachevsky, Riemann, Cantor, and Gödel, whose contributions would shape the directions that mathematics would take. The detailed explanations of all subject matter along with extensive references are provided with the goal of allowing readers an entrée to a lifetime of the unique pleasures of mathematics. Topics include the axiomatic development of number systems and their algebraic rules, the role of infinity in the real and transfinite numbers, logic, and the axiomatic path from traditional to non-Euclidean geometries. The themes of algebra and geometry are then brought together through the concepts of analytic geometry and functions. With this background, more advanced topics are introduced: sequences, vectors, tensors, matrices, calculus, set theory, and topology. Drawing the common themes of this book together, the final chapter discusses the struggle over the meaning of mathematics in the twentieth century and provides a meditation on its success
Download or read book Revolutions of Geometry written by Michael L. O'Leary and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-02-22 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Guides readers through the development of geometry and basic proof writing using a historical approach to the topic In an effort to fully appreciate the logic and structure of geometric proofs, Revolutions of Geometry places proofs into the context of geometry's history, helping readers to understand that proof writing is crucial to the job of a mathematician. Written for students and educators of mathematics alike, the book guides readers through the rich history and influential works, from ancient times to the present, behind the development of geometry. As a result, readers are successfully equipped with the necessary logic to develop a full understanding of geometric theorems. Following a presentation of the geometry of ancient Egypt, Babylon, and China, the author addresses mathematical philosophy and logic within the context of works by Thales, Plato, and Aristotle. Next, the mathematics of the classical Greeks is discussed, incorporating the teachings of Pythagoras and his followers along with an overview of lower-level geometry using Euclid's Elements. Subsequent chapters explore the work of Archimedes, Viete's revolutionary contributions to algebra, Descartes' merging of algebra and geometry to solve the Pappus problem, and Desargues' development of projective geometry. The author also supplies an excursion into non-Euclidean geometry, including the three hypotheses of Saccheri and Lambert and the near simultaneous discoveries of Lobachevski and Bolyai. Finally, modern geometry is addressed within the study of manifolds and elliptic geometry inspired by Riemann's work, Poncelet's return to projective geometry, and Klein's use of group theory to characterize different geometries. The book promotes the belief that in order to learn how to write proofs, one needs to read finished proofs, studying both their logic and grammar. Each chapter features a concise introduction to the presented topic, and chapter sections conclude with exercises that are designed to reinforce the material and provide readers with ample practice in writing proofs. In addition, the overall presentation of topics in the book is in chronological order, helping readers appreciate the relevance of geometry within the historical development of mathematics. Well organized and clearly written, Revolutions of Geometry is a valuable book for courses on modern geometry and the history of mathematics at the upper-undergraduate level. It is also a valuable reference for educators in the field of mathematics.
Download or read book Subject Index of the Modern Works Added to the British Museum Library written by and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 1234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Non Euclidean Revolution written by Richard J. Trudeau and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Richard Trudeau confronts the fundamental question of truth and its representation through mathematical models in The Non-Euclidean Revolution. First, the author analyzes geometry in its historical and philosophical setting; second, he examines a revolution every bit as significant as the Copernican revolution in astronomy and the Darwinian revolution in biology; third, on the most speculative level, he questions the possibility of absolute knowledge of the world. Trudeau writes in a lively, entertaining, and highly accessible style. His book provides one of the most stimulating and personal presentations of a struggle with the nature of truth in mathematics and the physical world.
Download or read book Leibniz on the Parallel Postulate and the Foundations of Geometry written by Vincenzo De Risi and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2016-01-28 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a general introduction to the geometrical studies of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) and his mathematical epistemology. In particular, it focuses on his theory of parallel lines and his attempts to prove the famous Parallel Postulate. Furthermore it explains the role that Leibniz’s work played in the development of non-Euclidean geometry. The first part is an overview of his epistemology of geometry and a few of his geometrical findings, which puts them in the context of the seventeenth-century studies on the foundations of geometry. It also provides a detailed mathematical and philosophical commentary on his writings on the theory of parallels, and discusses how they were received in the eighteenth century as well as their relevance for the non-Euclidean revolution in mathematics. The second part offers a collection of Leibniz’s essays on the theory of parallels and an English translation of them. While a few of these papers have already been published (in Latin) in the standard Leibniz editions, most of them are transcribed from Leibniz’s manuscripts written in Hannover, and published here for the first time. The book provides new material on the history of non-Euclidean geometry, stressing the previously neglected role of Leibniz in these developments. This volume will be of interest to historians in mathematics, philosophy or logic, as well as mathematicians interested in non-Euclidean geometry.
