Download or read book English Interrogative Sentences Common Interrogative Patterns written by Manik Joshi and published by Manik Joshi. This book was released on 2014-10-25 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book Covers The Following Topics: What are “Interrogative Sentences”? Structure (1) -- Wh-Question Word + Be/Do/Have/Modal (1A). What + Be/Do/Have/Modal (1B). When + Be/Do/Have/Modal (1C). Where + Be/Do/Have/Modal (1D). Which + Be/Do/Have/Modal (1E). Who + Be/Do/Have/Modal (1F). Whom + Be/Do/Have/Modal (1G). Whose + Be/Do/Have/Modal (1H). Why + Be/Do/Have/Modal (1I). How + Be/Do/Have/Modal Structure (2) -- Wh-Question Word + Word/Words + Be/Do/Have/Modal (2A). What + Word/Words + Be/Do/Have/Modal (2B). When + Word/Words + Be/Do/Have/Modal (2C). Where + Word/Words + Be/Do/Have/Modal (2D). Which + Word/Words + Be/Do/Have/Modal (2E). Who + Word/Words + Be/Do/Have/Modal (2F). Whom + Word/Words + Be/Do/Have/Modal (2G). Whose + Word/Words + Be/Do/Have/Modal (2H). Why + Word/Words + Be/Do/Have/Modal (2I). How + Word/Words + Be/Do/Have/Modal Structure (3) -- Wh-Question Word + Main Verb (Present or Past) Structure (4) – Interrogatives Sentences – Be/Do/Have/Modal (4A). Interrogatives Starting From – Am, Is, Are, Was, Were (4B). Interrogatives Starting From – Do, Does, Did (4C). Interrogatives Starting From – Have, Has, Had (4D). Interrogatives Starting From – Modal Verbs Structure (5) -- Question Tags Structure (6) -- What if Structure (7) – How Long/How Much/How Many Structure (8) -- Wh-Question Word + To + Verb Word Structure (9) – “What About” and “How About” Structure (10) – Alternative Questions Structure (11) – Indirect Questions Formation of Interrogatives from Affirmatives Exercises Sample This: What are “Interrogative Sentences”? Interrogative sentences are used to ask questions. An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark. The most common interrogative words are as follows: What, When, Where, Which, Who, Whom, Whose, Why, How Interrogative words and what they refer: What – refers ‘specific information’ or confirmation/repetition When – refers ‘at what time’ or ‘on what occasion’ Where – refers ‘in what place, position or situation’ Which – refers ‘choice or alternative’ Who – refers ‘identity’ of a subject (person/people) Whom – refers ‘identity’ of an object (person/people) Whose – refers ‘who something belongs to’ Why – refers ‘reason, explanation or purpose’ How – refers ‘way or manner’, ‘condition or quality’ These words are called 'Wh-question words' because all these words contain the letter ‘w’ and ‘h’. All these words (except ‘how’) even start from ‘Wh’. NOTE: The following words are also used to ask questions: Whatever, Whenever, Wherever, Whoever These forms show ‘surprise, confusion, or emphasis. Besides ‘Wh-question words’, Auxiliary Verbs ‘Be’, ‘Do’, ‘Have’, and ‘Modal Verbs’ are also used to form interrogative sentences. Following is the list of auxiliary and modal verbs: Auxiliary Verb-- Be-- Am, Is, Are, Was, Were Auxiliary Verb-- Do-- Do, Does, Did Auxiliary Verb-- Have-- Have, Has, Had Modal Verbs-- May, Might, Can, Could, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Must, Need, Used (To), Ought (To), Dare You can begin sentences with these verbs to form Yes/No interrogative sentences. (1A). What + Be/Do/Have/Modal What is a good pet to give a five-year-old child? What is a long way away? What is a reasonable grocery budget? What is age got to do with it? What is all that? What is Australia's national food? What is behind the nation's food shortages? What is better for your company: happy staff or short-term profits? What is Brazil to you? What is going on in India? What is going to take place over the next 90 minutes? What is in the haze we are breathing? What is it about the first day of the year that gets us so excited? What is it and does it work? What is it like to be sectioned? What is it like to fly an Airbus A380? What is it like to have won an unlimited supply of something? What is it like to live in a hut?

Download or read book English Interrogative Sentences written by Joshi Manik (author) and published by . This book was released on 1901 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book English Grammar Am Is Are Was Were Patterns and Examples written by Manik Joshi and published by Manik Joshi. This book was released on 2014-10-25 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book Covers The Following Topics: Verb ‘To Be’ Verb ‘To Be’ -- Negative Patterns Verb ‘To Be’ -- Interrogative Patterns 1A. English Grammar – ‘Am’ 1B. AM + -ING Form of Verb 1C. AM + Being + Past Participle 1D. AM + Past Participle 2A. English Grammar – ‘Is’ 2B. IS + -ING Form of Verb 2C. IS + Being + Past Participle 2D. IS + Past Participle 3A. English Grammar – ‘Are’ 3B. ARE + -ING Form of Verb 3C. ARE + Being + Past Participle 3D. ARE + Past Participle 4A. English Grammar – ‘Was’ 4B. WAS + -ING Form of Verb 4C. WAS + Being + Past Participle 4D. WAS + Past Participle 5A. English Grammar – ‘Were’ 5B. WERE + -ING Form of Verb 5C. WERE + Being + Past Participle 5D. WERE + Past Participle Useful Notes (1): Question Tags (2): Short Answers (Ellipsis] (3): Addition to Remarks (4): There Is/Was and There Are/Were (5): Subjunctive Mood – ‘Were’ (6): Be + Going To + Verb Word (7): ‘Used to’ Vs. ‘Be + Used to’ (8): Be + To + Verb Word (9): Be + ‘Being”+ Adjective (10): Mixed Sentences Exercises: 1(A) and 1(B) Exercises: 2(A) to 2(E) Sample This: Verb ‘To Be’ The Verb ‘to be’ is used to represent the following English verbs: ‘Am’, ‘Is’, ‘Are’, ‘Was’, ‘Were’ The verb ‘to be’ is used as both a linking verb and auxiliary verb. LINKING VERB: A verb that connects a subject with the complement (adjective or noun) that describes it. Example: He is an engineer. [In this sentence, subject (he) and noun (engineer) is connected by linking verb ‘is’. There is no main verb in this sentence.] Some more examples: I am happy. [linking verb – am] Is he a good boy? [linking verb – is] We are very proud of ourselves. [linking verb – are] She was intelligent. [linking verb – was] They were not late by half an hour. [linking verb – were] AUXILIARY VERB: A verb that is used with the main verb to show tenses, etc. Example: He is going to the office. [In this sentence, -ing form of the main verb ‘go’ has been used with the auxiliary verb ‘is’. Some more examples: I am studying a book. [auxiliary verb – am | main verb – study (-ing form)] He is working on his project [auxiliary verb – is | main verb – work (-ing form)] We are not expected to tell the secret. [auxiliary verb – are | main verb – expect (past participle form)] She was taught by me. [auxiliary verb – was | main verb – teach (past participle form)] Were they burdened by high taxation [auxiliary verb – were | main verb – burden (past participle form)] IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT VERB ‘TO BE’ ‘AM’ – Singular Verb Used In Present Tense Used with Subject ‘I’ ‘IS’ – Singular Verb Used In Present Tense Used with Subject ‘He’ ‘She’, ‘It’ and other Singular Subjects ‘ARE’ – Plural Verb Used In Present Tense Used with Subject ‘We’, ‘You’, ‘They’ and other Plural Subjects ‘WAS’ – Singular Verb Used In Past Tense Used with Subject ‘I’, ‘He’, She’, ‘It’ and other Singular Subjects ‘WERE’ – Plural Verb Used In Past Tense Used with Subject ‘We’, ‘You’ and other Plural Subjects

Download or read book A New Introduction to Classical Chinese written by Raymond Dawson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative new work replaces the author's 1968 edition. It takes into account recent advances in scholarship with entirely revised notes on the text passages and improved and simplified explanations. The book's expansion also permits the author to continue the story beyond the fourth century B.C. and introduces the reader to the writings of the great Han Dynasty historian, Ssu-ma Ch'ien, who perfected a narrative style which became a model for future generations of Chinese writers.

Download or read book Contrasting Languages written by Tomasz P. Krzeszowski and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-06-01 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is a series of books that open new perspectives in our understanding of language. The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks as well as studies that provide new insights by building bridges to neighbouring fields such as neuroscience and cognitive science. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS publishes monographs and outstanding dissertations as well as edited volumes, which provide the opportunity to address controversial topics from different empirical and theoretical viewpoints. High quality standards are ensured through anonymous reviewing.

Download or read book Hungarian Basic Course written by Foreign Service Institute (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning written by Bogum Yoon and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2023 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning: Linguistically Responsive Strategies for Classroom Teachers provides educators with foundational knowledge on how students' native languages influence their learning of English language and literacy through theoretically guided tangible resources promoting educators' understanding of linguistically responsive instructional strategies"--

Download or read book Working with English Grammar written by Louise Cummings and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-21 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores English grammar through three real-world applications of language development, language disorders and dialects.

Download or read book Chinese Sentence Patterns simplified Chinese edition written by Shaoxian Wen and published by Everflow Publications. This book was released on 2014-08-20 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Having mastered the basic vocabulary and elementary grammar, a student generally learns to use a language that he wants to achieve mainly by practice in the sentence patterns, which are the living substance of the language. There are basic sentence patterns and special sentence patterns in Chinese. Most of the special sentence patterns involve word group patterns, adjective patterns, noun patterns, preposition patterns, etc. However, in English most sentence patterns are verb patterns. A large part of Chinese special sentence patterns are related to the predicate of the sentence, in which nouns, adjectives, word groups, etc play a part. Word groups are important elements forming the predicate of the sentence. Nouns and adjectives alone can also function as the predicate of the sentence. However, phrases (similar to Chinese word groups) as well as nouns and adjectives alone cannot function as the predicate of the sentence in English. In this book, six Chinese basic sentence patterns and twelve Chinese special sentence patterns are introduced, which cover all the most important and most commonly-used Chinese sentence patterns. This book will minutely illustrate them one by one with charts. They are classified in accordance with their functions in the sentence in a systematical way, along with necessary comparison with English sentence patterns and translation. When you have got a good command of the structures and usage of the Chinese sentence patterns introduced in this book, you are able to write or to speak standard Chinese more readily and fluently.

Download or read book Middle Egyptian written by James P. Allen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-15 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Middle Egyptian introduces the reader to the writing system of ancient Egypt and the language of hieroglyphic texts. It contains twenty-six lessons, exercises (with answers), a list of hieroglyphic signs, and a dictionary. It also includes a series of twenty-five essays on the most important aspects of ancient Egyptian history, society, religion and literature. The combination of grammar lessons and cultural essays allows users to not only read hieroglyphic texts but also to understand them, providing readers with the foundation to understand texts on monuments and to read great works of ancient Egyptian literature in the original text. This second edition contains revised exercises and essays, providing an up to date account of current research and discoveries. New illustrations enhance discussions and examples. These additions combine with the previous edition to create a complete grammatical description of the classical language of ancient Egypt for specialists in linguistics and other fields.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Neuroscience Volume 1 written by Larry R. Squire and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-06-12 with total page 12505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of the Neuroscience explores all areas of the discipline in its focused entries on a wide variety of topics in neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry and other related areas of neuroscience. Each article is written by an expert in that specific domain and peer reviewed by the advisory board before acceptance into the encyclopedia. Each article contains a glossary, introduction, a reference section, and cross-references to other related encyclopedia articles. Written at a level suitable for university undergraduates, the breadth and depth of coverage will appeal beyond undergraduates to professionals and academics in related fields.

Download or read book Get Popular English Verb Sentences Using Verb Get written by Manik Joshi and published by Manik Joshi. This book was released on 2014-10-25 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book Covers The Following Topics: 1. ENGLISH VERB -- ‘GET’ 2. Meanings of Main Verb ‘GET’ 3. GET + THIRD FORM OF VERB 3A. Get + Third Form of Verb 3B. Have/Has + Got + Third Form of Verb 3C. Got + Third Form of Verb 3D. Had + Got + Third Form of Verb 3E. Will + Get + Third Form of Verb 3F. Will + Have + Got + Third Form of Verb 3G. Modal Verbs + Get + Third Form of Verb 3H. Getting + Third Form of Verb 3I. Verb + To + Get + Third Form of Verb 4. GET TO + FIRST FORM OF VERB 4A. Get To + First Form of Verb 4B. Got To + First Form of Verb 4C. Will + Get To + First Form of Verb 5. HAVE + GOT TO + FIRST FORM OF VERB 6. ‘GET’ + ADJECTIVE 7. ‘GET’ + USED TO 8. Use of ‘Get’ In Causative Sentences 9. English Idioms With ‘Get’ 10. Phrasal Verbs With ‘Get’ 11. Other Sentences With ‘Get’ 12. Conjugation of Verb ‘Get’ Exercises: 1(A) and 1(B) Exercises: 2(A) and 2(B) Exercises: 3(A) and 3(B) Sample This: 1. ENGLISH VERB -- ‘GET’ Get is an irregular verb. Its three forms are as follows: First Form (Base Form) -- GET Second Form (Past Form) -- GOT Third Form (Past Participle) -- GOT/GOTTEN Present Perfect of ‘Get’ – Have/Has Got || Have/Has Gotten Past Perfect of ‘Get’ -- Had Got || Had Gotten Gotten (past participle form of ‘get’) is generally used in Spoken American English. Gotten is incorrect in British English. -ING Form of ‘Get’ -- Getting Infinitive of ‘Get’ -- To Get IMPORTANT NOTE: “Have/has got” is the ‘Present Perfect’ Form of ‘get’. But it is mainly used in the present indefinite (simple) tense. “Have/has got” is generally used with ‘simple present meaning’ to show characteristics, ownership, illnesses, and relationships. ‘Have got’ and ‘has got’ have the same meaning as ‘have’ and ‘has’ respectively. They can be used as present indefinite (simple) tenses. Affirmative Sentences -- They have got computers. = They have computers. He has got a computer. = He has a computer. Negative Sentences -- They have not got computers. = They do not have computers. He has not got a computer. = He does not have a computer. Note:- Negative form of ‘have/has got’ is made by adding ‘not’ between ‘have/has’ and ‘got’; whereas, the negative form of ‘have/has’ is made by using ‘do/does not’. Interrogative Sentences -- Have they got computers? = Do they have computers? Has he got a computer? = Does he have a computer? Note:- Interrogative pattern of ‘have/has got’ is made by putting auxiliary verb ‘have/has’ before the subject; whereas Interrogative pattern of ‘have/has’ is made by putting auxiliary verb ‘Do/Does’ before the subject. However, in past events, you should prefer using ‘had’ instead of ‘had got’ ’ to show characteristics, ownership, illnesses, and relationships. More Common -- They had computers. They did not have computers. Did they have computers? Less Common -- They had got computers. They had not got computers. Had they got computers? Also Note: Use of ‘have got’ and ‘has got’ in present perfect tenses: Pattern: Have/has got + past participle of the verb A project has got stuck. || Many projects have got stuck. And, in past perfect tenses, you should use ‘had got’. A project had got stuck. || Many projects had got stuck. ALSO NOTE: GOTTA - Very informal and non-standard way of referring to ‘have got to’ or ‘have got a’ in writing. This form is grammatically incorrect. Avoid using writing this form. English Verb ‘Get’ can be used in a number of patterns and has lots of different uses and meanings.-- A. “Get” is used as a main verb with many different meanings. B. “Get” is used in several idioms. C. “Get” is used in several phrasal verbs. Meanings of Main Verb ‘GET’ THE MOST COMMON MEANINGS OF “GET” AS THE MAIN VERB ARE AS FOLLOWS: to receive / to obtain or acquire (to gain, attain, achieve something) / to bring / to receive prison term / to receive broadcasts / to buy something / to earn / to receive marks or grade in an exam / to become affected by (a disease or bodily condition) / to be infected with an illness, etc. / to start doing something / to arrive/come/reach / to move to a particular direction or place / to use transport (to catch) / to answer (receive) the phone call / to capture somebody / to understand / to have / to memorize / to find out by calculation / to deliver / to prepare a meal, etc. 1. TO RECEIVE We get assurance every time, but nothing has materialized. I got the medal and the money. I got an appointment letter today. Flood-affected families got compensation. We got some high-resolution images.

Download or read book Learn English Exclamations Popular Exclamatory Words and Sentences written by Manik Joshi and published by Manik Joshi. This book was released on 2014-10-25 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book Covers The Following Topics: 1. What is an “Exclamation”? 2. Exclamatory Sentences 3. Exclamatory Sentences with ‘What’ 4. Exclamatory Sentences with ‘How’ 5. Exclamatory Sentences with So and Such 6. Exclamations in Declarative Sentences 7. Exclamations in Interrogative Sentences 8. Exclamations in Imperative Sentences 9. Detailed List of Interjections 10. Using ‘Common Words’ as Exclamations 11. Useful Exclamatory Phrases/Sentences 12. Other Patterns 13. List of Emotions Shown by Exclamations Exercise: 1 Exercise: 2 Sample This: 1. What is an “Exclamation”? DEFINITION: An exclamation (or interjection) is a short sound, word or phrase which is spoken suddenly to express strong emotion. Or Exclamatory words that can stand alone as a sentence while expressing emotions or reactions are called exclamations (or interjections). An exclamation mark (!) should be written after an exclamation. “Exclamation Mark” is called "Exclamation Point" in American English. There are many exclamatory words (interjections or exclamations) that are often used in daily life. Some of these words express one strong emotion while others express two or more strong emotions. They do not have a grammatical purpose in the sentence and are not associated to the other parts of the sentence. They do not play the role of a subject or a verb. They can stand by themselves, or are placed before, after or in the middle of a sentence to express a strong emotion or feeling. Examples: Exclamatory Word -- Alas! Represents feelings of ‘Sadness, Sorry’ Exclamatory Word -- Um! Represents feeling of ‘Hesitation’ Exclamatory Word -- Yum! Represents feeling of ‘Pleasant Taste or Smell’ You can use exclamations to show the following emotions: admiration, affection, anger, annoyance, anticipation, apathy, approval, attention, awe, confusion, delight, despair, disappointment, disapproval, discontent, dislike, distress, eagerness, elation, enjoyment, excitement, fear, frustration, grief, happiness, humor, hurt, irritation, joy, love, mourning, pain, panic, pleasure, pride, remorse, respect, shame, shock, sorrow, sorry, surprise, sympathy, terror, wonder, etc. IMPORTANT NOTES: (1). Use Of An Exclamation (Interjection) In A Sentence (a). Beginning A Sentence With An Interjection When you begin a sentence with an interjection you can place either a comma (,) or an exclamatory mark (point) (!) after the interjection. Examples: Ah, what a wonderful gift! The comma (,) after an interjection expresses less emotion. Ah! What a wonderful gift! Exclamatory mark (point) (!) after an interjection expresses more emotion. Note: Both sentences have an exclamatory mark at the end. Obviously, both are exclamatory sentences. But the second one is more emphatic. Also note: if you put a comma after an interjection then the next word in the sentence will begin from the small letter but if you put an exclamatory mark after an interjection then the next word in the sentence will begin from a capital letter. Important Note: You can also end the sentence with a period (.) or question mark (?) to show mild emotion. Ah, what a wonderful gift. Ah! What a wonderful gift. Wow, We won. Oh, did you go there? (B). Use Of An Interjection In The Middle Of A Sentence Examples: Hundreds of people, alas, feared killed in a massive landslide. Albert Einstein was born in...er…Germany. You deleted my folder…um…my file! (C). Use Of An Interjection At The End Of A Sentence Example: So got married, huh! What do you think of me, eh?

Download or read book Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary written by Kate Woodford and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 1550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary is the ideal dictionary for advanced EFL/ESL learners. Easy to use and with a great CD-ROM - the perfect learner's dictionary for exam success. First published as the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, this new edition has been completely updated and redesigned. - References to over 170,000 words, phrases and examples explained in clear and natural English - All the important new words that have come into the language (e.g. dirty bomb, lairy, 9/11, clickable) - Over 200 'Common Learner Error' notes, based on the Cambridge Learner Corpus from Cambridge ESOL exams Plus, on the CD-ROM: - SMART thesaurus - lets you find all the words with the same meaning - QUICKfind - automatically looks up words while you are working on-screen - SUPERwrite - tools for advanced writing, giving help with grammar and collocation - Hear and practise all the words.

Download or read book Contemporary Indian English written by Andreas Sedlatschek and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive description of Indian English and its emerging regional standard in a corpus-linguistic framework. Drawing on a wealth of authentic spoken and written data from India (including the Kolhapur Corpus and the International Corpus of English), this book explores the dynamics of variation and change in the vocabulary and grammar of contemporary Indian English.

Download or read book Markedness written by Edwin L. Battistella and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1990-01-01 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Battistella traces the development of markedness theory as a central part of structuralist theories of language. He outlines the concepts of marked and unmarked from Prague School structuralism to present day applications in linguistic theory and cultural analysis, using the reference point of English grammar and sound structure. The author focuses on the fundamental asymmetry between terms of linguistic relationships, in which one term is more broadly defined and hence dominant (the unmarked term) while the other is more narrowly defined (the marked term). In addition to examining language-particular markedness relations evident in the structure and history of English, Battistella raises questions concerning universal asymmetries as well. He discusses the status of markedness as a unifying concept of linguistic structure and as a principle of language change.

Download or read book The Semantics of Evidentials written by Sarah E. Murray and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides argues for a compositional, truth-conditional, crosslinguistic semantics for evidentiality, the linguistic encoding of the source of information on which a statement is based. Central to the proposed theory is the distinction between what propositional content is at-issue and what content is not-at-issue. Evidentials contribute not-at-issue content, and can affect the level of commitment a sentence makes to the main proposition, which is contributed by sentential mood. In this volume, Sarah Murray builds on recent work in the formal semantics of evidentials and related phenomena, and proposes a semantics that does not appeal to separate dimensions of illocutionary meaning. Instead, she argues that all sentences make three semantic contributions: at-issue content, not-at-issue content, and an illocutionary relation. At-issue content is presented and made available for subsequent anaphora, but is not directly added to the common ground; not-at-issue content directly updates the common ground; and the illocutionary relation uses a proposition to impose structure on the common ground, which, depending on the clause type, can trigger further updates. The analysis is supported by extensive empirical data from Cheyenne, drawn from the authors own fieldwork, as well as from English and a variety of other languages.